Effect of amitriptyline on gastrointestinal function and brain-gut peptides: A double-blind trial

AIM: To study the effects of low-dose amitriptyline (AMT) on gastrointestinal function and brain-gut peptides in healthy Chinese volunteers. METHODS: This was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, two-period cross-over trial. Twentyeight healthy volunteers were randomised and administered 1-wk treatments of AMT (12.5 mg tid) or placebo. Before and during the final two days of treatment, gastric emptying, proximal gastric accommodation and visceral sensitivity were measured by drinkingultrasonography test; the orocecal transit time (OCTT) was measured by lactulose hydrogen breath test, and fasting blood was collected. Plasma levels of ghrelin, motilin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.RESULTS: AMT slowed the OCTT (109.2 ± 29.68 min vs 96.61 ± 23.9 min, P = 0.004) but did not affect liquid gastric emptying and had no effect on proximal gastric accommodation. AMT resulted in decreases in the visual analogue scale (VAS) for difficulty in drinking 600 and 800 mL of water (3.57 ± 0.94 vs 2.98 ± 0.85, 5.57 ± 0.82 vs 4.57 ± 0.98, P < 0.01 for both), although it had no significant effect on the VAS for difficulty in drinking 200 mL and 400 mL of water. AMT significantly increased the plasma ghrelin level (442.87 ± 176.79 pg/mL vs 526.87 ± 158.44 pg/mL, P = 0.04) and the neuropeptide-Y level (890.15 ± 131.46 pg/mL vs 965.64 ± 165.63 pg/mL, P = 0.03), whereas it had no effect on the MTL level. CONCLUSION: Low-dose AMT could slow OCTT, make the stomach less sensitive and increase the plasma levels of ghrelin and NPY. Thus, we recommend the use of low-dose AMT for functional gastrointestinal disorders.

The Role and Significance of Brain-gut Peptide and Its Receptor's Expression in the Mechanism's Explanation of Cleaning Away Heat and Dampness

Cleaning away Heat and Dampness is one of the general methods in treating the syndrome of the Spleen and Stomach’s damp heat in Febrile Diseases,and its efficacy of invigorating the spleen regulating the stomach is involved in regulation of gastrointestinal motility.Many factors and systems act as the regulation,including Brain-gut peptide,which quantitative change in the gastrointestinal tissues and plasma can reflex the functions of gastrointestinal motility.So carrying on an investigation into the relation between brain-gut peptide and its receptors and gastrointestinal dyskinesia in the syndrome of damp heat in the spleen and stomach has its relevant to the explanation of the mechanism of cleaning away Heat and Dampness.

Study on the regulation of brain-gut peptide by Shenling Baizhu San in functional diarrhea rats

Objective:To explore the therapeutic mechanism of Shenling Baizhu San (SLBZS) on functional diarrhea (FDr) by studying the brain-gut axis and related neuropeptides.Methods:Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the control group,model group,SLBZS-treated group and Montmorillonite Powder-treated group (MP-treated group) (n =15/group).Rats received gavage after the establishment of functional diarrhea.An equal volume of SLBZS solution and Montmorillonite Powder (MP) solution was administered to the SLBZS-treated group and MP-treated group,respectively,and an equal volume of distilled water was administered to the control group and the model group.The chemical components and targets related to SLBZS were identified from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database (TCMID).The effective chemical components were screened based on oral bioavailability (OB) and drug like-index (DL),and their biological functions were analyzed by GlueGO.Based on this screening,the expression of Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Ghrelin in the hypothalamus of rats was detected by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting.Results:In this study,72 effective components and 190 core targets of SLBZS were screened.SLBZS may regulate smooth muscle contraction,energy metabolism and other biological processes.The results of RT-PCR showed that in the model group,the expression of CCK mRNA (P =.001) and Ghrelin mRNA (P =.000) increased significantly.Compared with the model group,CCK mRNA (P =.007) and Ghrelin mRNA (P =.001) levels in SLBZS-treated rats were decreased significantly.The results of western blotting showed that in the model group,the protein expression of CCK (P =.001) and Ghrelin (P =.000) increased significantly.The protein levels of CCK (P =.001) and Ghrelin (P =.005) in the SLBZS-treated group were decreased significantly compared with the model group.Conclusion:SLBZS improved functional diarrhea by regulating the brain-gut axis.Changes in the expressions of brain-gut peptide,CCK and Ghrelin might explain the pathogenesis of functional diarrhea related to brain-gut peptide and gastrointestinal hormone.

