Status of the Xinjiang Ground Jay:population,breeding ecology and conservation

The Xinjiang Ground Jay (Podoces biddulphi) is a bird species endemic to China. It has a restricted range, living only in the Taklimakan Desert, southern part of Xinjiang. So far, little information has been known of the status and ecology of the bird in the world. Since 1988, I have been taking field investigations on the distribution, population size and breeding ecology of the Xinjiang Ground Jay in the desert.In this thesis, the desertification in relation to the eastward expansion of the ground jays was discussed.

Breeding ecology and oviposition site selection of blackspotted pond frogs (Rana nigromaculata) in Ningbo, China

The black-spotted pond frog(Rana nigromaculata)is one of the most widely distributed species in China.However,there have been only a few qualitative descriptions of their breeding ecology and oviposition site selection.From 2004 to 2006,we investigated the breeding ecology and oviposition site selection of R.nigromaculata in Ningbo,China,quantitatively.Analyses of breeding ecology show that:(1)mean frog density in the breeding season was 0.0903±0.0029 individuals per meter(n=11)(mean±SE);(2)R.nigromaculata was a sexually dimorphic species,with females significantly larger than males in both body weight and snout-vent length;(3)the clutch size averaged 4643.04±235.96 eggs(range 1546–7897,n550);and(4)the egg size ranged from 1.50 to 1.74 mm in diameter,with an average egg size of 1.6050±0.0046 mm(n=226).Oviposition sites differed significantly from random sites in percentages of water,bare ground and vegetation cover,water depth(cm),water temperature(uC)and water turbidity.Rana nigromaculata preferred microhabitats with higher percentages of water and vegetation cover,while it avoided microhabitats with deeper water.The results suggest that microhabitats with higher percentages of water and vegetation cover,but not deeper water,should be priorities for protection and conservation of the breeding habitats of R.nigromaculata.

State of the science and challenges of breeding landscape plants with ecological function

Exotic plants dominate esthetically-managed landscapes,which cover 30–40 million hectares in the United States alone.Recent ecological studies have found that landscaping with exotic plant species can reduce biodiversity on multiple trophic levels.To support biodiversity in urbanized areas,the increased use of native landscaping plants has been advocated by conservation groups and US federal and state agencies.A major challenge to scaling up the use of native species in landscaping is providing ornamental plants that are both ecologically functional and economically viable.Depending on ecological and economic constraints,accelerated breeding approaches could be applied to ornamental trait development in native plants.This review examines the impact of landscaping choices on biodiversity,the current status of breeding and selection of native ornamental plants,and the interdisciplinary research needed to scale up landscaping plants that can support native biodiversity.

Thoughts on the Ways out of Breeding Industry under the Important Task of Ecological Civilization

The difficulties and problems faced by the breeding industry in China are investigated.On the basis of analysis and thinking,combining the requirements of pollution control by breeding and the construction of ecological civilization at the current stage,the ways out for the development of breeding industry under the important task of ecological civilization are proposed:reforming and innovating and firmly establishing a new thinking of healthy breeding;upgrading industries to make them adapted to the new mode of economic development;treating sewage separately to ensure a clean environment;improving information platform and promoting the application of Internet+new technologies;and improving the legal system and forming a new mechanism for breeding pollution control.

Ecological Scale Breeding Technique of Local Chickens

Developing ecological scale breeding of local chickens with natural conditions, such as forest lands, grass lands, orchards and mulberry fields, not only can improve the quality of poultry products and the production benefits of chicken breeding, but also can develop and use local chicken germplasm effectively and promote their breed protection and industrialization. From integration and application of breed selection, breeding management, nutrient regulation, grass planting and grazing, a new ecological scale breeding technique of local chickens is proposed.

New Efficient Ecological Breeding Technology of Rana nigromaculata

High density cell intensive culture pattern is an ecological, efficient, planting and breeding combined new breeding pattern of Rana nigromaculata. It protects racial continuation and population expansion of R. nigromaculata, beneficial for environment construction. Meanwhile, it greatly increases the farmers＇ income, conducive to economic development. The economic, ecological and social benefit of this culture pattern is remarkable.

