Gedankenexperiment for Modified ZPE and Planck’s “Constant”, h, in the Beginning of Cosmological Expansion, Partly Due to NLED

We initially look at a non singular universe representation of entropy, based in part on what was brought up by Muller and Lousto. This is a gateway to bringing up information and computational steps (as defined by Seth Lloyd) as to what would be available initially due to a modified ZPE formalism. The ZPE formalism is modified as due to Matt Visser’s alternation of k (maximum) ~ 1/(Planck length), with a specific initial density giving rise to initial information content which may permit fixing the initial Planck’s constant, h, which is pivotal to the setting of physical law. The settings of these parameters depend upon NLED.

Determination of the Henry’s Law Constant of Hexane in High-Viscosity Polymer Systems

The Henry’s law constant of volatiles in polymer systems is a crucial parameter reflecting the gas-liquid equilibrium,which is very important for devolatilization.In this research,polyolefin elastomer(POE)-cyclohexane and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)-hexane systems were studied,and the Henry’s law constant was obtained by measuring the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure when polymer solutions containing different mass fractions of volatiles reached a saturated state.The effects of temperature,type of volatiles,and polymer viscosity on the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of the volatiles were investigated.The results indicate that,with the increase of temperature and polymer viscosity,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of volatiles increase.As temperature increases,the solubility of gas in liquid decreases.The relationship between the Henry’s law constant and temperature is consistent with the Arrhenius law.In the PDMS-hexane system,the gas phase equilibrium partial pressure and Henry’s law constant of n-hexane are higher than those of cyclohexane.The obtained Henry’s law constants can be used as a reference for perfecting the devolatilization process and improving the devolatilization effect.

Unity Formulas for the Coupling Constants and the Dimensionless Physical Constants

In this paper in an elegant way will be presented the unity formulas for the coupling constants and the dimensionless physical constants. We reached the conclusion of the simple unification of the fundamental interactions. We will find the formulas for the Gravitational constant. It will be presented that the gravitational fine-structure constant is a simple analogy between atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the expression that connects the gravitational fine-structure constant with the four coupling constants. Perhaps the gravitational fine-structure constant is the coupling constant for the fifth force. Also will be presented the simple unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will find the formulas for the cosmological constant and we will propose a possible solution for the cosmological parameters. Perhaps the shape of the universe is Poincare dodecahedral space. This article will be followed by the energy wave theory and the fractal space-time theory.

The Physical Constant Called the Rydberg Constant Does Not Exist

In classical quantum theory, the Rydberg constant is a fundamental physical constant that plays an important role. It comes into play as an indispensable physical constant in basic formulas for describing natural phenomena. However, relativity is not taken into account in this Rydberg formula for wavelength. If the special theory of relativity is taken into account, R∞ can no longer be regarded as a physical constant. That is, we have continued to conduct experiments to this day in an attempt to determine the value of a physical constant, the Rydberg constant, which does not exist in the natural world.

Not Relying on the Newton Gravitational Constant Gives More Accurate Gravitational Predictions

The Newton gravitational constant is considered a cornerstone of modern gravity theory. Newton did not invent or use the gravity constant;it was invented in 1873, about the same time as it became standard to use the kilogram mass definition. We will claim that G is just a term needed to correct the incomplete kilogram definition so to be able to make gravity predictions. But there is another way;namely, to directly use a more complete mass definition, something that in recent years has been introduced as collision-time and a corresponding energy called collision-length. The collision-length is quantum gravitational energy. We will clearly demonstrate that by working with mass and energy based on these new concepts, rather than kilogram and the gravitational constant, one can significantly reduce the uncertainty in most gravity predictions.

基于频率切换的S/LCL补偿恒流恒压型WPT系统研究

由于传统的插入式系统结构繁杂且频繁插拔容易发生电火花等危险,因此无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统凭借其固有的优势得到了广泛的研究,逐渐融入各种工业应用中.为了确保电池的性能及使用寿命,有效地为电池提供所需的恒定充电电流和恒定充电电压是非常必要的.然而在充电过程中,电池的等效电阻会发生显著变化从而导致系统很难在近似零相位角(zero phase angle,ZPA)运行下同时实现与负载无关的恒流输出和恒压输出.鉴于此,提出1种基于S/LCL补偿的WPT系统,该系统可以在2个固定频率下实现具有ZPA运行的恒流和恒压输出.最后,搭建了1台恒流充电为3 A和恒压充电为80 V的验证性实验样机,验证了所设计的WPT系统的正确性和可行性.