Therapeutic effect of zhuodu theory on ulcerative colitis and its effect on brain-gut peptide in serum and inflammatory factor

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine xiezhuojiedu decoction on ulcerative colitis(UC)based on zhuodu theory and its effect on serum brain-gut peptide and inflammatory factors.Methods:110 cases of UC patients were divided into 2 groups according to the random number table method,with 55 cases in each group.The control group was treated with mesalazine,and the treatment group was given oral administration of Chinese medicine xiezhuojiedu decoction on the basis of the control group.Both groups received continuous treatment for 8 weeks.Integral of TCM syndromes,serum inflammatory factor and brain-gut peptide before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.The clinical efficiency,mucosal healing rate and endoscopic response rate of the two groups were compared.Results:After treatment,Integral of the main TCM syndromes abdominal pain,diarrhea,abdominal distention,mucous hematochezia,tenesmus of the treatment group were lower than the control group(P<0.01),the levels of serum(Tumor necrosis factor-α,(TNF-α),Interleukin(IL)-33,Substance P(SP)were lower than the control group(P<0.01),the levels of IL-10,vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP),Somatostatin(SS)were higher than the control group(P<0.01),the clinical efficiency and mucosal healing rate were higher than control group(P<0.05),The difference was statistically significant.Conclusion:Based on the zhuodu theory,the xiezhuojiedu decoction can effectively regulate the levels of inflammatory factor and brain-gut peptide in the treatment of UC,improve the symptoms of patients,and promote the repair of intestinal mucosa.It's effective in treatment.

EFFECT OF ELECTROACUPUNCTURE ON CANINE PYLORIC PRESSURE AND ITS RELATION WITH BRAIN-GUT PEPTIDE LEVEL IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSAL TISSUES

Aim of the study: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on canine pyloric pressure and its relation with contents of motilin (MTL), somatostatin (SS) and nitric oxide synthetase (NOS) in the gastric mucosal tissues. Methods: The total and basic pressure of the pyloric sphincter, and the frequency of the high pressure waves were measured by using a gastrotonometer; and the contents of MTL, SS and NOS in tissues of the gastric body and gastric antrum mucosa were detected by using radioimmunoassay(RIA) and biochemical methods in 20 dogs. Results: After EA of Zusanli (ST 36), the total and basic pressure of the pyloric sphincter, and the frequency of the high pressure waves, the content of SS in the gastric body mucosa, MTL and SS in the gastric antrum mucosa all decreased significantly (P<0.05) and the level of NOS increased clearly (P<0.05). While after EA of Xiajuxu (ST 39), all the indexes had not any striking changes except significant decrease of SS content in the gastric body mucosa (P<0.05). Conclusions: EA has a significant modulating action on gastrointestinal functional activities by lowering canine pyloric pressure and contracted frequency, which is also related with its influence on contents of some brain gut peptides (BGP) and is of specificity in meridians and acupoints.

A matrix metalloproteinase-responsive hydrogel system controls angiogenic peptide release for repair of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Vascular endothelial growth factor and its mimic peptide KLTWQELYQLKYKGI(QK)are widely used as the most potent angiogenic factors for the treatment of multiple ischemic diseases.However,conventional topical drug delivery often results in a burst release of the drug,leading to transient retention(inefficacy)and undesirable diffusion(toxicity)in vivo.Therefore,a drug delivery system that responds to changes in the microenvironment of tissue regeneration and controls vascular endothelial growth factor release is crucial to improve the treatment of ischemic stroke.Matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)is gradually upregulated after cerebral ischemia.Herein,vascular endothelial growth factor mimic peptide QK was self-assembled with MMP-2-cleaved peptide PLGLAG(TIMP)and customizable peptide amphiphilic(PA)molecules to construct nanofiber hydrogel PA-TIMP-QK.PA-TIMP-QK was found to control the delivery of QK by MMP-2 upregulation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and had a similar biological activity with vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro.The results indicated that PA-TIMP-QK promoted neuronal survival,restored local blood circulation,reduced blood-brain barrier permeability,and restored motor function.These findings suggest that the self-assembling nanofiber hydrogel PA-TIMP-QK may provide an intelligent drug delivery system that responds to the microenvironment and promotes regeneration and repair after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Efficacy and effect on related brain-gut peptides of acupoint sticking therapy for functional dyspepsia