Spatial-temporal dynamics of bacterioplankton communities in the breeding area of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea in Sansha Bay,China

As an important spawning ground for large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea,Sansha Bay,South China Sea has been a research hotspot.However,studies on the influence of the bacterioplankton community and assessments of its seasonal succession of bacterioplankton in different sea areas in Sansha Bay are still limited.To address the issue,we use 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and functional prediction to investigate the spatial-temporal dynamics of the bacterioplankton community in three distinct areas,i.e.,Breeding Area(BA),Yantian Harbor(YH),and Bay Margin(BM)of Sansha Bay.Results show that the structure of the bacterioplankton community in Sansha Bay had a significant seasonal succession.Moreover,the representative zero-radius Operation Taxon Units in different seasons were significantly different among the three selected sea areas.Specifically,during the breeding season,bacterioplankton communities in BA were characterized by compound-degrading bacteria,such as Rhodococcus and Owenweeksia,while in YH and BM,animal parasites or symbionts such as Vibrio and Arcobacter were dominant.Furthermore,the redundancy analysis and Spearman correlation analysis further explained that water temperature,dissolved oxygen,and ammonia nitrogen were the main environmental factors responsible for the difference.In addition,the bioindicator functions screened by Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa and random forest machine learning mainly relied on compound degradation,nitrite oxidation,and photoheterotrophy.The compound-degradationcorresponded bacterioplankton genera such as Rhodococcus had relatively higher abundance in BM,while Nitrospina corresponding to nitrite oxidation tended to be abundant in YH and BA.Based on the spatial and temporal variation in the composition and function of bacterioplankton,our findings provide a basis for understanding the theory of bacterioplankton community structure in the inner-bay habitat of the large yellow croaker in Sansha Bay.

Technique for Ecological Pond Breeding of Charybdis japonica

In 2016 and 2017,the ecological pond breeding experiment of Charybdis japonica was carried out,with a total of experimental area up to 4 ha.Through two years of experimental research,it obtained a total of 48950 kg of C.japonica,with an average output of 12237.5 kg/ha.The production output value was 2.3675 million yuan,the total production cost was 831700 yuan,the net profit was 1.5358 million yuan,the average profit was 384000 yuan/ha,and the input-output ratio was 1∶2.85.The average proportion of C.japonica population with a production weight of 150 g or more was 7.9%.The proportion of the group of 120-150 g was relatively large,with an average of 80%in two years,and the proportion of the group below 120 g was relatively small,with an average of 12%in two years.The cumulative harvest of shellfish in two years was 65700 kg,with an average output of 16425 kg/ha,the production output value of 738100 yuan,the production cost of 295500 yuan,the net profit of 442600 yuan,and the average profit of 110700 yuan/ha.

我国设施生态农业主要模式及配套技术的研究与实践

设施生态农业是指在设施种植和设施养殖中采用清洁、绿色、健康生产方式,以提高资源利用效率、农产品产量与质量、环境效益为目标的生态农业模式。2002年农业部重点推广的设施生态农业模式主要有两大类:一类是种养沼三结合的“四位一体”生态模式,从最初以农户为单位的单体日光温室到以村庄为单位的种养结合生态温室群模式,拓展到在一个大区域内将大型猪场的粪污进行工业化沼气并网发电,沼液通过管道输送到农田来减少化肥施用和改良土壤的宏观生态农业模式,相关的结构配置、配套的种养殖技术和装备也在不断研发和提升中。另一类是采用综合性生态农业技术的设施生态农业模式,包括:采用各类立体/垂直栽培技术提高土地资源利用率;通过各种轮作栽培技术减少设施蔬菜土壤连作障碍和降低农药使用量;采用土壤健康栽培技术,通过有机肥的合理施用改善土壤性状;采用有机基质栽培技术,用农林废弃物发酵后的物料作为栽培基质为作物提供养分;采用覆盖防虫网、色板诱杀、灯光诱杀、高温封棚、蒸气消毒、有色膜覆盖土壤、天敌昆虫生物防治等病虫草害生态防治技术来减少有害生物发生。期望通过相关配套装备技术的进一步研发提高设施生态农业的信息化、自动化水平,实现设施农业的可持续发展。