Hubble Tension Explanation from This Cosmological Model AΛΩ (Slow Bang Model, SB)

In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H0. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.

Heuristic Estimation of the Vacuum Energy Density of the Universe: Part II-Analysis Based on Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Radiation

In Part I of this paper, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density of the universe was derived using an indirect and heuristic procedure. The derivation is based on a proposed thought experiment, according to which an electron is accelerated to a constant and relativistic speed at a distance L from a perfectly conducting plane. The charge of the electron was represented by a spherical charge distribution located within the Compton wavelength of the electron. Subsequently, the electron is incident on the perfect conductor giving rise to transition radiation. The energy associated with the transition radiation depends on the parameter L. It was shown that an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density will emerge when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the product of the radiated energy, and the time duration of emission is constrained by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. In this paper, a similar analysis is conducted with a chain of electrons oscillating sinusoidally and located above a conducting plane. In the thought experiment presented in this paper, the behavior of the energy radiated by the chain of oscillating electrons is studied in the frequency domain as a function of the length L of the chain. It is shown that when the length L is pushed to cosmological dimensions and the energy radiated within a single burst of duration of half a period of oscillation is constrained by the fact that electromagnetic energy consists of photons, an inequality satisfied by the vacuum energy density emerges as a result. The derived inequality is given by where is the vacuum energy density. This result is consistent with the measured value of the vacuum energy density, which is 5.38 × 10-10 J/m. The result obtained here is in better agreement with experimental data than the one obtained in Part I of this paper with time domain radiation.

The Tension Cosmology, Largest Cosmic Structures and Explosions of Supernovae from SST

Here, using the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) we explain the cosmological tension and the origin of the largest cosmic structures. We show that a change in value of strong coupling constant for cold baryonic matter leads to the disagreement in the galaxy clustering amplitude, quantified by the parameter S8. Within the same model we described the Hubble tension. We described also the mechanism that transforms the gravitational collapse into an explosion—it concerns the dynamics of virtual fields that lead to dark energy. Our calculations concern the Type Ia supernovae and the core-collapse supernovae. We calculated the quantized masses of the progenitors of supernovae, emitted total energy during explosion, and we calculated how much of the released energy was transferred to neutrinos. Value of the speed of sound in the strongly interacting matter measured at the LHC confirms that presented here model is correct. Our calculations show that the Universe is cyclic.

A Set of Almost Automorphic Functions and Applications

For a set S of real numbers, we introduce the concept of S-almost automorphic functions valued in a Banach space. It generalizes in particular the space of Z-almost automorphic functions. Considering the space of S-almost automorphic functions, we give sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of almost automorphic solutions of a differential equation with a piecewise constant argument of generalized type. This is done using the Banach fixed point theorem.

基于LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑的锂电池WPT系统研究

无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)系统具有安全、可靠、方便等优点。文章在分析WPT系统锂离子电池内阻及其典型充电方式的基础上,通过对WPT原理和谐振拓扑结构的研究,提出了基于LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑的WPT系统。在电池等效负载变化的情况下,通过合理的参数设计,LCC-S补偿式谐振拓扑结构可以分别实现与负载无关的恒流模式和恒压模式,无需切换拓扑结构。在理论分析的基础上,设计了系统的参数,并通过MATLAB仿真系统搭建仿真模型,验证了研究中的恒流模式和恒压模式。

