Endovascular treatment vs drug therapy alone in patients with mild ischemic stroke and large infarct cores

BACKGROUND Treatment decision making is strictly associated with the outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke who show a large core infarct.Medical care alone may result in suboptimal treatment efficacy,and endovascular treatment may be accompanied by safety issues.Whether endovascular treatment is superior to medical care is not well investigated in the clinical studies.AIM To investigate the efficacy of endovascular treatment and drug therapy alone in mild ischemic stroke patients with large infarct cores.METHODS Fifty patients with mild ischemic stroke and 50 patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by anterior large vessel occlusion were selected at the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University between January 2021 and December 2021.Patients were divided into an endovascular therapy group and a drug therapy group according to different treatment methods.In the endovascular therapy group,there were 28 patients with minor stroke and 22 patients with large infarct cores.The drug therapy group had 22 patients with minor stroke and 28 patients with large infarct cores.The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) scores were collected and compared between the two groups immediately after the operation and 24 h and 7 d after the operation.The modified Rankin scale(m RS) and/or activity of daily living were assessed at hospital discharge.RESULTS There was no significant difference in NIHSS scores between the two groups before the operation(P > 0.05).NIHSS scores were lower in the endovascular therapy group than in the drug therapy group at 24 h and 7 d after the operation and at hospital discharge(all P < 0.05).The incidence of early neurologic deterioration was significantly lower in the endovascular therapy group than in the drug therapy group(P < 0.05).At hospital discharge,the m RS score was lower in the endovascular treatment group than in the drug therapy group,and the activity of daily living score was better in the endovascular treatment group than in the drug therapy group(all P < 0.05).During a follow-up of 3 mo,17 patients(34.0%) had good prognosis(m RS ≤ 2),33 patients(66.0%) had poor prognosis(m RS > 2),and 11 patients(22.0%) died.In the medical treatment group,16 patients(m RS ≤ 2) had good prognosis(32.0%),34 patients(m RS > 2) had poor prognosis(68.0%),and 14 patients(28.0%) died.There was no significant difference in prognosis and mortality between the two groups(P > 0.05).CONCLUSION Endovascular therapy can improve NIHSS score and m RS score in patients with mild ischemic stroke and large infarct cores.It is suitable for clinical application.

Electro-Acupuncture for Treatment of Dysequillibrium Due to Cerebellum or Brain Stem Infarction

The authors treated 26 cases of dysequillibrium due tocerebellum or brain stem infarction byelectro-acupuncture from Aug 2000 - April 2002. Theresults were quite satisfactory and reported as follows.

Blood–brain barrier and laser technology for drug brain delivery

Here,we discuss an important problem in medicine as development of efctive strategies for brain drug delivery.This problem is related to the blood-brain barrier(BBB),which is a“customs”controlling the entrance of different molecules from blood into the brain protecting the normal function of central nervous system(CNS).We show three interfaces of anatomical side of BBB and two functional types of BBB一physical and transporter barriers.Although this protective mechanism is essential for health of CNS,it also creates a hindrance to the entry of drugs into the brain.The BBB was discovered over 100 years ago but till now,there is no efective methods for brain drug delivery.There ane more than 70 approaches for overcoming BBB incuding physical,chenical and biological techniques but all of these tools have limitation to be widely used in clinical practice due to invasi venes,challenge in performing,very costly or lim-itation of drug concentration.Photodynamic therapy(PDT)is usual clinical method of surgical navigation for the resection of brain tumor and anti-cancer therapy.Nowadays,the application of PDT is considered as a potential promising tool for brain drug delivery via opening of BBB.Here,we show the first sucoessful experimental results in this field discussing the adventures and disadv antages of PDT-related BBB disruption as well as altematives to overcome these limitations and possi ble mechanisms with new pathways for brain clearance via gly mphatic and lymphatic systems.

Establishment of rabbit model of cerebral infarction for interventional treatment

AIM: To establish a model of cerebral infarction in order to study the interventional treatment.METHODS: An improved 3.0F SP Cobra catheter was introduced to the internal carotid artery by puncturing the femoral artery. After internal carotid arteriography thrombus was injected to embolize its MCA. 3 hours later, clinic observe and computed tomography was examined to analyze results.RESULTS: Clinic observation confirmed that the rabbit had some nerve defect symptoms and CT exam proved cerebral infarction.CONCLUSION: This technique is convenient for application and the model can meet the standard of study of clinical interventional treatment.

