Numerical and analytical simulation of the structural behaviour of fully grouted cable bolts under impulsive loading

Designing reliable yielding support system to mitigate the effect of the kinetic energy in burst-prone conditions in mining and tunneling excavations is one of the challenges for geotechnical engineers. A combination of the support elements can be used to increase rock strength and minimise the displacement of unstable rock mass. It is important to understand how the support system works to ensure the stability of underground excavations. Cable bolts have been commonly used as an effective underground support system and an element of reinforcement to improve rock stability. Cable bolts are usually considered to be subjected to static loads under relatively low stress environments, however, in burst-prone conditions, they might be subjected to dynamic loads. Cable bolts as well as other support elements are used in burst-prone conditions to absorb the kinetic energy of the removed rock to avoid sudden and violent failures. This paper develops numerical and a novel analytical simulation technique for cable bolts to assess their structural behaviour under static and dynamic loading conditions. The numerical and analytical models are then validated against experimental observations reported in the literature, which demonstrates the reliability of the proposed models.

Supporting characteristics analysis of constant resistance bolts under coupled static-dynamic loading

To study the tensile mechanical properties of constant resistance bolts, the RFPA(Rock Failure Process Analysis) statics software is used to perform a uniaxial tensile test on a constant resistance bolt. The numerical test results show that the plastic strain value is 12 times the magnitude of the elastic strain. During plastic deformation, the fluctuation in the stress magnitude is relatively stable, indicating that the bolt has good constant resistance characteristics. The numerical test results are in good agreement with the laboratory test results of M.C. He, and the accuracy and reliability of the numerical test method are verified. Therefore, the RFPA software with coupled static-dynamic loading is further adopted to study the supporting effects of traditional bolts and constant resistance bolts under coupled staticdynamic loading. The numerical comparison of the test results show that the constant resistance bolts can effectively control the deformation amount and rate of the laneway surrounding rock, reduce the total and rate of increase in the accumulated acoustic emissions,decrease the stress on the units in the model and protect the stability of the laneway. This paper verifies that a constant resistance bolt has better impact resistance mechanical properties than those of a traditional bolt and provides an effective way to control rock burst and soft rock that is prone to large deformation damage.

Analysis profile of the fully grouted rock bolt in jointed rock using analytical and numerical methods

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bolt profile on load transfer mechanism of fully grouted bolts in jointed rocks using analytical and numerical methods. Based on the analytical method with development of methods, a new model is presented. To validate the analytical model, five different profiles modeled by ANSYS software. The profile of rock bolts T3 and T4with load transfer capacity,respectively 180 and 195 kN in the jointed rocks was selected as the optimum profiles. Finally, the selected profiles were examined in Tabas Coal Mine. FLAC analysis indicates that patterns 6+7 with2 NO flexi bolt 4 m better than other patterns within the faulted zone.

装配式钢结构全栓接刚节点的抗震性能分析

地震时强烈振动可能导致栓接节点的螺栓松动、滑移甚至断裂,影响节点的整体承载能力和稳定性,增加结构倒塌的风险。为减轻对主体结构的破坏,对装配式钢结构全栓接刚节点的抗震性能进行分析。计算出高强螺栓的用量并构建结构的几何模型,输入Abaqus有限元软件,考虑节点参数构建有限元模型,确定加载制度,以及地震载荷影响下该结构节点的抗震性能。模拟结果表明:相比于普通钢结构节点,用高强螺栓连接的装配式钢结构栓接节点,翼缘塑性铰外移,地震时稳定性更高;不同阶段该节点上的螺栓均发挥较强作用,不会出现严重应力集中,节点不易开裂;峰值载荷后该节点骨架曲线平滑稳定地下降,不会失去稳定性,具有较强抗震性能。

Utilizing a novel fiber optic technology to capture the axial responses of fully grouted rock bolts