Objective:To observe the efficacy of acupoint sticking with Jianpi Tongjing Zhitong ointmerrt in the treatment of functional dyspepsia due to liver-qi stagnation and spleen deficiency and its effect on serum 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and ghrelin con tents.Methods:One hun dred patients with functi onal dyspepsia due to liver-qi stag nation and spleen deficiency were divided into a treatment group and a control group by the random number table method,with 50 cases in each group.The treatment group received acupoint sticking with Jianpi Tongjing Zhitong ointment and the control group was treated with mosapride citrate orally.Patients were treated for 4 weeks as a course.The therapeutic efficacy was compared after one-course treatment and the differences in gastric emptying rate,and serum 5-HT and ghrelin contents between groups were compared before and after treatment.Results:The total effective rate was 79.6%in the control group and 89.4%in the treatment group,showing significantly differe nt between groups(P<0.05).After treatme nt,the gastric empt ying rate and serum ghreli n con tent of the two groups in creased significantly,and the serum 5-HT content decreased significantly,the intra-group differe nces were significant(all P<0.01).After treatment,the gastric emptying rate and serum ghrelin content were significantly higher in the treatment group than those in the control group,while the serum 5-HT was significant lower in the treatment group,the inter-group differences were significant(all P<0.05).A negative correlation(r=-0.59)was observed between serum 5-HT content and gastric emptying rate,and a positive correlation(r=0.64)was observed between serum ghrelin content and gastric emptying rate,showing statistical significance(all P<0.01).Conclusion:Acupoint sticking with Jianpi Tongjing Zhitong ointment has a remarkable ciinical efficacy in treating patie nts with functional dyspepsia due to liver-qi stagnation and spleen deficiency and is able to in fluence the secretion of serum 5-HT and ghrelin-1 mproving the gastrointestinal motility through the regulation of related brain-gut peptides is suggested as an underlying mechanism for this therapy.

Novel umami peptides from two Termitomyces mushrooms and molecular docking to the taste receptor T1R1/T1R3

Wild edible Termitomyces mushrooms are popular in Southwest China and umami is important flavor qualities of edible mushrooms.This study aimed to understand the umami taste of Termitomyces intermedius and Termitomyces aff.bulborhizus.Ten umami peptides from aqueous extracts were separated using a Sephadex G-15 gel filtration chromatography.The intense umami fraction was evaluated by both sensory evaluation and electronic tongue.They were identified as KLNDAQAPK,DSTDEKFLR,VGKGAHLSGEH,MLKKKKLA,SLGFGGPPGY,TVATFSSSTKPDD,AMDDDEADLLLLAM,VEDEDEKPKEK,SPEEKKEEET and PEGADKPNK.Seven peptides,except VEDEDEKPKEK,SPEEKKEEET and PEGADKPNK were selectively synthesized to verify their taste characteristics.All these 10 peptides had umami or salt taste.The 10 peptides were conducted by molecular docking to study their interaction with identified peptides and the umami taste receptor T1R1/T1R3.All these 10 peptides perfectly docked the active residues in the T1R3 subunit.Our results provide theoretical basis for the umami taste and address the umami mechanism of two wild edible Termitomyces mushrooms.

Three novel umami peptides derived from the alcohol extract of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas):identification,characterizations and interactions with T1R1/T1R3 taste receptors

Oyster(Crassostrea gigas),the main ingredient of oyster sauce,has a strong umami taste.In this study,three potential umami peptides,FLNQDEEAR(FR-9),FNKEE(FE-5),and EEFLK(EK-5),were identified and screened from the alcoholic extracts of the oyster using nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis,i Umami-Scoring Card Method(i Umami-SCM)database and molecular docking(MD).Sensory evaluation and electronic tongue analysis were further used to confirm their tastes.The threshold of the three peptides ranged from 0.38 to 0.55 mg/m L.MD with umami receptors T1R1/T1R3 indicated that the electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bond interaction were the main forces involved.Besides,the Phe592 and Gln853 of T1R3 were the primary docking site for MD and played an important role in umami intensity.Peptides with two Glu residues at the terminus had stronger umami,especially at the C-terminus.These results contribute to the understanding of umami peptides in oysters and the interaction mechanism between umami peptides and umami receptors.