基于频率切换实现电池恒流和恒压充电的LCC-S补偿WPT系统研究

无线电能传输WPT(wireless power transfer)系统具有安全、方便、美观等性能优势,已逐步渗入到人们的日常生活中。在电池充电应用中,通常期望WPT系统能够在零相角ZPA(zero phase angle)条件下实现负载无关的恒流和恒压充电功能。提出了一种基于频率切换的LCC-S补偿WPT系统及其参数设计方法,可使系统在2个不同的ZPA频率点分别实现负载无关的恒流和恒压充电输出,无需改变电路拓扑结构。设计的LCC-S补偿WPT系统接收侧仅有一个补偿电容,确保了WPT系统接收侧紧凑性。最后,搭建了一台充电电流和电压分别为3 A和50 V的实验样机,验证了本研究中WPT系统的合理性与实用性。

Reinvestigation of the Henry's law constant for hydrogen peroxide with temperature and acidity variation

Hydrogen peroxide is not only an important oxidant in itself; it also serves as both sink and temporary reservoir for other important oxidants including HOx （OH and HO2） radicals and O3 in the atmosphere. Its partitioning between gas and aqueous phases in the atmosphere, usually described by its Henry＇s law constant （KH）, significantly influences its role in atmospheric processes. Large discrepancies between the KH values reported in previous work, however, have created uncertainty for atmospheric modelers. Based on our newly developed online instrumentation, we have re-determined the temperature and acidity dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide at an air pressure of （0.960 ± 0.013） atm （1 atm = 1.01325 × 10^5 Pa）. The results indicated that the temperature dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide fits to the Van＇t Hoff equation form, expressed as lnKH = a/T - b, and a = -△H/R, where KH is in M/atm （M is mol/L）, T is in degrees Kelvin, R is the ideal gas constant, and AH is the standard heat of solution. For acidity dependence, results demonstrated that the KH value of hydrogen peroxide appeared to have no obvious dependence on decreasing pH level （from pH 7 to pH 1）. Combining the dependence of both temperature and acidity, the obtained a and b were 7024 ± 138 and 11.97 ± 0.48, respectively, AH was （58.40 ± 1.15） kJ/（K.mol）, and the uncertainties represent σ. Our determined KH values for hydrogen peroxide will therefore be of great use in atmospheric models.

Physical interpretation of Planck's constant based on the Maxwell theory

The discovery of the Planck relation is generally regarded as the starting point of quantum physics.Planck＇s constant h is now regarded as one of the most important universal constants.The physical nature of h,however,has not been well understood.It was originally suggested as a fitting constant to explain the black-body radiation.Although Planck had proposed a theoretical justification of h,he was never satisfied with that.To solve this outstanding problem,we use the Maxwell theory to directly calculate the energy and momentum of a radiation wave packet.We find that the energy of the wave packet is indeed proportional to its oscillation frequency.This allows us to derive the value of Planck＇s constant.Furthermore,we show that the emission and transmission of a photon follows the all-or-none principle.The ＂strength＂ of the wave packet can be characterized by ζ,which represents the integrated strength of the vector potential along a transverse axis.We reason that ζ should have a fixed cut-off value for all photons.Our results suggest that a wave packet can behave like a particle.This offers a simple explanation to the recent satellite observations that the cosmic microwave background follows closely the black-body radiation as predicted by Planck＇s law.

ASYMPTOTIC EQUIVALENCE OF ALTERNATELY ADVANCED AND DELAYED DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS WITH PIECEWISE CONSTANT GENERALIZED ARGUMENTS

In this paper, we investigate the existence, uniqueness and the asymptotic equiv- alence of a linear system and a perturbed system of differential equations with piecewise alternately advanced and retarded argument of generalized type （DEPCAG）. This is based in the study of an equivalent integral equation with Cauchy and Green matrices type and in a solution of a DEPCAG integral inequality of Gronwall type. Several examples are also given to show the feasibility of results.