Rock bolts are one of the primary support systems utilized in underground excavations within the civil and mining engineering industries. Rock bolts support the weakened rock mass adjacent to the opening of an excavation by fastening to the more stable, undisturbed formations further from the excavation. The overall response of such a support element has been determined under varying loading conditions in the laboratory and in situ experiments in the past four decades; however, due to the limitations with conventional monitoring methods of capturing strain, there still exists a gap in knowledge associated with an understanding of the geomechanical responses of rock bolts at the microscale. In this paper, we try to address this current gap in scientific knowledge by utilizing a newly developed distributed optical strain sensing(DOS) technology that provides an exceptional spatial resolution of 0.65 mm to capture the strain along the rock bolt. This DOS technology utilizes Rayleigh optical frequency domain reflectometry(ROFDR) which provides unprecedented insight into various mechanisms associated with axially loaded rebar specimens of different embedment lengths, grouting materials, borehole annulus conditions, and borehole diameters. The embedment length of the specimens was found to be the factor that significantly affected the loading of the rebar. The critical embedment length for the fully grouted rock bolts(FGRBs) was systematically determined to be430 mm. The results herein highlight the effects of the variation of these individual parameters on the geomechanical responses FGRBs.

锚固巷道冲击地压发生条件及影响因素研究

针对煤矿巷道冲击地压发生条件问题,考虑围岩锚固作用,通过解析分析得到巷道冲击地压的临界塑性区半径、临界载荷,并进行主要影响分析。结果表明,临界塑性区半径的影响因素为巷道半径、围岩模量比、内摩擦角和扩容角,与锚固参数无关。临界塑性区半径与巷道半径为线性正相关。临界载荷随黏聚力增大而线性增加。随内摩擦角的增大,临界塑性区半径缓慢减小,临界载荷快速增大。临界载荷随锚端预紧力的增大而线性增大。

Unsymmetrical load effect of geologically inclined bedding strata on tunnels of passenger dedicated lines

In order to study the unsymmetrical load effect in geological bedding strata for the Muzhailing tunnel on the Lanzhou-Chongqing passenger dedicated line in China, we investigated the deformation, mechanical response and pressure of the surrounding rock and the mechanical characteristics of bolts of the tunnel. The results suggest that open zones appear at arch and invert where joints open up, when layered stratum is horizontal, or when the dip angle of in- clined bedding is small. Open zones occur perpendicular to a joint. The failure mode is bending disjunction at the arch tain shear displacement, and lead to obvious geological bedding unsymmetrical load. The failure mode is shear damage. For the joint dip angle in the range of 75-90°, the failure mode is flexural crushing at the wall and vertical shear rup- ture above the arch. The restraining effect of two sides weakens for vertical dip. On the whole, shear failure instabilitytrend would occur and the tunnel collapses evenly. When the angle between the bolt and structure plane is greater than 23°, bolts can enhance the shearing stiffness of joint plane. Unfortunately, in the general purpose graph of tunnel for 250 km/h of passenger dedicated lines, the bolts have equal length and spacing. The rationale behind this is worthy offurther study. For inclined bedding, the surrounding rock pressure at the left wall is more than that at the right wall. In addition, lining is likely to be damaged at left shoulder and side wall. With the dip angle increasing, the unsymmetrical load gradually achieves symmetry. Asymmetry design for support is recommended to reduce the unsymmetrical load on lining disturbed by excavation.

Testing and modeling of cyclically loaded rock anchors

The Norwegian Public Roads Administration(NPRA) is planning for an upgrade of the E39 highway route at the westcoast of Norway. Fixed links shall replace ferries at seven fjord crossings. Wide spans and large depths at the crossings combined with challenging subsea topography and environmental loads call for an extension of existing practice. A variety of bridge concepts are evaluated in the feasibility study. The structures will experience significant loads from deadweight, traffic and environment. Anchoring of these forces is thus one of the challenges met in the project. Large-size subsea rock anchors are considered a viable alternative. These can be used for anchoring of floating structures but also with the purpose of increasing capacity of fixed structures. This paper presents first a thorough study of factors affecting rock anchor bond capacity. Laboratory testing of rock anchors subjected to cyclic loading is thereafter presented. Finally, the paper presents a model predicting the capacity of a rock anchor segment, in terms of a ribbed bar, subjected to a cyclic load history. The research assumes a failure mode occurring in the interface between the rock anchor and the surrounding grout. The constitutive behavior of the bonding interface is investigated for anchors subjected to cyclic one-way tensile loads. The model utilizes the static bond capacity curve as a basis, defining the ultimate bond sbuand the slip s1 at τ. A limited number of input parameters are required to apply the model. The model defines the bond-slip behavior with the belonging rock anchor capacity depending on the cyclic load level(τcy/τ), the cyclic load ratio(R= τcy/τcy), and the number of load cycles(N). The constitutive model is intended to model short anchor lengths representing an incremental length of a complete rock anchor.