Calcium-chelating peptides from rabbit bone collagen:characterization,identification and mechanism elucidation

This study aimed to characterize and identify calcium-chelating peptides from rabbit bone collagen and explore the underlying chelating mechanism.Collagen peptides and calcium were extracted from rabbit bone by instant ejection steam explosion(ICSE)combined with enzymatic hydrolysis,followed by chelation reaction to prepare rabbit bone peptide-calcium chelate(RBCP-Ca).The chelating sites were further analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass(LC-MS/MS)spectrometry while the chelating mechanism and binding modes were investigated.The structural characterization revealed that RBCP successfully chelated with calcium ions.Furthermore,LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that the binding sites included both acidic amino acids(Asp and Glu)and basic amino acids(Lys and Arg),Interestingly,three binding modes,namely Inter-Linking,Loop-Linking and Mono-Linking were for the first time found,while Inter-Linking mode accounted for the highest proportion(75.1%),suggesting that chelation of calcium ions frequently occurred between two peptides.Overall,this study provides a theoretical basis for the elucidation of chelation mechanism of calcium-chelating peptides.

Exploring the taste presentation and receptor perception mechanism of salty peptides from Stropharia rugosoannulata based on molecular dynamics and thermodynamics simulation

The taste presentation and receptor perception mechanism of the salty peptide of Stropharia rugosoannulata were predicted and verified using peptide omics and molecular interaction techniques.The combination of aspartic acid(D)and glutamic acid(E),or peptide fragments composed of arginine(R),constitute the characteristic taste structural basis of salty peptides of S.rugosoannulata.The taste intensity of the salty peptide positively correlates with its concentration within a specific concentration range(0.25–1.0 mg/mL).The receptor more easily recognizes the first amino acid residue at the N-terminal of salty peptides and the aspartic acid residue in the peptides.GLU513,ASP707,and VAL508 are the critical amino acid residues for the receptor to recognize salty peptides.TRPV1 is specifically the receptor for recognizing salty peptides.Hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions are the main driving forces for the interactions between salty peptides and TRPV1 receptors.KSWDDFFTR has the most potent binding capacity with the receptor and has tremendous potential for application in sodium salt substitution.This study confirmed the taste receptor that specifically recognizes salty peptides,analyzed the receptor-peptide binding interaction,and provided a new idea for understanding the taste receptor perception of salty peptides.

Neutrophil peptide 1 accelerates the clearance of degenerative axons during Wallerian degeneration by activating macrophages after peripheral nerve crush injury

Macrophages play an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration,but the specific mechanism of regeneration is still unclear.Our preliminary findings indicated that neutrophil peptide 1 is an innate immune peptide closely involved in peripheral nerve regeneration.However,the mechanism by which neutrophil peptide 1 enhances nerve regeneration remains unclear.This study was designed to investigate the relationship between neutrophil peptide 1 and macrophages in vivo and in vitro in peripheral nerve crush injury.The functions of RAW 264.7 cells we re elucidated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay,flow cytometry,migration assays,phagocytosis assays,immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Axonal debris phagocytosis was observed using the CUBIC(Clear,Unobstructed Brain/Body Imaging Cocktails and Computational analysis)optical clearing technique during Wallerian degeneration.Macrophage inflammatory factor expression in different polarization states was detected using a protein chip.The results showed that neutrophil peptide 1 promoted the prolife ration,migration and phagocytosis of macrophages,and CD206 expression on the surfa ce of macrophages,indicating M2 polarization.The axonal debris clearance rate during Wallerian degeneration was enhanced after neutrophil peptide 1 intervention.Neutrophil peptide 1 also downregulated inflammatory factors interleukin-1α,-6,-12,and tumor necrosis factor-αin invo and in vitro.Thus,the results suggest that neutrophil peptide 1 activates macrophages and accelerates Wallerian degeneration,which may be one mechanism by which neutrophil peptide 1 enhances peripheral nerve regeneration.