Tall gastrodis tuber combined with antiepileptic drugs repairs abnormal perfusion foci in focal epilepsy

One hundred patients with focal epilepsy were recruited for the present study and their seizures controlled with antiepileptic drugs. The patients then orally received a capsule of tall gastrodis tuber powder, a traditional Chinese drug, and underwent single photon emission computed tomography, long-term electroencephalogram, and CT/MRI. Blood drug levels were monitored throughout the study. Before treatment with tall gastrodis tuber, 35 of the 100 cases had abnormal CT/MRI scans; 79 cases had abnormal single photon emission computed tomography images; 86 cases had abnormal electroencephalogram; and a total of 146 abnormal perfusion foci were observed across the 100 subjects. After treatment, the number of patients with normal single photon emission computed tomography images increased by 12; normal electroencephalogram was observed in an additional 27 cases and the number of patients with epileptiform discharge decreased by 29 （34% of 86）; the total number of abnormal perfusion foci decreased by 52 （36%） and changes in abnormal loci were visible in 65 patients. These changes indicate that the administration of tall gastrodis tuber in combination with antiepileptic drugs repairs abnormal perfusion foci in patients with focal epilepsy Our results demonstrate that traditional Chinese drugs can repair abnormal perfusion foci and, as such, are a promising new pathway in the treatment of focal epilepsy.

Brain natriuretic peptide and optimal management of heart failure

Aside from the important role of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in diagnosis, and differential diagnosis of heart failure, this biological peptide has proved to be an independent surrogate marker of rehospitalization and death of the fatal disease. Several randomized clinical trials demonstrated that drugs such as beta blocker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, spiro- nolactone and amiodarone have beneficial effects in decreasing circulating BNP level during the management of chronic heart failure. The optimization of clinical decision-making appeals for a representative surrogate marker for heart failure prognosis. The serial point-of-care assessments of BNP concentration provide a therapeutic goal of clinical multi-therapy and an objective guid- ance for optimal treatment of heart failure. Nevertheless new questions and problems in this area remain to be clarified. On the basis of current research advances, this article gives an overview of BNP peptide and its property and role in the management of heart failure.

Gene therapy with caspase-3 small interfering RNA-nanoparticles is neuroprotective after optic nerve damage

Apoptosis,a key mechanism of programmed cell death,is triggered by caspase-3 protein and lowering its levels with gene therapy may rescue cell death after central nervous system damage.We developed a novel,non-viral gene therapy to block caspase-3 gene expression using small interfering RNA(siRNA)delivered by polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles(CaspNPs).In vitro CaspNPs significantly blocked caspase-3 protein expression in C6 cells,and when injected intraocularly in vivo,CaspNPs lowered retinal capsase-3 immunofluorescence by 57.9%in rats with optic nerve crush.Longitudinal,repeated retinal ganglion cell counts using confocal neuroimaging showed that post-traumatic cell loss after intraocular CaspNPs injection was only 36.1%versus 63.4%in lesioned controls.Because non-viral gene therapy with siRNA-nanoparticles can selectively silence caspace-3 gene expression and block apoptosis in post-mitotic neurons,siRNA delivery with nanoparticles may be promising for neuroprotection or restoration of central visual system damage and other neurological disorders.The animal study procedures were approved by the German National Act on the use of experimental animals(Ethic Committee Referat Verbraucherschutz,Veterinärangelegenheiten;Landesverwaltungsamt Sachsen-Anhalt,Halle,Germany,#IMP/G/01-1150/12 and#IMP/G/01-1469/17).

Brainstem abscesses caused by Listeria monocytogenes:A case report

BACKGROUNDIntracranial Listeria infections are common in newborns and immunocompromisedindividuals, but brainstem abscesses are rare.CASE SUMMARYWe report a rare case of brainstem abscesses caused by Listeria monocytogenes in apreviously healthy adult patient. The patient’s magnetic resonance imagingexamination showed multiple brain abscesses, and his second cerebrospinal fluidculture test indicated the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. Despite earlyempirical therapy, the patient’s condition progressively deteriorated. Because thepatient's abscesses were located in the brainstem and multiple lobes, surgery wasnot possible. The patient died 40 d after admission.CONCLUSIONThis case highlights the importance of rational clinical use of drugs to avoidpotentially serious infectious complications.