Entry roof truss-bolt system test under the gob of contiguous seams

Roof bolt support system has been widely applied in the No.7, 9 seam in Caozhuang coal mine. However, it has not been able to be applied in the No.10-2 seam since the small interburden （2 m） between No.9 and No.10-2 seam. The No.9 and No.10-2 seams are contiguous seams. The No.9 seam has been mined out and the No.10-2 seam will be mined under the gob of the No.9 seam. The roof strata of the No.10-2 seam may have been weakened and fractured due to the shear failure caused by the No.9 seam mining activities. The steel beam sets spaced at 0.8 m have been used to support the entry of the No.10-2 seam. In order to speed up the advance rate and cut entry development cost, a test area, using roof bolt in conjunction with truss-system, was successfully conducted. This paper presents the support system design, application of designed system, and the test results. Test results provide a cheaper, quicker, and safer way to support entry for the No.10-2 seam.

不同螺栓等级下共享铁塔挂载连接件承载性能研究

为研究螺栓等级对挂载连接件承载性能的影响,选取了4.8级普通螺栓(KL-4.8)与8.8级摩擦型高强螺栓(KL-8.8)连接的挂载连接件进行静力试验研究。采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对其受力性能进行模拟,使用可靠的数值模型系统分析螺栓等级和螺栓直径对连接件承载性能的影响。结果表明:在水平荷载作用下,两种不同螺栓等级连接的挂载连接件节点处均未出现滑移;两种连接件的破坏模式基本一致,左右两侧方钢管底部及右侧方钢管顶部均出现断裂;KL-8.8的整体刚度、极限承载能力以及变形能力均高于KL-4.8;当采用4.8级普通螺栓连接且承载力低于74.13 kN时,螺栓直径不宜小于18 mm,否则螺栓杆会发生剪切变形;当采用8.8级和10.9级高强螺栓连接时,双板件连接处节点偏于刚性连接,挂载连接件的整体刚度和极限荷载主要取决于方刚管、挂载铁杆等其他部件;挂载连接件在承载过程中通过双板件与主材之间的摩擦力和螺栓抗剪来抵抗外载,实际工程中应根据挂载重量合理选择螺栓参数。

轴向荷载作用下小规格拉铆钉和普通螺栓疲劳性能对比研究

拉铆钉因其良好的防松动、抗疲劳和防腐性能以及较强的环境适应性等特点而被广泛应用于航空航天、轨道交通、桥梁建筑等领域。为解决光伏支架中螺栓连接易发生疲劳的问题,现研究一种国产新型拉铆钉的轴向疲劳性能,用以代替普通螺栓连接进而提高光伏支架的疲劳寿命。对LMY8和LMY10小规格拉铆钉及同规格的普通螺栓进行了轴向荷载作用下的静力试验和疲劳试验,并利用ABAQUS软件进行了拉铆钉铆接过程的模拟,利用FE-Safe软件对拉铆钉疲劳寿命进行了模拟。研究结果表明:在同样条件下,铆钉的疲劳性能优于普通螺栓的疲劳性能;拉铆钉在轴向荷载作用下的疲劳断口位于套环和锁紧环槽啮合的第一圈螺纹处,此处应力集中是拉铆钉发生疲劳失效的主要原因;拉铆钉的疲劳寿命会随着最小荷载的增大而提高,随最大荷载的增大而降低;由疲劳云图可知,拉铆钉在承受轴向循环荷载作用时,铆钉头部下方R角过渡处也会产生较大的应力,此区域也是易发生疲劳失效的部位。

