Structure elucidation,immunomodulatory activity,antitumor activity and its molecular mechanism of a novel polysaccharide from Boletus reticulatus Schaeff

A new water-soluble heteropolysaccharide with a molecular weight of 15 k Da was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Boletus reticulatus Schaeff.Structural characterization results revealed that B.reticulatus Schaeff polysaccharide(BRS-X)had a backbone of 1,6-linkedα-D-galactose and 1,2,6-linkedα-D-galactose which branches were mainly composed of a terminal 4-linkedβ-D-glucose and the ratio of D-galactose and D-glucose was 5:1.Bioactivity assays indicated that BRS-X displayed a strong proliferative activity in T cells and B cells and promoted the secretion of immunoglobulin G(Ig G),Ig E,Ig D and Ig M.In addition,BRS-X could facilitate the proliferation and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells and could significantly inhibit the growth of tumors in S180-bearing mice.The results of transcriptome sequencing analysis illustrated that total 46 genes enriched in MAPK and total 34 genes enriched in PI3 K/Akt signaling pathways in BRS-X group.The protein VEGF and VEGFR expression were significantly reduced under the treatment with BRS-X.These findings provide a scientific basis for the edible and medicinal value of BRS-X.

Analysis of Nutritional Characteristics of Boletus edulis Mycelium

This study aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of Boletus edulis mycelium. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was glucose;the optimal nitrogen source was peptone; the optimal inorganic salt was KH2PO4;the optimal vitamin was VB1. The optimal medium, in which B. edulis mycelium in-cubated at 28 ℃ and pH 5.5 exhibited the strongest growth vigor and the rapidest growth rate, contained 3.0% glucose, 0.20% peptone, 0.60% KH2PO4, 0.20% Mg-SO4＆#183;7H2O and 0.000 50% VB1.

Non-isoprenoid botryane sesquiterpenoids from basidiomycete Boletus edulis and their cytotoxic activity

Three non-isoprenoid botryane sesquiterpenoids,named boledulins A-C(1-3),have been isolated from the cultures of basidiomycete Boletus edulis Bull.The structures were established by means of spectroscopic methods.Boledulin A(1)exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against five human cancer cell lines.

New Bioactive Molecules with Potential Antioxidant Activity from Various Extracts of Wild Edible Gelam Mushroom (<i>Boletus</i>spp.)

Boletus spp. is a wild edible Gelam mushroom, which is only available at coastal area of Bachok, Kelantan. Locals have used this mushroom as a food source and as a traditional medicine. In this study, antioxidants were extracted using Mili-Q water and methanol. Extraction of 1.0 g of Boletus spp. mushroom pileus and stipe by water produced 0.22 ± 0.09 g and 0.3 ± 0.07 g of total aqueous soluble extracts, respectively. Methanol extraction of 1.0 g Boletus spp. mushroom pileus and stipe produced 0.31 ± 0.08 mg and 0.37 ± 0.05 mg of total methanol soluble extracts, respectively. DPPH assay has been used to determine the value of antioxidant efficiency of each extracts. DPPH assay revealed that the EC50 value of pileus aqueous soluble extract and both pileus and stipe methanol soluble extracts were 1.2 mg/ml. The EC50 value of stipe aqueous soluble extracts was 1.4 mg/ml. The EC50 value of ascorbic acid, an antioxidant control was 0.5 mg/ml. Liquid chromatography- DPPH (LC-DPPH) assay combined with Quadrupole Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (QTOF-MS) analysis of 3:2 ratio methanol and water extract has detected 43 antioxidant compounds that were involved in the reduction of DPPH. To identify these compounds, SIMCA 3.0 software that consists of PCA, OPLS-DA and s-plot analyses had been used. PCA analysis had shown the antioxidant activity from sample on DPPH as 73.6%. This antioxidant activity confirmed by OPLS-DA analysis had shown the variability between sample and control as 99.6% with 99.3% prediction. S-plot selection had shown ten antioxidant compounds significantly involved in the DPPH assay. Four of these compounds were identified by the METLIN and NIST databases. The antioxidant metabolites were 2,4,6-trimethylacetophenone imine, glutamyl tryptophan, azatadine and lithocholic acid glycine conjugate. In conclusion, this study revealed that Boletus spp. mushroom is rich with natural antioxidants, which are potentially useful for multiple nutritional and health applications.

