Analysis of clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of breast cancer brain metastasis

BACKGROUND Breast cancer(BC)has become the most common malignancy in women.The incidence and detection rates of BC brain metastasis(BCBM)have increased with the progress of imaging,multidisciplinary treatment techniques and the extension of survival time of BC patients.BM seriously affects the quality of life and survival prognosis of BC patients.Therefore,clinical research on the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of BCBM is valuable.By analyzing the clinicopathological parameters of BCBM patients,and assessing the risk factors and prognostic indicators,we can perform hierarchical diagnosis and treatment on the high-risk population of BCBM,and achieve clinical benefits of early diagnosis and treatment.AIM To explore the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of BCBM,and provide references for diagnosis,treatment and management of BCBM.METHODS The clinicopathological data of 68 BCBM patients admitted to the Air Force Medical Center,Chinese People’s Liberation Army(formerly Air Force General Hospital)from 2000 to 2022 were collected.Another 136 BC patients without BM were matched at a ratio of 1:2 based on the age and site of onset for retrospective analysis.Categorical data were subjected to χ^(2) test or Fisher’s exact probability test,and the variables with P<0.05 in the univariate Cox proportional hazards model were incorporated into the multivariate model to identify high-risk factors and independent prognostic factors of BCBM,with a hazard ratio(HR)>1 suggesting poor prognostic factors.The survival time of patients was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method,and overall survival was compared between groups by log-rank test.RESULTS Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that patients with stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ tumor at initial diagnosis[HR:5.58,95% confidence interval(CI):1.99–15.68],lung metastasis(HR:24.18,95%CI:6.40-91.43),human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-overexpressing BC and triple-negative BC were more prone to BM.As can be seen from the prognostic data,52 of the 68 BCBM patients had died by the end of follow-up,and the median time from diagnosis of BC to the occurrence of BM and from the occurrence of BM to death or last follow-up was 33.5 and 14 mo,respectively.It was confirmed by multivariate Cox regression analysis that patients with neurological symptoms(HR:1.923,95%CI:1.005-3.680),with bone metastasis(HR:2.011,95%CI:1.056-3.831),and BM of HER2-overexpressing and triple-negative BC had shorter survival time.CONCLUSION HER2-overexpressing,triple-negative BC,late tumor stage and lung metastasis are risk factors of BM.The presence of neurological symptoms,bone metastasis,and molecular type are influencing prognosis factors of BCBM.

Risk factors,prognostic factors,and nomograms for distant metastasis in patients with diagnosed duodenal cancer:A population-based study

BACKGROUND Duodenal cancer is one of the most common subtypes of small intestinal cancer,and distant metastasis(DM)in this type of cancer still leads to poor prognosis.Although nomograms have recently been used in tumor areas,no studies have focused on the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of DM in patients with primary duodenal cancer.AIM To develop and evaluate nomograms for predicting the risk of DM and person-alized prognosis in patients with duodenal cancer.METHODS Data on duodenal cancer patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2019 were extracted from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results database.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for DM in patients with duodenal cancer,and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to determine independent prognostic factors in duodenal cancer patients with DM.Two novel nomograms were established,and the results were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves,calibration curves,and decision curve analysis(DCA).RESULTS A total of 2603 patients with duodenal cancer were included,of whom 457 cases(17.56%)had DM at the time of diagnosis.Logistic analysis revealed independent risk factors for DM in duodenal cancer patients,including gender,grade,tumor size,T stage,and N stage(P<0.05).Univariate and multivariate COX analyses further identified independent prognostic factors for duodenal cancer patients with DM,including age,histological type,T stage,tumor grade,tumor size,bone metastasis,chemotherapy,and surgery(P<0.05).The accuracy of the nomograms was validated in the training set,validation set,and expanded testing set using ROC curves,calibration curves,and DCA curves.The results of Kaplan-Meier survival curves(P<0.001)indicated that both nomograms accurately predicted the occurrence and prognosis of DM in patients with duodenal cancer.CONCLUSION The two nomograms are expected as effective tools for predicting DM risk in duodenal cancer patients and offering personalized prognosis predictions for those with DM,potentially enhancing clinical decision-making.