万吨级张力拉伸机螺栓组预紧顺序工艺分析

为改善万吨级张力拉伸机力学性能,提高整机的可靠性,利用Ansys分析了7种不同的预紧顺序对拉伸机螺栓组连接性能的影响,并通过螺栓剩余预紧力、横梁的变形和螺栓结合面平均压应力3个指标对不同预紧顺序进行评价。结果表明对于螺栓剩余预紧力,最佳序列为序列3,其次为序列5;对于横梁的变形,最佳序列为序列1,其余序列的标准差和极差基本一致;对于螺栓结合面平均压应力,最佳序列为序列3,其次为序列1。对三个指标进行加权平均分析,得出预紧序列3的加权平均分为9.958分,为最佳序列,并且两边向中间预紧明显优于中间向两边预紧的次序。此结论对拉伸机的装配具有重要的工程价值。

端盖螺栓失效分析

对发电厂失效的端盖螺栓进行宏观检查、光谱分析、硬度检测、力学性能测试、金相检测及扫描电镜观察和能谱分析,结合该螺栓的断裂位置和断裂方式,综合分析螺栓失效的原因。结果表明端盖螺栓在制造过程中热处理控制不当,安装时紧固力矩过大,长期承受交变载荷,最终导致端盖螺栓发生疲劳断裂。

几何偏差对多螺栓复合材料接头螺栓载荷和应力分布的影响研究

本研究建立了考虑间隙的复合材料双搭接结构的半解析模型,描述了几何偏差对螺栓载荷和应力分布的影响.首先,从典型复合螺栓接头中提取螺栓/孔局部结构作为代表单元,建立考虑随机几何偏差与接触状态的螺栓/孔对的局部刚度模型.基于Reddy高阶剪切板理论,建立复合材料层合板有限元分析模型.将螺栓/孔对的局部刚度模型与层合板全局刚度模型相结合,形成了综合考虑螺栓/孔间隙和孔拉伸变形的多螺栓复合材料接头装配力学分析模型.随机螺栓/孔组合间隙分析结果表明,合理的螺栓间隙设置可以得到更均匀的钉载分布,为多螺栓接头的排孔设计提供理论指导.

螺栓连接和拉铆连接在剪切循环荷载作用下的松动行为研究

拉铆连接凭借其优秀的防松性能,被应用于越来越多的工程领域。为研究国产新型拉铆钉在剪切循环荷载作用下的松动性能,以应用最为广泛的螺栓连接为对照,分别对规格为8 mm的4.8级普通螺栓、4.8级防松螺栓以及小规格拉铆钉进行剪切循环荷载下的松动试验研究,分析了三类连接在剪切循环荷载作用下的松动过程,研究了荷载幅值和频率对螺栓连接和拉铆连接松动行为的影响。结合微观测试手段分析其损伤形貌,进一步研究剪切循环荷载下螺栓和拉铆钉的防松原理及微动损伤机制。研究表明:在同种工况下拉铆连接的防松性能优于螺栓连接的防松性能;当荷载幅值增大或荷载频率减小时,螺栓连接和拉铆连接的松动程度增大;相较于螺栓,拉铆钉独特的圆弧结构牙型和铆接成型后牙型配合面的过盈配合机制,使其防松性能有明显提升;螺栓与拉铆钉的磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。

南方山区民居木结构榫卯节点抗震性能试验研究

为研究截面参数和节点形式对有穿销直榫节点抗震性能的影响,首先,以梁高、梁宽为研究参数,并与有穿销透榫节点作对比,共设计制作了4个足尺节点试件;然后,通过低周往复加载试验,研究不同参数下节点的破坏形态、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性、强度和刚度退化及耗能能力等性能;最后,推导有穿销直榫节点的弯矩-转角理论公式,并与试验结果进行对比.研究结果表明:试件的主要破坏形态为柱内侧梁榫受拉边缘的顺纹拉裂破坏,伴随有柱内侧梁榫受压边缘的挤压变形和柱外侧梁榫的水平劈裂;节点的弯矩-转角滞回曲线呈捏缩效应明显的反Z形;在试验设计参数范围内,有穿销直榫节点的转动刚度和抗弯承载力随着梁截面高度和宽度的增大而增大,但是强度退化系数和等效黏滞阻尼系数的变化不明显;相比于有穿销透榫节点,有穿销直榫节点的正向抗弯承载力大62%,反向抗弯承载力大26%,且承载力下降更平缓,表明有穿销直榫节点具有更好的抗震性能;有穿销直榫节点理论公式所得结果与试验结果误差在9%内.

