The complete mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences from 10 stud Brahman cattle were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that the genetic diversity of Brahman cattle was rich ; the rate of nucleotide variation, hap...The complete mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences from 10 stud Brahman cattle were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that the genetic diversity of Brahman cattle was rich ; the rate of nucleotide variation, haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 6.25%, 0.978± 0.054 and 0.014 30± 0.008 68, respectively. Nine haplotypes were defined and fell into two distinct lineages, suggesting that Brahman cattle have both Bos indicus （Zebu） and B. taurus genetic background. The taurine haplotypes were predominant at 90% and only Brah-6 belonged to the Asian zebu mthaplotype. This indicates that Brahman cattle was one of the zebu breeds and inherited the excellent characteristics of both the Asian zebu and European beef cattle, such as easy calf delivery, high quality beef, heat tolerance and resistance to various parasites. Breeders introduced Brahman cattle to improve the productivity and adaptability of native cattle. The Zebu has evidently frequently introgressed into the modem taurine breeds. As for modem zebu breeds, B. taurus also highly contributed to their formation, except for the Asian zebu. Furthermore our results also confirm the hypothesis that B. indicus has undergone a separate domestication event and originated from the Indian subcontinent.展开更多
In the early medieval economic and social circumstances religious centers developed in Bihar, which further led to the construction of temples by the rulers as well as by the locally powerful communities. It must be n...In the early medieval economic and social circumstances religious centers developed in Bihar, which further led to the construction of temples by the rulers as well as by the locally powerful communities. It must be noted that these temples were not as gigantic or of great artistic value either as compared to the Buddhist monasteries of contemporary Bihar. The reason behind this was probably the fact that the Buddhist monasteries were built by the state or supported directly by them as well as patronized by the rich business community. On the contrary, few of the Brahamanical structures were getting these advantages and they were having support of the local followers. From the various excavation and exploration reports by archaeologists, temple structures of this period have been reported very often. But the ancient historiography of Bihar obsessed with the Buddhist, Jaina and other heterodox monuments, has tended to just ignore it. The question why such a large number of temples came up during this period, which is spread over the whole of modem Bihar, particularly near the important Buddhist sites, was never posed. Moreover, the question why the Pala rulers who were known for their Buddhist inclination later extended critical support to Brahmans has also remained unaddressed.展开更多
Buddhism and Brahmanism were two important religions in ancient India and their religious philosophies continue to be the fundamental components of contemporary Indian culture. However, these religions share common th...Buddhism and Brahmanism were two important religions in ancient India and their religious philosophies continue to be the fundamental components of contemporary Indian culture. However, these religions share common theoretical problems like explanation of the relationship between the secular world and the emancipation realm. This article examines this issue.展开更多
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and cost per gain of Brahman × local crossbred bull calves receiving three diets with varying concentrate to roughage ratio （C：R） of 75：25, 65：3...An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and cost per gain of Brahman × local crossbred bull calves receiving three diets with varying concentrate to roughage ratio （C：R） of 75：25, 65：35 and 55：45 on dry matter （DM） basis. Twelve bull calves （aging 11.5 ±1.2 months and 170.8 ± 13.0 kg live weight） divided into three equal groups were fed on three diets. The diets were balanced to 14.5% crude protein （CP） level and 10.5 MJ metabolizable energy （ME） per kg DM, formulating different concentrate mixtures. German grass （Echinoclora grousgali） and paddy straw were offered at 2：1 ratio on DM basis as roughages. The results revealed that C：R ratio did not affect （P 〉 0.05） the intake of feed and nutrients, feed efficiency （7.04, 6.94 and 6.76） and average daily gain （981,958 and 976 g）. Digestibility of nutrients was not affected （P 〉 0.05） by C：R. Animals fed diet with C：R = 55：45 had the lowest feed cost （Bangladeshi Taka 136.8 BDT/kg live weight gain）, which was increased （147.5 B DT and 153.8 BDT） non-significantly （P 〉 0.05） with the increasing level of concentrate. The diet consisting of 55% concentrate mixture showed similar results with the diet consisting of 75% concentrate mixture, but was comparatively economic. Therefore, considering the growth performance and cost per kg gain of Brahman crossbred growing calves, it may be concluded that the diet consisting of 55：45 C：R may be used for economic beef production.展开更多