Neuroprotective effects of the immunomodulatory drug Setarud on cerebral ischemia in male rats

immunomodulary drug Setarud, which is composed of herbal extracts including Rosa canina, Urtica dioica and Tanacetum vulgare, supplemented with selenium exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Therefore, we hypothesized that Setarud will have a neuroprotective effect against ischemic cerebral injury. To validate this hypothesis, rats were intraperitoneally administered with 0.66 mL/kg Setarud for 30 minutes after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining showed that Setarud could reduce cerebral infarct volume of rats subjected to cerebral ischemia. Transmission electron microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed that Setarud could alleviate the degenerative changes in cortical neurons of rats with cerebral ischemia. The inclined plate test and prehensile test showed that Setarud could significantly improve the motor function of rats with cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that Setarud shows neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury.

In-Stent Thrombosis after Antiplatelet Therapy Conversion while Awaiting Coronary Bypass

In-stent thrombosis(IST)is a rare yet dangerous complication that may occur despite optimized coronary intervention in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.This is a case of an 81-year-old man who presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.Right coronary artery(RCA)occlusion was suspected.RCA angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention were performed.Complicated left coronary artery disease was subsequently discovered.Per cardiothoracic surgeon request,the patient was transitioned from ticagrelor to clopidogrel therapy in preparation for coronary artery bypass grafting.The patient experienced IST the day before surgery while receiving clopidogrel.We examine this case,which highlights the complexity of antiplatelet therapy choice and the role of genetic testing in evaluation of IST risk.

脑肠同调论针刺治疗急性脑梗死血清代谢组学研究

目的 分析脑肠同调论针刺治疗急性脑梗死的血清代谢组学的影响。方法 纳入2018年3月—2022年12月医院收治的急性脑梗死患者126例作为研究对象,随机数字表法分为两组,对照组63例采用常规疗法,观察组63例在此基础上采用脑肠同调论针刺治疗,对比两组治疗效果、神经功能,炎症因子水平以及对血清代谢组学的影响。结果 观察组总有效率为96.83%(61/63),远高于对照组的80.96%(57/63),神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评分低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后观察组白介素-17(Interleukin-17,IL-17)、超敏C反应蛋白(hypersensitive C-reactive protein, hs-CRP)、血浆氧化三甲胺(trimethylamine oxide, TMAO)水平均低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后观察组苯丙氨酸、溶血卵磷脂、焦谷氨酸水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 脑肠同调论针刺治疗急性脑梗死效果明确,可减轻患者炎症反应,调节其肠道菌群代谢产物水平及氨基酸、磷脂代谢障碍等,使紊乱的代谢趋于正常,以达促进神经功能恢复,改善患者预后的目的,有较高应用价值。

急性脑梗死患者溶栓后网膜素1水平对早期神经功能恶化的评估价值

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者溶栓后外周血网膜素1表达对早期神经功能恶化(early neurological deterioration,END)的评估价值。方法选取2021年2月至2022年2月郴州市第一人民医院神经内科明确诊断为急性脑梗死并行溶栓治疗的患者210例,根据溶栓后网膜素1水平分为低水平组70例(网膜素1<150μg/L),中水平组70例(150μg/L≤网膜素1≤200μg/L),高水平组70例(网膜素1>200μg/L),比较3组END发生情况。采用Pearson相关性分析网膜素1与END的相关性,用Cox回归分析发生END的影响因素,ROC曲线分析网膜素1对END的预测价值。结果210例急性脑梗死患者发生END 60例(28.6%)。低水平组、中水平组、高水平组END发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(45.7%vs 25.7%vs 14.3%,P<0.01),其中高水平组END发生率明显低于低水平组和中水平组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。Pearson相关性分析显示,网膜素1与END发生呈负相关(r=-0.635,P<0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析显示,发病至溶栓时间、糖尿病、白细胞计数、网膜素1与急性脑梗死患者溶栓后发生END独立相关(P<0.05,P<0.01)。ROC曲线分析显示,网膜素1预测END发生的截断值为162.36μg/L,曲线下面积为0.868(95%CI:0.811~0.925),敏感性和特异性分别为73.3%、88.0%。结论急性脑梗死患者溶栓后外周血网膜素1水平与END的发生密切关联,网膜素1可作为评估END发生的生物标志物。