碳纤维层合板双搭多钉连接强度和钉载分析

针对碳纤维连接结构强度问题,建立了碳纤维层合板三钉双搭接结构的有限元模型,基于Hashin准则分析了连接结构在拉伸过程中的渐进损伤。分析结果表明:连接结构在拉伸过程中,层合板首先在第一个螺栓处发生损伤,随着损伤加剧,钉载重新分配,最后层合板在第一个螺栓处断裂,在另外两个螺栓处发生局部挤压损伤。基于有限元模型分析了不同金属材料板与碳纤维层合板连接的钉载分配以及连接结构中螺栓间距对钉载分配的影响,当所连接的金属板刚度越大,钉载越不均匀,当连接结构中螺栓间距越大,钉载也越不均匀。研究结果为提高复合材料多钉连接结构的挤压强度设计提供了依据。

外包缩口钢套螺栓连接节点力学性能试验研究

为了解决传统混凝土装配式梁柱节点区域构造复杂,钢构件凸出影响空间布置等问题,提出一种采用端板螺栓连接的外包缩口钢套筒形式梁柱节点。设计并制作了3个装配式节点试件和1个作为对比试件的现浇节点试件,通过进行梁柱节点的单调加载试验,探究该节点的破坏模式和各项力学性能指标。结果表明:装配式节点的主要破坏模式为梁端的弯曲破坏,核心区钢套筒未发生明显破坏;缩小套筒和加劲肋的厚度差距,能有效确保试件的整体力学性能,提升节点协同转动能力;装配式试件峰值承载力分别比现浇试件提高22.7%,19.7%和13.8%,且延性系数均为3.47~3.73。研究提出的装配式节点具有安装简单,承载能力优于现浇节点,且后期可实现梁的拆换等特点,可为同类装配式节点在工程中的应用提供一定的参考。

横向振动作用下螺栓连接节点松动规律数值模拟

输电铁塔螺栓连接节点因常常受到横向往复荷载作用发生松动,从而导致输电铁塔的损害。目前许多在紧固件振动试验机上进行的单个螺栓试验与有限元研究因螺栓约束条件问题并不适用于角钢-螺栓群节点的实际工作情况,针对这一问题在ABAQUS软件中建立考虑螺纹升角的精细化螺栓模型,根据紧固件试验结果验证有限元模型的适用性,再将螺栓模型推广到复杂的单肢、单包及双包的角钢-螺栓群节点模型,分析螺栓群节点在横向振动荷载下松动机理与预紧力变化过程。分析结果表明:在横向循环载荷作用下,预紧力出现交替的上升与下降;螺纹接触面先于螺头承压面进入滑移状态;螺栓预紧力随摩擦因数、预紧扭矩的增大而降低,随着振动幅值的增大而增大,振动频率对螺栓松动影响不显著;单包与双包节点螺栓松动程度从外侧到内侧逐渐递减,施加预压力在一定程度上可降低螺栓的松动趋势,双肢单包节点螺栓松动程度下降了16.00%~23.24%,双肢双包节点下降了2.63%~3.80%。因此在实际工程要做好对易松动部位螺栓的监测,保证节点的承载能力。

矿用锚杆动态力学性能试验研究

为研究冲击载荷作用下矿用锚杆的动态力学性能,选取蒙陕矿区冲击地压巷道常用的锚杆材料,利用AW-1500微机控制电液伺服试验机和落锤冲击试验机分别测试了锚杆的静、动载力学性能,获取了锚杆载荷与位移曲线、冲击力时程曲线、位移时程曲线等数据。研究发现:锚杆冲击力时程曲线分为急剧增加、平稳和衰减三个阶段。随着冲击次数或冲击能量的增加,锚杆的冲击力峰值逐步增加,锚杆冲击力稳定在200~300 kN之间,当锚杆达到冲击破断时,冲击力峰值位于250~300 kN之间。冲击载荷作用下锚杆杆体破断位置颈缩不明显,表现出明显的脆断特征,动态破断载荷略大于其静载破断载荷,而延伸率大幅度降低,动载下的断后延伸率为10%左右。该研究结果可为冲击地压巷道锚杆支护设计和材料选取提供一定的试验依据。