Curculigo(仙茅)is also called“Only Thatch Root,”“Ground Palm,”and“Brahman Ginseng.”The name of the“Only Thatch Root”vividly describes its shape characteristics.The nickname“Ground Palm”figuratively shows its...Curculigo(仙茅)is also called“Only Thatch Root,”“Ground Palm,”and“Brahman Ginseng.”The name of the“Only Thatch Root”vividly describes its shape characteristics.The nickname“Ground Palm”figuratively shows its growth environment and form feature.The another name“Brahman Ginseng”emphasizes the source,the value,and the efficiency of the immortal grass The name of“Curculigo”fully expresses its function feature and the application to the ancient regimen culture.Curculigo is not only a sacrificial offering often used by Brahmins to pray for good fortune and dispel disasters,but also used as a special medicine for nobles to live longer.After its introduction into China,Curculigo has been widely applied in both religious development and health preservation.展开更多
Chemical composition of Brahman cattle was studied and determined in this study. Fifty males had been castrated at birth, farmed semi-intensively on the Venezuelan plain and then slaughtered at the age of 31 months wi...Chemical composition of Brahman cattle was studied and determined in this study. Fifty males had been castrated at birth, farmed semi-intensively on the Venezuelan plain and then slaughtered at the age of 31 months with an approximate weight of 500 kilograms. The average pH value of beef was 5,84 after obtained for 24 hours after staughtering, which matches the ~atue found in similar studies made on the same breed in Venezuela （5.8）. The moisture, crude protein and ash contents correspond to the expected values of cattle, while the intramuscular fat values are slightly higher than those of the different breeds ofBos indicus. The total collagen values found in this study are either similar or lower than those found by other researches from the different breeds ofBos indicus and their crossbreeds, while the collagen solubility value （39%） was higher than the one found in other studies on the Brahman breed.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the effect of castration on the sensory and instrumental qualities of the longisssimus dorsi muscle of Brahman. Fifty animals （25 Brahman castrated and 25 uncastrated） were fed with f...This study aimed to investigate the effect of castration on the sensory and instrumental qualities of the longisssimus dorsi muscle of Brahman. Fifty animals （25 Brahman castrated and 25 uncastrated） were fed with forage and finished with forage and a commercial feed. The sensory analysis was performed by a seven-member sensory panel that had been trained. The panel evaluated the juiciness, myofibril tenderness, overall tenderness, connective tissue amount and flavor intensity of each sample according to an 8-point scale. The steaks that were to be used in the instrumental analysis were frozen, thawed, and cooked just like those used in the sensory analysis test. In order to assess shear force, the steaks were cooled 2 h at room temperature. Each strip was sheared once with a Warner-Bratzler ceil, and an average shear force value was calculated and recorded for each steak. Water retention capacity was measured as weight loss during cooking. Steaks used for shear force analysis were weighted before and after cooking. Significant differences were observed （P 〈 0.05） among sensory attributes, shear force, and cooking loss values in the beef of castrated and uncastrated. Both the panel and the consumers were able to detect differences in sensory characteristics between castrated and uncastrated, with the ratings favoring the castrated. The Warner-Bratzler device was also able to detect differences in tenderness between both groups, with steer beef having lower shear force and cooking loss values.展开更多
In general,members of all different cultures are concerned about the cosmological query“What it is all about”.In the literature,many commentaries are available to us on the question.Nevertheless,a comprehensive,brie...In general,members of all different cultures are concerned about the cosmological query“What it is all about”.In the literature,many commentaries are available to us on the question.Nevertheless,a comprehensive,brief summary,as below,of the state of this inquiry on the subject may be helpful.展开更多