老年女性LAA脑梗死阿司匹林抵抗的危险因素分析

目的 探讨老年女性大动脉粥样硬化型(LAA)脑梗死病人发生阿司匹林抵抗(AR)的危险因素,以期为个体化治疗提供依据。方法 选取2015年1月—2020年9月在青岛大学附属医院治疗的老年女性LAA脑梗死病人308例。所有入选病人均给予阿司匹林肠溶片100 mg/d, 7 d后采用血栓弹力图测定花生四烯酸(AA)途径的血小板聚集抑制率(AA抑制率),并根据AA抑制率将入选病人分为AR组和阿司匹林敏感(AS)组。采用单因素分析、多因素Logistic回归分析筛选LAA脑梗死病人发生AR的危险因素。结果 308例LAA脑梗死病人中发生AR者74例(24.0%),AS者234例。单因素分析显示,AR组有糖尿病史者的比例、纤维蛋白原(FIB)以及D-二聚体(D-D)水平明显高于AS组,差异具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.147,t=2.529,U=5 470.500,P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病史及高水平D-D是AR发生的独立危险因素。结论 糖尿病史和D-D水平为AR的独立影响因素,二者有利于早期识别AR高风险人群。

Suppressing Wnt signaling of the blood-tumor barrier to intensify drug delivery and inhibit lipogenesis of brain metastases

Lipogenesis is often highly upregulated in breast cancer brain metastases to adapt to intracranial low lipid microenvironments.Lipase inhibitors hold therapeutic potential but their intra-tumoral distribution is often blocked by the blood-tumor barrier(BTB).BTB activates its Wnt signaling to maintain barrier properties,e.g.,Mfsd2a-mediated BTB low transcytosis.Here,we reported VCAM-1-targeting nano-wogonin(W@V-NPs)as an adjuvant of nano-orlistat(O@V-NPs)to intensify drug delivery and inhibit lipogenesis of brain metastases.W@V-NPs were proven to be able to inactivate BTB Wnt signaling,downregulate BTB Mfsd2a,accelerate BTB vesicular transport,and enhance tumor accumulation of O@V-NPs.With the ability to specifically kill cancer cells in a lipid-deprived environment with IC_(50) at 48 ng/mL,W@V-NPs plus O@V-NPs inhibited the progression of brain metastases with prolonged survival of model mice.The combination did not induce brain edema,cognitive impairment,and systemic toxicity in healthy mice.Targeting Wnt signaling could safely modulate the BTB to improve drug delivery and metabolic therapy against brain metastases.

基于数据挖掘对中医药治疗CKD合并脑卒中的组方用药分析

基于数据挖掘方法探讨中医药治疗慢性肾脏病(CKD)合并脑卒中(CS)的临床用药规律。收集2017年10月至2022年10月天津中医药大学第一附属医院门诊治疗CKD合并CS的处方,建立中药处方数据库。统计分析用药频次、性味及归经,对处方中的药物进行聚类分析,利用SPSS Modeler 18 Apriori算法对所有药物进行关联分析。最终纳入544个处方,涉及中药258味,总用药频次8 886次。药性以寒性、温性、平性居多;药味以苦味、甘味、辛味为主;归经多为脾经、肝经;得出13个关联组合药对和5个核心药物组合。中医药对CKD合并CS患者的治疗,根据气虚血瘀、脾肾两虚的病机特点,主要采用健脾益气、补肾活血的组方用药。

脑类器官在药物研发中的研究进展

近年来,随着再生医学与组织工程学的飞速发展,脑类器官作为一种创新的体外模型系统,逐渐成为神经科学研究和药物研发领域的热点。脑类器官通过模拟人类大脑的复杂结构和功能,在体外重现了大脑发育的关键过程,为理解神经系统疾病机制、评估药物疗效及毒性提供了前所未有的平台。本文综述了脑类器官技术的最新进展,特别是其在药物研发中的应用,并探讨了该领域面临的挑战与未来发展方向。

2022~2023年神经重症进展与展望

在神经重症重点病种的临床诊疗方面,延长时间窗的取栓试验以及新的溶栓药物和溶栓方案的出现给缺血性卒中患者带来更大希望,微创血肿清除以及目标导向的集束化方案在治疗脑出血方面显示出令人惊喜的临床获益,重型颅脑损伤患者的去骨瓣治疗也涌现出高质量证据。在神经重症患者的重症管理方面,神经功能多模态监测、气道管理和呼吸治疗、抗癫痫管理方面也出现了一些高质量研究。在2022~2023年,动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血指南和自发性脑出血指南进行了更新,神经重症患者镇痛镇静治疗和营养治疗也推出了中国专家共识。总体而言,神经重症领域取得可喜进展,但未来仍需更多高质量大样本的研究来加以完善,以指导精准化、个性化治疗。