Outcomes and Prognostic Factors for Adenocarcinoma/Adenosquamous Carcinomas Treated with Radical Hysterectomy and Adjuvant Therapy

Objective: To determine outcomes and prognostic factors for early-stage cervical adenocarcinoma/ adenosquamous carcinomas (AC/ASC) patients who are treated with radical hysterectomy and adjuvant therapy to optimize their treatment. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 26 patients with International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians stage IB-IIB cervical AC/ASC who were treated with radical hysterectomy and adjuvant therapy. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. The prognostic significance of various clinical features was determined by using multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: Univariate analysis revealed that OS was significantly shorter in patients with lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular space invasion. Similarly, PFS was significantly shorter for patients with lymph node metastasis and parametrial invasion. Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis was the only independent predictor for PFS (hazard ratio: 6.47, 95% confidence interval: 1.33 - 31.44, p = 0.021). However, the use of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy did not have any significant effect on either OS or PFS, regardless of lymph node metastasis. Conclusions: Lymph node metastasis is an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in cervical AC/ASC patients treated with radical hysterectomy and adjuvant therapy. In addition, adjuvant chemoradiotherapy does not improve their survival, regardless of lymph node metastasis, which suggests that novel or personalized adjuvant therapeutic strategies with fewer adverse effects than existing strategies are needed.

Prognostic factors and therapeutic effects of different treatment modalities for colorectal cancer liver metastases

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most common malignant tumors in China,and the liver is the most common metastatic site in patients with advanced CRC.Hepatectomy is the gold standard treatment for colorectal liver metastases.For patients who cannot undergo radical resection of liver metastases for various reasons,ablation therapy,interventional therapy,and systemic chemotherapy can be used to improve their quality of life and prolong their survival time.AIM To explore the prognostic factors and treatments of liver metastases of CRC.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 87 patients with liver metastases from CRC treated at the Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute between January 2005 and March 2011.According to different treatments,the patients were divided into the following four groups:Surgical resection group(36 patients);ablation group(23 patients);intervention group(15 patients);and drug group(13 patients).The clinicopathological data and postoperative survival of the four groups were analyzed.The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis,and the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for multivariate analysis.RESULTS The median survival time of the 87 patients was 38.747±3.062 mo,and the 1-and 3-year survival rates were 87.5%and 53.1%,respectively.The Cox proportional hazards model showed that the following factors were independent factors affecting prognosis:The degree of tumor differentiation,the number of metastases,the size of metastases,and whether the metastases are close to great vessels.The results of treatment factor analysis showed that the effect of surgical treatment was better than that of drugs,intervention,or ablation alone,and the median survival time was 48.83±4.36 mo.The drug group had the worst prognosis,with a median survival time of only 13.5±0.7 mo(P<0.05).For patients with liver metastases of CRC near the great vessels,the median survival time(27.3 mo)of patients undergoing surgical resection was better than that of patients using other treatments(20.6 mo)(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Patients with a low degree of primary tumor differentiation,multiple liver metastases(number of tumors>4),and maximum diameter of liver metastases>5 cm have a poor prognosis.Among drug therapy,intervention,ablation,and surgical treatment options,surgical treatment is the first choice for liver metastases.When liver metastases are close to great vessels,surgical treatment is significantly better than drug therapy,intervention,and ablation alone.

Survival outcomes and prognostic indicators for gastric cancer patients with positive peritoneal wash cytology but no peritoneal metastasis after radical gastrectomy

BACKGROUND Positive peritoneal wash cytology with no peritoneal metastasis(CY1P0)is a special type of distant gastric cancer metastasis,which describes a patient with positive peritoneal lavage cytology,but no definitive peritoneal metastasis,and there are no widely accepted treatment guidelines.We enrolled 48 primary CY1P0 gastric cancer patients treated by radical gastrectomy in this study.Our study illustrated the efficacy of radical gastrectomy for CY1P0 gastric cancer patients,and suggested that the pathological N factor and vascular invasion were significant independent risk factors for overall survival(OS).AIM To assess the survival of CY1P0 gastric cancer patient post-radical gastrectomy,and to identify factors associated with long-term prognosis.METHODS Our study included 48 patients with primary CY1P0 gastric cancer who had radical gastrectomies at the Cancer Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing,China between 2013 and 2018.R0 resection was achieved in all 48 patients.Twelve patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Thirty patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and four received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.OS statistics were available for 48 patients.Follow-up continued through March 2020.Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using a Cox proportional hazards model to identify prognostic factors.RESULTS Median OS was 22.0 mo(95%confidence interval:13.366-30.634 mo)post-surgery.Univariate analyses demonstrated that tumor site(P=0.021),pathological N factor(P=0.001),pathological T factor(P=0.028),vascular invasion(P=0.046),and the level of CA199 prior to initiating therapy(P=0.002)were significant risk factors for OS.Multivariate analyses demonstrated that pathological N factor(P=0.001)and vascular invasion(P=0.031)were significant independent risk factors for OS.CONCLUSION This study suggested that radical gastrectomy may be efficient for CY1P0 gastric cancer patient post-radical gastrectomy and the pathological N factor and vascular invasion are significant independent risk factors for OS.