Andrias davidianus bone peptides alleviates hyperuricemia-induced kidney damage in vitro and in vivo

Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a vital risk factor for chronic kidney diseases(CKD)and development of functional foods capable of protecting CKD is of importance.This paper aimed to explore the amelioration effects and mechanism of Andrias davidianus bone peptides(ADBP)on HUA-induced kidney damage.In the present study,we generated the standard ADBP which contained high hydrophobic amino acid and low molecular peptide contents.In vitro results found that ADBP protected uric acid(UA)-induced HK-2 cells from damage by modulating urate transporters and antioxidant defense.In vivo results indicated that ADBP effectively ameliorated renal injury in HUA-induced CKD mice,evidenced by a remarkable decrease in serum UA,creatinine and blood urea nitrogen,improving kidney UA excretion,antioxidant defense and histological kidney deterioration.Metabolomic analysis highlighted 14 metabolites that could be selected as potential biomarkers and attributed to the amelioration effects of ADBP on CKD mice kidney dysfunction.Intriguingly,ADBP restored the gut microbiome homeostasis in CKD mice,especially with respect to the elevated helpful microbial abundance,and the decreased harmful bacterial abundance.This study demonstrated that ADBP displayed great nephroprotective effects,and has great promise as a food or functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of HUA-induced CKD.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists are potentially useful drugs for treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

In this editorial,we comment on Yin et al’s recently published Letter to the editor.In particular,we focus on the potential use of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)alone,but even more so in combination therapy,as one of the most promising therapies in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD),the new definition of an old condition,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,which aims to better define the spectrum of steatotic pathology.It is well known that GLP-1RAs,having shown outstanding performance in fat loss,weight loss,and improvement of insulin resistance,could play a role in protecting the liver from progressive damage.Several clinical trials have shown that,among GLP-1RAs,semaglutide is a safe,well-studied therapeutic choice for MASLD patients;however,most studies demonstrate that,while semaglutide can reduce steatosis,including steatohepatitis histological signs(in terms of inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocyte ballooning),it does not improve fibrosis.Combinations of therapies with different but complementary mechanisms of action are considered the best way to improve efficiency and slow disease progression due to the complex pathophysiology of the disease.In particular,GLP-1RAs associated with antifibrotic drug therapy,dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide(GIP)/GLP-1RA or GLP-1 and glucagon RAs have promoted greater improvement in hepatic steatosis,liver biochemistry,and non-invasive fibrosis tests than monotherapy.Therefore,although to date there are no definitive indications from international drug agencies,there is the hope that soon the therapeutic lines in the most advanced phase of study will be able to provide a therapy for MASLD,one that will certainly include the use of GLP-1RAs as combination therapy.

Neuroprotective Effects of Brain-Gut Peptides: A Potential Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson's disease(PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is typically associated with progressive motor and non-motor dysfunctions.Currently, dopamine replacement therapy is mainly used to relieve the motor symptoms, while its long-term application can lead to various complications and does not cure the disease. Numerous studies have demonstrated that many brain-gut peptides have neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro, and may be a promising treatment for PD. In recent years, some progress has been made in studies on the neuroprotective effects of some newly-discovered braingut peptides, such as glucagon-like peptide 1, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, nesfatin-1, and ghrelin. However, there is still no systematic review on the neuroprotective effects common to these peptides. Thus,here we review the neuroprotective effects and the associated mechanisms of these four peptides, as well as other brain-gut peptides related to PD, in the hope of providing new ideas for the treatment of PD and related clinical research.

Anti-skin aging effects and bioavailability of collagen tripeptide and elastin peptide formulations in young and middle-aged women

Background:Collagen peptides(CP),including tripeptides and elastin peptides(EP),are known for their in vitro and in vivo anti-skin aging effects.Despite positive results in animal models,the combination effects of CP and EP and the bioavailability of CP in human studies,particularly in young and middle-aged women,remain underexplored.Objective:To evaluate the effects of an orally administered collagen drink combining CP and EP on the skin health of young and middle-aged women.Materials and Methods:A single-center,randomized,double-blind,parallel-controlled trial was conducted,utilizing the WONDERLABR fish collagen tripeptide beverage.Participants consumed the drink over an 8-week period.Results:Compared to the placebo group,the collagen drink group showed significant improvements in skin hydration(39.19%increase),transepidermal water loss(33.45%decrease),skin elasticity(25.37%increase),dermal collagen content(21.64%increase),pore size(7.94%decrease),wrinkle length(18.09%decrease),skin smoothness(2.85%improvement),and skin roughness(15.32%decrease).Overall pore volume decreased by 60%,and visual assessments indicated a decrease in skin luminosity by 15.20%and smoothness index by 22.55%.Mass spectrometry demonstrated a significant increase in collagen efficacy components,including blood pH and GPH levels(P<0.05).Conclusion:The study confirmed the combination nourishing and anti-skin aging effects of EP and CP on the skin of young and middle-aged women,demonstrating significant improvements in various skin parameters and good bioavailability of collagen peptides.