Mass Constituents of a Flat Lattice Multiverse: Conclusion from Similarity between Two Universal Numbers, the Rocksalt-Type 2<i>D</i>Madelung Constant and the Golden Mean

In fairly good agreement with the consensus range of dark energy to matter this ratio of the critical density is suggested to be connected with the golden mean &phi;=0.6180339887, yielding for dark energy to matter mass fractions .?Assuming the baryonic matter to be only 4.432%, the ratio of matter to baryonic matter would be , and further the ratio of dark matter to baryonic one . If one subtracts from the dark matter a contribution of antimatter with the same mass of baryonic matter, according to the antigravity theories of Villata respectively Hajdukovic, the remaining mass ratio would yield . Replacing the “Madelung” constant α of Villata’s “lattice universe” by &phi;, one reaches again 1 + &phi;as the ratio of the repulsive mass contribution to the attractive one. Assuming instead of a 3D lattice a flat 2D one of rocksalt type, the numerical similarity between the Madelung constant and φ&minus;1 could not be just coincidence. The proposed scaling of the cosmological mass fractions with the square of the most irrational universal number &phi;may indicate that the chaotic cosmological processes have reached a quite stable equilibrium. This may be confirmed by another, but similar representation of the mass constituents by the Archimedes’ constant &pi;, giving for respectively for the dark components . However, the intimate connection of φ with its reciprocal may ignite the discussion whether our universe is intertwined with another universe or even part of a multiverse with the dark constituents contributed from there.

Values of Siva’s Constant “<i>K</i>” for All Fundamental Forces—A Review on Spin, Threshold Time and Quantum Entanglement

Siva’s constant “K” has been explained in brief. Its numerical values have been calculated for each fundamental force of nature. Spin of quantum mechanics has been interpreted in terms of Sivas constant “K”. Thus limitation to velocity of light and interrelation between relativity and quantum mechanics has been explained in a novel and profound way. Involvement of “physics of consciousness” in synchronizing relativity and quantum mechanics has been emphasized. Concept of “bio force” as fifth fundamental force in addition to other four fundamental forces, strong, weak, electromagnetic and gravitational forces also has been emphasized. Consciousness has been explained as entanglement between bio force particle named as “jeeton” and gravitational force particle “graviton”. Thus frequency mediated consciousness has been explained.

Experimental Evidence for Variability in Planck’s Constant

Annual variations of 1000 - 3000 ppm (peak-to-valley) have been observed in the decay rates of 8 radionuclides over a 20 year span by six organizations on three continents, including beta decay (weak interaction) and alpha decay (strong interaction). In searching for a common cause, we hypothesized that small variations in Planck’s constant might account for the observed synchronized variations in strong and weak decays. If so, then h would be a maximum around January-February of each year and a minimum around July-August of each year based on the 20 years of radioactive decay data. To test this hypothesis, a purely electromagnetic experiment was set up to search for the same annual variations. From Jun 14, 2011 to Jan 29, 2014 (941 days), annual variations in tunneling voltage through 5 parallel Esaki tunnel diodes were recorded. It found annual variations of 826 ppm peak-to-valley peaking around Jan 1. These variations lend support to the hypothesis that there is a gradient in h of about 21 ppm across the Earth’s orbit.

FLIP AND N-S BIFURCATION BEHAVIOR OF A PREDATOR-PREY MODEL WITH PIECEWISE CONSTANT ARGUMENTS AND TIME DELAY

In this paper, the stability and bifurcation behaviors of a predator-prey model with the piecewise constant arguments and time delay are investigated. Technical approach is fully based on Jury criterion and bifurcation theory. The interesting point is that the model will produce two different branches by limiting branch parameters of different intervals. Besides, image simulation is also given.

基于频率切换的LCC-S型IPT系统恒流/恒压输出研究

为实现感应电能传输(Inductive Power Transfer,IPT)系统在变负载条件下的恒流/恒压高效输出,提出一种基于频率切换的LCC-S型IPT系统参数配置及优化方法。从LCC-S补偿拓扑入手,分别得到系统恒流或恒压零相位角(Zero Phase Angle,ZPA)输出的条件方程,并推导了电流增益、电压增益与系统参数之间的定量关系;进一步通过定义系统的输出增益比,分析了恒流/恒压模式下输出增益、负载电阻与整体效率的关系;在此基础上,通过选取最佳的输出增益值,使得系统整体效率达到了全局最大化。仿真结果表明,负载电阻在3~300Ω的变化范围内包括恒流/恒压模式切换瞬间都能保持稳定的输出,并且恒流/恒压模式下均能实现ZPA运行,同时系统整体效率都维持在90%以上。