Prognostic factors in patients with middle and distal bile duct cancers

AIM:To identify the influence of the surgery type and prognostic factors in middle and distal bile duct cancers.METHODS:Between August 1990 and June 2011,data regarding the clinicopathological factors of 194patients with surgical and pathological confirmation were collected.A total of 133 patients underwent resections(R0,R1,R2;n=102,24,7),whereas 61patients underwent nonresectional surgery.Either pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD)or bile duct resection(BDR)was selected according to the sites of tumors and comorbidities of the patients after confirming resectionmargin by the frozen histology in all cases.Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinicopathologic factors were performed,utilizing the Kaplan-Meyer method and Cox hazard regression analysis.RESULTS:The overall 5-year survival rate for the 133patients who underwent resection(R0,R1,and R2)was 41.2%,whereas no patients survived longer than3 years among the 61 patient who underwent nonresectional surgeries.The 5-year survival rate of the patients who underwent a PD(n=90)was higher than the rate of those who underwent BDR(n=43),although the difference was not statistically significant(46.6%vs 30.0%P=0.105).However,PD had a higher rate of R0 resection than BDR(90.0%vs 48.8%,P<0.0001).If R0 resection was achieved,PD and BDR showed similar survival rates(49.4%vs 46.5%P=0.762).The 5-year survival rates of R0 and R1 resections were not significantly different(49.0%vs 21.0%P=0.132),but R2 resections had lower survival(0%,P=0.0001).Although positive lymph node,presence of perineural invasion,presence of lymphovascular invasion(LVI),7th AJCC-UICC tumor node metastasis(TNM)stage,and involvement of resection margin were significant prognostic factors in univariate analysis,multivariate analysis identified only TNM stage and LVI as independent prognostic factors.CONCLUSION:PD had a greater likelihood of curative resection and R1 resection might have some positive impact.The TNM stage and LVI were independent prognostic factors.

散发性青年直肠癌肝转移患者临床特点及其预后影响因素

目的探讨散发性青年直肠癌肝转移(RCLM)患者的临床特点及其预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析2016年1月-2021年1月北京大学第一医院收治的青年RCLM患者(发病年龄≤45岁)的临床病理资料(设为青年组,n=40),并按照1∶2的比例纳入中老年RCLM患者(发病年龄>45岁,设为中老年组,n=82)。比较两组临床病理因素的差异性,采用单因素及多因素Cox回归分析影响RCLM及青年RCLM患者预后的危险因素,结合Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析肝转移瘤直径与局部治疗之间的预后关系。结果共纳入RCLM患者122例,青年组1、3、5年生存率分别为97.5%、47.5%、15.0%,中老年组1、3、5生存率分别为84.1%、26.8%、9.8%。两组BMI(P=0.008)、原发肿瘤存在并发症情况(P=0.006)、肝转移发生时限中同时性肝转移(P=0.005)、肝转移瘤最大直径>3 cm(P=0.019)差异有统计学意义。单因素及多因素Cox回归分析显示,年龄(P=0.003)、原发肿瘤N分期(P=0.007)、肝转移瘤局部治疗(P=0.047)和肝转移瘤最大直径(P=0.030)是影响RCLM患者预后的独立危险因素,原发肿瘤是否根治性切除(P=0.035)和肝转移瘤最大直径(P=0.041)是影响青年RCLM患者预后的独立危险因素。肝转移瘤最大直径与肝转移瘤局部治疗组间生存期差异有统计学意义(log-rank P=0.000)。结论青年RCLM患者肿瘤初始分期较晚,但生存预后优于中老年RCLM患者。淋巴结转移程度高、肝转移瘤未经局部治疗以及肝转移瘤最大直径>3 cm提示RCLM患者预后不良。原发肿瘤根治性切除及肝转移瘤最大直径是影响青年RCLM患者预后的独立危险因素,肝转移瘤局部治疗在RLCM患者治疗策略中起重要作用。