The transition from pre-state to state societies involves some ideological facets.In pre-modern states of India,especially from the post-Gupta period onwards,the ruling authorities tried to legitimize their position b...The transition from pre-state to state societies involves some ideological facets.In pre-modern states of India,especially from the post-Gupta period onwards,the ruling authorities tried to legitimize their position by claiming ancestry/lineage from Brahmanical deities.The ruling dynasties patronized Brahmanism,and in return,the Brahmanas created myths of divine genealogy,which elevated the status of the former.The pre-modern states of northeast India were not an exception to it.The rulers of northeast India established Brahmanas and claimed divine genealogy with the help of myths created by the latter.Although they patronized Brahmanism,the ruling dynasties never entirely abandoned their tribal traditions from which they originated because most of their subjects remained outside the Brahmanical faith.Thus,the ruling authorities played the role of mediator between the two different traditions,which is reflected in the contradictory nature of the royal myths created through the agency of the Brahmanas.Focusing on the early kingdoms of Pragjyotisa-Kamarupa,the Ahoms,and the Koches of the medieval period,the paper attempts to explore the conflict syndrome in their royal myths and the polity formations of these pre-modern kingdoms.It helps us understand the particularity of political processes in peripheral regions like northeast India.展开更多
文摘The complete mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences from 10 stud Brahman cattle were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that the genetic diversity of Brahman cattle was rich ; the rate of nucleotide variation, haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 6.25%, 0.978± 0.054 and 0.014 30± 0.008 68, respectively. Nine haplotypes were defined and fell into two distinct lineages, suggesting that Brahman cattle have both Bos indicus （Zebu） and B. taurus genetic background. The taurine haplotypes were predominant at 90% and only Brah-6 belonged to the Asian zebu mthaplotype. This indicates that Brahman cattle was one of the zebu breeds and inherited the excellent characteristics of both the Asian zebu and European beef cattle, such as easy calf delivery, high quality beef, heat tolerance and resistance to various parasites. Breeders introduced Brahman cattle to improve the productivity and adaptability of native cattle. The Zebu has evidently frequently introgressed into the modem taurine breeds. As for modem zebu breeds, B. taurus also highly contributed to their formation, except for the Asian zebu. Furthermore our results also confirm the hypothesis that B. indicus has undergone a separate domestication event and originated from the Indian subcontinent.
文摘In the early medieval economic and social circumstances religious centers developed in Bihar, which further led to the construction of temples by the rulers as well as by the locally powerful communities. It must be noted that these temples were not as gigantic or of great artistic value either as compared to the Buddhist monasteries of contemporary Bihar. The reason behind this was probably the fact that the Buddhist monasteries were built by the state or supported directly by them as well as patronized by the rich business community. On the contrary, few of the Brahamanical structures were getting these advantages and they were having support of the local followers. From the various excavation and exploration reports by archaeologists, temple structures of this period have been reported very often. But the ancient historiography of Bihar obsessed with the Buddhist, Jaina and other heterodox monuments, has tended to just ignore it. The question why such a large number of temples came up during this period, which is spread over the whole of modem Bihar, particularly near the important Buddhist sites, was never posed. Moreover, the question why the Pala rulers who were known for their Buddhist inclination later extended critical support to Brahmans has also remained unaddressed.
文摘Buddhism and Brahmanism were two important religions in ancient India and their religious philosophies continue to be the fundamental components of contemporary Indian culture. However, these religions share common theoretical problems like explanation of the relationship between the secular world and the emancipation realm. This article examines this issue.
文摘An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and cost per gain of Brahman × local crossbred bull calves receiving three diets with varying concentrate to roughage ratio （C：R） of 75：25, 65：35 and 55：45 on dry matter （DM） basis. Twelve bull calves （aging 11.5 ±1.2 months and 170.8 ± 13.0 kg live weight） divided into three equal groups were fed on three diets. The diets were balanced to 14.5% crude protein （CP） level and 10.5 MJ metabolizable energy （ME） per kg DM, formulating different concentrate mixtures. German grass （Echinoclora grousgali） and paddy straw were offered at 2：1 ratio on DM basis as roughages. The results revealed that C：R ratio did not affect （P 〉 0.05） the intake of feed and nutrients, feed efficiency （7.04, 6.94 and 6.76） and average daily gain （981,958 and 976 g）. Digestibility of nutrients was not affected （P 〉 0.05） by C：R. Animals fed diet with C：R = 55：45 had the lowest feed cost （Bangladeshi Taka 136.8 BDT/kg live weight gain）, which was increased （147.5 B DT and 153.8 BDT） non-significantly （P 〉 0.05） with the increasing level of concentrate. The diet consisting of 55% concentrate mixture showed similar results with the diet consisting of 75% concentrate mixture, but was comparatively economic. Therefore, considering the growth performance and cost per kg gain of Brahman crossbred growing calves, it may be concluded that the diet consisting of 55：45 C：R may be used for economic beef production.