机械取栓与急诊动脉内溶栓治疗急性脑梗死患者的疗效比较

【目的】比较机械取栓(MT)与急诊动脉内溶栓(IAT)治疗急性脑梗死患者的疗效。【方法】回顾性分析本院收治的118例行MT或IAT治疗的急性脑梗死患者的资料,其中,MT组66例,IAT组52例。比较两组患者的临床疗效、治疗前后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、穿刺至血管再通时间、血管再通率、≤30%残余狭窄率、24 h内症状性颅内出血发生率、术后90 d病死率。【结果】MT组总有效率高于IAT组(P<0.05);治疗后3 d,两组患者NIHSS评分均低于治疗前(P<0.05),且MT组低于IAT组(P<0.05);MT组穿刺至血管再通时间短于IAT组(P<0.05),MT组血管再通率高于IAT组(P<0.05);两组患者≤30%残余狭窄率、24 h内症状性颅内出血发生率、术后90 d病死率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。【结论】与IAT相比,MT治疗急性脑梗死患者可以提高血管再通率,改善患者预后。

State of the art contemporary treatment of patients with ST elevationmyocardial infarction： pre- and in-hospital organization, devices anddrugs

Objective To review the presentation,diagnosis and recent developments in the pharmacological and invasive treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with a special focus on health-care organization in order to increase accessibility of primary pemutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Data sources Data were obtained from English publications on STEMI treatment.No formal systematic review was conducted,but an effort was made to be comprehensive.Study selection Studies were selected if they contained data relevant to the topic.Preferably,data from clinical randomized trials,meta-analyses,guidelines and a few recent reviews are referenced.Results The described clinical approach to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been a continuum of scientific results and translation into clinical practice over the last four decades since the advent of thrombolytic reperfusion.This has resulted in a dramatic in-hospital mortality decrease from 30% in the 1960s to the present 5%.The biggest survival benefits have undoubtedly been achieved after the advent of reperfusion strategies.In contemporary treatment of STEMI,additional treatment effects on survival have to be sought in the very early admission phase,as the current mortality hazard drops significantly after the first critical days to continuously very low levels after discharge.Conclusions Optimal treatment of STEMI patients is best performed with a widely accessible reperfusion strategy,preferably primary PCI,with contemporary peri-procedural anti-thrombotic treatment and device implantation.Accessibility of reperfusion strategies is increased by efficient STEMI networks applying prehospital triage with digital tele-transmission of electrocardiograms (ECGs) and seamless patient transitions between health-care unities.Efficient treatments of complicated STEMI with out-of hospital cardiac arrest and/or cardiogenic shock underline the necessity of structured referral systems,preferably immediately after the initial STEMI diagnosis。

获得性脑损伤患者多重耐药菌感染现状及其对脑功能的影响

目的调查获得性脑损伤康复住院患者多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染特征,并分析其对脑功能的影响。方法回顾性调查浙江省中医药大学附属第一医院2021年6月~2023年5月收治的获得性脑损伤康复住院患者334例,记录入院时多重耐药菌感染情况,将患者分为MDRO组96例和非MDRO组238例,并在入院和出院时通过格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)、Barthel指数(BI)进行脑功能评估。结果96例MDRO组共采集到204份微生物标本,分别来源于痰液(152/204,74.5%)、尿液(46/204,22.5%)、伤口分泌物(6/204,2.9%),耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌科细菌(CRZ)为最主要MDRO类型,病原菌前三位是铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。两组患者功能量表评分结果显示,MDRO组入院及出院时的功能障碍程度高于非MDRO组(P<0.01),且经过住院康复治疗后,两组出院时的GCS、Barthel指数均有改善(P<0.01)。结论28.7%的康复科获得性脑损伤患者在入院时存在多重耐药菌感染,主要来源于呼吸系统感染,最主要MDRO类型为CRE,其脑功能明显低于未感染患者,故今后在MDRO防控基础上,确保MDRO患者的康复治疗效果,以期改善患者的脑功能预后。