中医药干预早期非小细胞肺癌的临床效果研究

目的:分析早期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者根治术后无瘤生存期的影响因素,观察中医药干预对于早期NSCLC患者的影响。方法:采用单臂、单中心数据回顾性研究,分析415例接受中医药干预的早期NSCLC患者的临床资料,运用Kaplan-Meier法对可能影响早期NSCLC预后的因素进行单因素分析,并将经显著性检验后有意义的可疑影响因素纳入Cox回归分析,建立Cox风险比例模型。结果:415例早期NSCLC患者的1年、2年、3年、5年、10年无瘤生存率为96.1%、87.5%、84.0%、76.5%、67.4%。2)单因素分析显示,性别、年龄、吸烟史、手术方式、病理类型、临床分期、中医辨证分型、中医药物及非药物治疗疗程、中医干预空白期、中医综合治疗持续时间为预后相关影响因素(P<0.05)。Cox回归分析显示,性别、临床分期、中医辨证分型、中成药疗程、中医综合治疗持续时间是影响患者预后的独立危险因素。结论:中医药干预可以提高早期NSCLC患者的无瘤生存率,改善预后。2)早期NSCLC患者中,女性、年轻、不吸烟、行电视胸腔镜辅助手术、肺腺癌(贴壁型为主)、临床分期早、气阴两虚及肺脾气虚型患者预后佳。术后中医药干预空白期短且长期中医综合辨证治疗可以提高患者无病生存率。

Pancreatic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND： Renal cell carcinoma （RCC） is a common cancer, but pancreatic metastasis of RCC is unusual. Because of the rarity and peculiarity, pancreatic lesions from RCC metastasis were described mostly in case reports which highlight the importance of a systematic analysis of this clinical condition. DATA SOURCES： Data of 7 patients with pancreatic metastasis of RCC treated in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital were extracted and 193 similar patients reported in the past 10 years from the literature were analyzed. Epidemiological, pathological and follow-up information were investigated. Po- tential prognostic factors were compared with corresponding data reported 10 years ago. RESULTS： Multivariate Cox regression showed that asymp- tomatic metastasis and surgical procedure were independent factors associated with better survival. Compared with the data reported 10 years ago, follow-up of RCC patients has been emphasized in recent years, and atypical surgery is frequently used since it has similar effect as typical surgery on tumor resection while it is able to preserve more pancreatic function. CONCLUSION： Surgical treatment should be an option as long as the pancreatic metastasis of RCC is resectable.

Prognostic value of chemotherapy-induced hematological toxicity in metastatic colorectal cancer patients

AIM: To establish whether chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is predictive of better outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC). METHODS: Survival and patient characteristics from consecutive mCRC patients treated in the Centre Georges Francois Leclerc, Dijon, France between January 2001 and December 2011 were analyzed. Patient and tumor characteristics, hematological toxicity(neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia), and type of chemotherapy received were recorded. RESULTS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 399 consecutive patients with mCRC who received at least one line of chemotherapy. Median follow up was 6.3 years. Eighty-eight percent of the patients received more than two lines of chemotherapy. By univariate analysis, whatever their grade, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia occurring during the first two lines of chemotherapy were significantly associated with better overall survival(HR = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.43-0.70, P < 0.0001 and HR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.56-0.88, P = 0.025 respectively). In contrast, anemia during chemotherapy was significantly associated with poorer overall survival(HR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.22-2.97, P = 0.005). Multivariate analysis revealed that both neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were significantly associated with better overall survival: HR = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.29-0.64, P < 0.0001 and HR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.49-0.98, P = 0.036, respectively. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that occurrence of neutropenia or thrombocytopenia during first- or second-line chemotherapy for mCRC is associated with better survival.