Toward Artificial Peptide Nanocapsules

HIGHLIGHTS The formation of peptide nanocapsules is facilitated by a gradient interface,where the differential solvent concentration drives the peptides to preferentially localize and assemble.The peptide nanocapsules,characterized by their hollow structures,demonstrated potential as carriers for targeted drug delivery.1 Introduction Peptide nanocapsules are a type of nanoscale delivery system that encapsulates active substances within a shell composed of peptides,leveraging the unique properties of peptides such as biocompatibility and biodegradability[1].Historically,the development of peptide nanocapsules was inspired primordially by the natural biological processes.

MiR-107-3p/Atp6v0e1 contributes to protective effects of two selenium-containing peptides,TSeMMM and SeMDPGQQ on lead-induced neurotoxicity

Two selenium(Se)-containing peptides from Se-enriched rice,TSeMMM and SeMDPGQQ,possess neuroprotective potency against lead(Pb2+)-induced cytotoxicity.However,the crosstalk between mRNA and microRNAs(miRNA)involved in the neuroprotection mechanism remains to be elucidated.In this study,RNA-sequencing and miRNA-sequencing were used to independently identify differentially expressed mRNAs and small RNAs profiles in Pb^(2+)-treated primary fetal rat cortical neurons and then the correlated miRNA-mRNA target pairs were obtained.It was found that 34 mRNAs related to oxidative phosphorylation could be reversed by pretreatment of TSeMMM and SeMDPGQQ.The protective effect of TSeMMM and SeMDPGQQ was mediated by upregulation of miR-107-3p,which downregulates the ATPase H+transporting V0 subunit e1(Atp6v0e1)mRNA level.A zebrafish model was applied to verify the relevance between the targeted mRNA and miRNA by real-time quantitative PCR.The results indicated that miR-107-3p was a potential therapeutic target to achieve neuroprotection of Se-containing peptides via stimulation of Atp6v0e1.

Food-derived protein hydrolysates and peptides:anxiolytic and antidepressant activities,characteristics,and mechanisms

Globally,the prevalence of anxiety and depression has reached epidemic proportions.Food-derived protein hydrolysates and peptides delivered through dietary supplementation can avoid the negative risks associated with traditional pharmaceuticals while delivering superior anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.This review summarizes current research on food-derived anxiolytic and antidepressant protein hydrolysates and peptides,and subsequently analyses their physicochemical characteristics and elaborates on their mechanisms.The aim of this work is to contribute to the in-depth study and provide a theoretical foundation for the development of related products to better serve patients with anxiety and depression.

Food-derived bio-functional peptides for the management of hyperuricemia and associated mechanism

Hyperuricemia,a metabolic disorder related to uric acid metabolism dysregulation,has become a common metabolic disease worldwide,due to changes in lifestyle and dietary structure.In recent years,owing to their high activity and few adverse effects,food-derived active peptides used as functional foods against hyperuricemia have attracted increasing attention.This article aims to focus on the challenge associated with peptide-specific preparation methods development,functional components identification,action mechanism(s)clarification,and bioavailability improvement.The current review proposed recent advances in producing the food-derived peptides with high anti-hyperuricemia activity by protein source screening and matched enzymatic hydrolysis condition adjusting,increased the knowledge about strategies to search antihyperuricemia peptides with definite structure,and emphasized the necessity of combining computer-aided approaches and activity evaluations.In addition,novel action mechanism mediated by gut microbiota was discussed,providing different insights from classical mechanism.Moreover,considering that little attention was paid previously on the structure-activity relationships of anti-hyperuricemia peptides,we collected the sequences from published studies and make a preliminary summary about the structure-activity relationships,which in turn provided guides for enzymatic hydrolysis optimization and bioavailability improvement.Hopefully,this article could promote the development,application and commercialization of food-derived anti-hyperuricemia peptides in the future.