The Content of Selenium and Other Ten Chemical Elements in Boletus Edulis from Bulgaria and Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation

The goal of this study was to determine the content of such biological active metals as Se, Hg, AI, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Mg, Ca and Fe in Boletus Edulis mushrooms and to study the effect of mushrooms as inhibitors of blood serum copper-initiated lipid peroxidation. The metals content was determined by ICP-OES technique and blood lipids peroxidation in vitro was assessed by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances measurement. The dependency between quality and content of the determined biological active metals has been traced. Samples were analyzed of wild growing mushrooms Boletus Edulis from two mountain regions in Bulgaria. On the average the content of Se in Boletus Edulis was found to be 25 mg/kg dried mushroom, this content being higher in tubules than in fleshy part. We found that Boletus Edulis mushrooms inhibited lipid peroxidation in the concentration dependent manner. The effective concentration of Boletus Edulis is in 5 times lower compared to the concentration of Cantharellus Cibarius resulting in similar lipid peroxidation inhibition. This effect can be explained by 56 times higher content of Se and by 1.5 and 3 times lower content of such initiators of lipid peroxidation as Cu and Fe in Boletus Edulis compared to Cantharellus Cibarius. A system with a source of infrared radiation heating, developed by authors, was used for the mushroom mineralization. We conclude that Boletus Edulis is an effective inhibitor of blood lipid peroxidation and in 5 times stronger rather than Cantharellus Cibarius.

美味牛肝菌菌丝体营养特性分析

研究了美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis Bull.:Fr)菌丝体的营养特性。结果表明,美味牛肝菌生长的最适碳源是葡萄糖,最适氮源是蛋白胨,最适无机盐是KH2PO4,最适维生素是VB1,最适培养基为葡萄糖3.0%、蛋白胨0.20%、KH2PO4 0.60%、MgSO4.7H2O 0.20%和VB1 0.000 5%,最适pH为5.0,最适温度为28℃,此时菌丝体生长速度最快,长势最好。

不同产地美味牛肝菌菌盖、菌柄的紫外光谱鉴别

建立采用紫外光谱技术快速鉴别不同产地美味牛肝菌（Boletus edulis）的方法,确定美味牛肝菌最佳提取溶剂和时间,制备测试液,应用紫外光谱技术建立7个不同产地美味牛肝菌菌盖和菌柄的紫外指纹图谱,光谱数据转化后进行聚类分析。结果显示,其最佳提取溶剂为氯仿,提取时间为30 min;在10 h内的稳定性、方法重现性和精密度的RSD分别在0.04%～1.73%、0.03%～0.63%、0～2.87%之间,表明该方法稳定可靠;菌盖、菌柄的紫外指纹图谱出峰位置相似,而峰高具有差异,表明不同产地美味牛肝菌化学组分相似,含量存在差异;聚类分析结果显示采自同一地区的美味牛肝菌能够很好聚类。研究表明,紫外光谱结合聚类分析能快速鉴别不同产地美味牛肝菌,可作为野生食用菌的鉴别和质量控制新方法。

美味牛肝菌液态发酵菌醋的研制

通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)菌丝体液态发酵的优化条件,利用其发酵液研制出美味牛肝菌液态菌醋。结果表明,美味牛肝菌液态发酵的最佳培养基为:葡萄糖20.0 g、酵母浸出膏5.0 g、KH2PO43.0 g、Mg SO4·7H2O 1.5 g、VB10.01 mg;最佳发酵条件为:p H 5.0、装液量90 m L、培养温度26℃、振荡速度180 r/min、培养时间6 d。美味牛肝菌液态菌醋的最优配方为:发酵液50%、柠檬酸0.20%、稳定剂0.18%、甜味剂0.15%。

美味牛肝菌液体培养菌丝体的研究

美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)是一种珍贵的食用及药用真菌。早在1957年就发现美味牛肝菌的热水提取液对小白鼠肌癌有明显的抑制作用,近来又发现对艾氏腹水癌的抑制率高达90％。目前人工栽培美味牛肝菌还没有成功的例子,有关该菌液体培养的报道也不多见。本文通过液体培养的方法培养美味牛肝菌的菌丝体,并对菌丝体的生长规律进行了初步研究。筛选出了适合该菌生长的较好的培养基。

Some Useful Wild Macrofungi from Liuxihe National Forest Park,Guangzhou,China

Forty species of Basidiomycota from 21 genera in 15 families, collected from Liuxihe National Forest Park, Guangzhou, China, have values for use by local people. More than half of the species collected are edible, and some (Lactarius deliciosus, Boletus spp.) are gathered for commercial consumption in South China. Ten species have medicinal properties, and include Dictyophora, Ganoderma, Pisolithus and Scleroderma. Over 60% species (26 taxa) are ectomycorrhizal involving 12 edible fungi. The most abundant families were the Amanitaceae, Boletaceae and Sclerodermataceae, which form important ectomycorrhizal associations with coniferous and mixed broad-leafed trees in the Park. Prospective uses of these macrofungi are discussed.