Concomitant lung metastasis in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM:To investigate the clinical features and prognostic factors of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)patients presenting with lung metastasis at initial diagnosis. METHODS:Between 2001 and 2010,we recruited 76 consecutive HCC patients initially presenting with lung metastasis,without co-existing metastasis from other sites.These patients were divided into three groups:untreated group(n=22),single treatment group(n= 19),and combined treatment group(n=35). RESULTS:Metastasis of bilateral lung lobes was common and noted in 35 patients(46.1%),and most of patients(59/76,77.6%)presented with multiple lung metastatic nodules.Nineteen patients(25.0%) received single-method treatment,including hepatectomy in 4,transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in 6,radiotherapy in 5,and oral sorafenib in 4.Thirty-five patients(46.1%)received combined treatment modalities.The overall median survival of the all patients was 8.7±0.6 mo;4.1±0.3,6.3±2.5 and 18.6±3.9 mo, respectively in the untreated group,single treatment group and combined treatment group,respectively, with a significant difference(log-rank test,P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that Child-Pugh score, the absence or presence of portal vein tumor thrombus,and treatment modality were three independent prognostic factors affecting survival of patients with advanced HCC and concomitant lung metastasis. CONCLUSION:Combined treatment modalities tend to result in a better survival as compared with the conservative treatment or single treatment modality for HCC patients initially presenting with lung metastasis.

Proposal of criteria to select candidates with colorectal liver metastases for hepatic resection:Comparison of our scoring system to the positive number of risk factors

AIM: To select accurately good candidates of hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis. METHODS: Thirteen clinicopathological features, which were recognized only before or during surgery, were selected retrospectively in 81 consecutive patients in one hospital (GroupⅠ). These features were entered into a multivariate analysis to determine independent and significant variables affecting long-term prognosis after hepatectomy. Using selected variables, we created a scoring formula to classify patients with colorectal liver metastases to select good candidates for hepatic resection. The usefulness of the new scoring system was examined in a series of 92 patients from another hospital (Group Ⅱ), comparing the number of selected variables. RESULTS: Among 81 patients of GroupⅠ, multivariate analysis, i.e. Cox regression analysis, showed that multiple tumors, the largest tumor greater than 5 cm in diameter, and resectable extrahepatic metastases were significant and independent prognostic factors for poor survival after hepatectomy (P < 0.05). In addition, these three factors: serosa invasion, local lymph node metastases of primary cancers, and post- operative disease free interval less than 1 year including synchronous hepatic metastasis, were not significant, however, they were selected by a stepwise method of Cox regression analysis (0.05 < P < 0.20). Using these six variables, we created a new scoring formula to classify patients with colorectal liver metastases. Finally, our new scoring system not only classified patients in GroupⅠvery well, but also that in Group Ⅱ, according to long-term outcomes after hepatic resection. The positive number of these six variables also classified them well.CONCLUSION: Both, our new scoring system and the positive number of significant prognostic factors are useful to classify patients with colorectal liver metastases in the preoperative selection of good candidates for hepatic resection.

Overexpression of metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 predicts a poor outcome of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the intratumoral expression of metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) and c-Met and determine their clinical values associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A retrospective study admitted three hundred fifty-four patients with HBV-related HCC. The expression and distribution of MACC1 and c-Met were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry staining. Prognostic factors influencing survival, metastasis and recurrence were assessed. RESULTS: Intratumoral MACC1 level was found to be associated with HCC disease progression. Both median tumor-free survival (TFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly shorter in the postoperative HCC patients with high intratumoral MACC1 expression, as compared to those with low intratumoral MACC1 levels (TFS: 34 mo vs 48.0 mo, P < 0.001; OS: 40 mo vs 48 mo, P < 0.01). Multivariable analysis indicated that high MACC1 expression or co-expression with c-Met were independent predictors for HCC clinic outcome (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: High intratumoral MACC1 expression can be associated with enhanced tumor progression and poor outcome of HBV-related HCC. MACC1 may serve as a prognostic biomarker for postoperative HCC.

Sixth and seventh tumor-node-metastasis staging system compared in gastric cancer patients