文摘Curculigo(仙茅)is also called“Only Thatch Root,”“Ground Palm,”and“Brahman Ginseng.”The name of the“Only Thatch Root”vividly describes its shape characteristics.The nickname“Ground Palm”figuratively shows its growth environment and form feature.The another name“Brahman Ginseng”emphasizes the source,the value,and the efficiency of the immortal grass The name of“Curculigo”fully expresses its function feature and the application to the ancient regimen culture.Curculigo is not only a sacrificial offering often used by Brahmins to pray for good fortune and dispel disasters,but also used as a special medicine for nobles to live longer.After its introduction into China,Curculigo has been widely applied in both religious development and health preservation.
文摘Chemical composition of Brahman cattle was studied and determined in this study. Fifty males had been castrated at birth, farmed semi-intensively on the Venezuelan plain and then slaughtered at the age of 31 months with an approximate weight of 500 kilograms. The average pH value of beef was 5,84 after obtained for 24 hours after staughtering, which matches the ~atue found in similar studies made on the same breed in Venezuela （5.8）. The moisture, crude protein and ash contents correspond to the expected values of cattle, while the intramuscular fat values are slightly higher than those of the different breeds ofBos indicus. The total collagen values found in this study are either similar or lower than those found by other researches from the different breeds ofBos indicus and their crossbreeds, while the collagen solubility value （39%） was higher than the one found in other studies on the Brahman breed.
文摘This study aimed to investigate the effect of castration on the sensory and instrumental qualities of the longisssimus dorsi muscle of Brahman. Fifty animals （25 Brahman castrated and 25 uncastrated） were fed with forage and finished with forage and a commercial feed. The sensory analysis was performed by a seven-member sensory panel that had been trained. The panel evaluated the juiciness, myofibril tenderness, overall tenderness, connective tissue amount and flavor intensity of each sample according to an 8-point scale. The steaks that were to be used in the instrumental analysis were frozen, thawed, and cooked just like those used in the sensory analysis test. In order to assess shear force, the steaks were cooled 2 h at room temperature. Each strip was sheared once with a Warner-Bratzler ceil, and an average shear force value was calculated and recorded for each steak. Water retention capacity was measured as weight loss during cooking. Steaks used for shear force analysis were weighted before and after cooking. Significant differences were observed （P 〈 0.05） among sensory attributes, shear force, and cooking loss values in the beef of castrated and uncastrated. Both the panel and the consumers were able to detect differences in sensory characteristics between castrated and uncastrated, with the ratings favoring the castrated. The Warner-Bratzler device was also able to detect differences in tenderness between both groups, with steer beef having lower shear force and cooking loss values.
文摘In general,members of all different cultures are concerned about the cosmological query“What it is all about”.In the literature,many commentaries are available to us on the question.Nevertheless,a comprehensive,brief summary,as below,of the state of this inquiry on the subject may be helpful.
文摘The transition from pre-state to state societies involves some ideological facets.In pre-modern states of India,especially from the post-Gupta period onwards,the ruling authorities tried to legitimize their position by claiming ancestry/lineage from Brahmanical deities.The ruling dynasties patronized Brahmanism,and in return,the Brahmanas created myths of divine genealogy,which elevated the status of the former.The pre-modern states of northeast India were not an exception to it.The rulers of northeast India established Brahmanas and claimed divine genealogy with the help of myths created by the latter.Although they patronized Brahmanism,the ruling dynasties never entirely abandoned their tribal traditions from which they originated because most of their subjects remained outside the Brahmanical faith.Thus,the ruling authorities played the role of mediator between the two different traditions,which is reflected in the contradictory nature of the royal myths created through the agency of the Brahmanas.Focusing on the early kingdoms of Pragjyotisa-Kamarupa,the Ahoms,and the Koches of the medieval period,the paper attempts to explore the conflict syndrome in their royal myths and the polity formations of these pre-modern kingdoms.It helps us understand the particularity of political processes in peripheral regions like northeast India.