AIM: To investigate the clinical relevance and prognosis regarding survival according to the changes of the tumor-node-metastasis(TNM) in gastric cancer patients. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 347 consecutive subjects who underwent surgery for gastric adenocarcinoma at the Division of General Surgery, Hospital of Busto Arsizio, Busto Arsizio, Italy between June 1998 and December 2009. Patients who underwent surgery without curative intent, patients with tumors of the gastric stump and patients with tumors involving the esophagus were excluded for survival analysis. Patients were staged according to the 6thand 7thedition TNM criteria; 5-year overall survival rates were investigated, and the event was defined as death from any cause. RESULTS: After exclusion, our study population included 241 resected patients with curative intent for gastric adenocarcinoma. The 5-year overall survival(5-year OS) rate of all the patients was 52.8%. Thediagnosed stage differed in 32% of 241 patients based on the TNM edition used for the diagnosis. The patients in stage Ⅱ according to the 6thedition who were reclassified as stage Ⅲ had significantly worse prognosis than patients classified as stage Ⅱ(5-year OS, 39% vs 71%). According to the 6thedition, 135 patients were classifed as T2, and 75% of these patients migrated to T3 and exhibited a significantly worse prognosis than those who remained T2, regardless of lymph node involvement(37% vs 71%). The new N1 patients exhibited a better prognosis than the previous N1 patients(67% vs 43%). CONCLUSION: 7thTNM allows new T2 and N1 patients to be selected with better prognosis, which leads to different staging. New stratification is important in multimodal therapy.

Proposal of a new and simple staging system of colorectal liver metastasis

AIM: To create a new, simple and useful staging system for colorectal liver metastasis analogous to the Tumor Node Metastasis classification system of International Union Against Cancer. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of 81 consecutive patients who underwent partial hepatec- tomy for colorectal liver metastases (group 1). Clinical and pathological features of both primary and metastatic liver cancers were entered into a multivariate analysis to determine independent variables helpful in accurately predicting long-term prognosis after hepatectomy. Using selected variables, we created a new staging system like TNM classification. The usefulness of the new staging system was examined in a series of 92 patients from an- other hospital (group 2). RESULTS: Multivariate analysis showed that 81 patients in group 1 had significant multiple hepatic tumors with the largest tumor being more than 5 cm in diameter, resectable extrahepatic distant metastases, and inde- pendent prognostic factors for poor survival after hepa- tectomy. Using these three variables, we created a new staging system to classify patients with colorectal liver metastases. Finally, our new staging system classified the patients both in group 1 and in group 2. CONCLUSION: Our new staging system of colorectal liver metastasis is simple and useful for staging patients.

seventh tumor-node-metastasis staging of gastric cancer: Five-year follow-up

Seventh tumor-node-metastasis(TNM) classification for gastric cancer,published in 2010,introduced changes in all of its three parameters with the aim to increase its accuracy in prognostication. The aim of this review is to analyze the efficacy of these changes and their implication in clinical practice. We reviewed relevant Literature concerning staging systems in gastric cancer from 2010 up to March 2016. Adenocarcinoma of the esophago-gastric junction still remains a debated entity,due to its peculiar anatomical and histological situation: further improvement in its staging are required. Concerning distant metastases,positive peritoneal cytology has been adopted as a criterion to define metastatic disease: however,its search in clinical practice is still far from being routinely performed,as staging laparoscopy has not yet reached wide diffusion. Regarding definition of T and N: in the era of multimodal treatment these parameters should more influence both staging and surgery. The changes about T-staging suggested some modifications in clinical practice. Differently,many controversies on lymph node staging are still ongoing,with the proposal of alternative classification systems in order to minimize the extent of lymphadenectomy. The next TNM classification should take into account all of these aspects to improve its accuracy and the comparability of prognosis in patients from both Eastern and Western world.

不同原发肿瘤类型脊柱转移瘤生存预后因素的系统评价与Meta分析

目的明确脊柱转移瘤患者治疗后的预后影响因素。方法系统性地检索PubMed、Embase和CENTRAL数据库中发表于1997年至2018年的脊柱转移瘤预后因素相关文献。以风险比(hazard ration,HR)为效应量对不同原发肿瘤类型相关的预后因素进行meta分析。结果系统评价共纳入44篇文献,病例数为9492例;Meta分析纳入26篇文献,病例数为7072例。共有11个预后因素用于Meta分析,其中内脏转移(HR=1.50,95%CI:1.36~1.66,P<0.001)、术前神经功能(P<0.001)、KPS评分(10~40vs.80~100)(P<0.001)、KPS评分(10~70vs.80~100)(P<0.001)、ECOG评分(P<0.001)、其他骨转移(P<0.001)、脊柱累及数量(≥3VS.1~2)(P<0.001)、脊柱累及数量(>1vs.1)(P=0.027)、原发肿瘤诊断至脊柱转移间期(P<0.001)、运动缺损发展时间(P<0.001)及性别(P=0.011)均对总体生存率有显著影响;而KPS评分(10~40 vs.50~70)(P=0.406)、脊柱转移位置(P=0.436)和年龄(P=0.077)3个预后因素对生存率的影响无统计学意义。结论治疗前神经功能、内脏转移、KPS评分、脊外骨转移、脊柱转移数量、原发肿瘤诊断至脊柱转移间期、运动缺损时间及性别等是脊柱转移瘤患者的独立预后因素。

258例肺癌骨转移患者的临床及治疗相关因素分析

目的:分析258例肺癌骨转移患者的临床和病理资料,探讨综合治疗疗效及相关预后因素。方法:回顾性分析2006年2月至2008年2月间258例同济大学附属上海市肺科医院肺癌骨转移患者综合治疗的疗效,生存率用Kaplan-Meier法计算,单因素分析采用Log-rank方法,多因素分析采用Cox回归模型。结果:全组1年、2年生存率分别为52.3%、26.4%,中位生存时间为12.6个月。单因素分析显示初诊时PS评分、骨转移灶数目、骨转移后是否化疗、骨转移时血清AKP及CA242与预后相关(P<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示初诊时临床分期、骨转移时血清AKP水平、骨转移数目及初诊时PS评分为独立预后因子。结论:肺腺癌骨转移发生率最高,骨转移好发部位依次是椎骨、骨盆骨和肋骨。初诊时临床分期、骨转移时血AKP水平、骨转移数目及初诊时PS评分为影响肺癌骨转移患者疗效的独立预后因素。

133例胃癌肝转移患者的预后分析

目的 探讨影响胃癌肝转移患者预后的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析2009年5月至2014年3月复旦大学附属中山医院收治的133例胃癌肝转移患者的临床病理资料.Kaplan-Meier法行单因素生存分析,COX比例风险模型对影响预后的因素进行多因素分析.结果 133例胃癌肝转移患者总体中位生存期9.9个月（95％CI：8.1～11.7个月）,1年、2年、3年生存率分别为51.6％、21.0％及11.2％.单因素分析显示,原发肿瘤分化程度、肝转移癌程度、确诊肝转移时的白蛋白水平均与预后相关,而性别、年龄、发生肝转移时间、原发肿瘤部位、是否合并肝外转移、确诊肝转移时的血红蛋白、肿瘤标志物、Her-2状态均与预后无关.多因素分析显示,原发肿瘤分化程度、肝转移癌程度是影响胃癌肝转移预后的独立因素.在治疗上,133例患者中,24例患者采取了最佳支持治疗（best supportive care,BSC）,109例患者接受了姑息化疗.接受BSC的患者生存期明显短于接受姑息化疗的患者（12.0个月vs.2.8个月,P=0.000）.接受多线化疗的患者的生存期明显长于仅接受单线姑息化疗的患者（14.7个月vs.8.0个月,P=0.000）.在姑息化疗的基础上加用局部治疗未取得更长的总生存时间.结论 姑息化疗能显著延长胃癌肝转移患者的总生存时间,针对胃癌肝转移患者应尽量让其获得多线化疗的机会.

314例Ⅰb～Ⅱa期宫颈癌预后及淋巴结转移危险因素研究

目的:回顾性研究探讨早期宫颈癌的临床病理特点、预后影响相关因素及淋巴结转移的高危因素。方法:选择1999年1月至2005年1月在中山大学肿瘤防治中心妇科住院治疗的、经病理确诊的314例早期(Ⅰb～Ⅱa期)宫颈癌临床病例资料进行回顾性分析,分析影响其预后及淋巴结转移的高危因素。结果:314例病例5年生存率为88.0%,复发率为13.4%。单因素分析显示深肌层浸润、脉管内瘤栓、淋巴结转移为总生存时间不良因素(P<0.05)。Cox回归分析显示淋巴结转移、深肌层浸润是预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。盆腔淋巴结转移组数≥3组与盆腔淋巴结转移组数<3组的生存时间有统计学差异(P=0.032)。单因素分析示SCCAg、FIGO分期、肿瘤直径、深肌层浸润、脉管内瘤栓、宫旁组织浸润均与盆腔淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05)。Logistic回归多因素分析:治疗前SCCAg>3 ng/mL(P<0.001,OR=4.966)、深肌层浸润(P=0.001,OR=5.503)与盆腔淋巴结转移有关。结论:淋巴结转移、深肌层浸润是宫颈癌预后的独立危险因素:治疗前SCCAg>3 ng/mL、深肌层浸润是盆腔淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。