基于RSEI的乌鲁木齐市生态环境质量时空演变研究

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)遥感影像数据,通过谷歌地球引擎(GEE)平台构建了乌鲁木齐市2003—2022年的遥感生态环境指数(RSEI),并采用泰尔-森(Theil-Sen)中位数法和曼-肯德尔(Mann-Kendall, MK)检验方法对RSEI的时空变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明:(1)乌鲁木齐市2003—2022年的RSEI平均值为0.37,整体生态环境质量处于中等偏下水平。RSEI表现出明显的空间差异,呈现出自南向北递减的空间变化趋势。(2)2003—2022年,乌鲁木齐市整体RSEI上升趋势值为0.02/10 a。具体来看,增长趋势主要集中在2003—2016年间,RSEI增长率为0.07/10 a。2003—2016年,RSEI呈现波动增长的趋势,但2016—2022年间,RSEI呈现显著下降趋势,下降率为0.21/10 a。(3)2003—2022年间,乌鲁木齐市RSEI下降区域主要分布在南部(乌鲁木齐县南缘)以及东部(达坂城东北部),RSEI增长区域主要分布在中部以及北部(米东区)。从2016—2022年RSEI的变化趋势来看,中部和北部的RSEI有下降趋势,后期应重点关注这2个区域的生态环境改善。

抓住机遇,发掘草业新质生产力

草原是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统,是维护国家生态安全、民族团结和促进区域经济社会发展的基石。新时代我国草原生态保护和草业绿色高质量发展迎来新的机遇和挑战,本文围绕草原科技创新、国土“三调”数据应用和草原管理、乡土草种繁育基地建设和西部本土国家级高端人才培养等方面深入探讨,旨在为新形势下发掘草业新质生产力,推进草业高质量转型发展提供参考。

生态安全视角下乌鲁木齐市土地利用冲突时空格局演变分析

从生态安全角度识别区域土地利用冲突,处理好城市发展和土地利用的协调关系,对实现区域可持续发展尤为重要。在土地利用冲突理论分析框架和“压力-状态-响应”(PSR)模型下,借助生态系统服务价值和生态风险评价因子构建了一个土地利用冲突测度模型,对2000、2010年和2020年乌鲁木齐市土地利用冲突的时空演变格局分析方法,并且利用FLUS模型对2030年土地利用冲突变化进行模拟预测。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年,乌鲁木齐市73%以上的面积是无冲突和轻度冲突区域。土地利用冲突的热点区由乌鲁木齐中心城区北部及西南地区蔓延至其南部及北部的山区林地周边、达坂城区盐湖两边的冲积扇附近,分布范围有所扩大;冷点区主要聚集于中心城区周边以及东、南部的山区林地范围内。(2)气候、地形地貌等自然因素仍是土地利用冲突强度空间分异的主导因素。(3)生态系统服务价值与土地利用冲突之间存在空间正相关,而生态风险与土地利用冲突之间则存在显著的空间负相关关系。(4)2030年,虽然乌鲁木齐市的土地利用高度冲突区增幅最大,但无冲突、轻度冲突区仍居于优势地位。研究结果为乌鲁木齐市土地利用冲突提供了一个诊断指标体系和方法,这对于深度了解乌鲁木齐市土地利用冲突时空演变特征以及冲突机理提供了例证和科学支撑。

乌鲁木齐市建设用地扩张与生态用地空间冲突识别

[目的]分析乌鲁木齐市生态用地的时空演化特征,特别是识别建设用地扩张与生态用地的冲突区域,对干旱区绿洲城市的生态用地保护、生态安全格局优化和区域可持续发展具有重要意义。[方法]基于乌鲁木齐市2000年、2010年和2020年土地利用数据,利用土地利用动态度、建设用地扩张速度及模式、识别生态源地并构建生态安全空间格局,对乌鲁木齐市建设用地扩张与生态用地的空间冲突进行分析。[结果](1)2000-2020年,研究区林地、草地、水域和建设用地面积总体呈增加趋势,分别增加160.51,451.17,47.58,805.19 km^(2),耕地和未利用地面积持续下降。(2)研究区建设用地面积加速扩张,其中米东区扩张最为显著,共增加230.62 km^(2),天山区建设用地扩张面积最小。(3)2000-2020年,乌鲁木齐市生态水平整体呈上升趋势,生态源地面积共增加611.52 km^(2)。(4)建设用地扩张与生态用地产生的空间冲突区域面积乌鲁木齐县最大,其次是米东区、沙依巴克区和水磨沟区,新市区则是无空间冲突区域。[结论]研究结果表明2000-2020年乌鲁木齐市建设用扩张与生态用地之间存在空间冲突。

江苏某地区稻虾蟹综合种养模式下养殖水和产品中农药残留与风险评价

为掌握江苏省某地区稻田综合种养基地内(“稻-蟹”及“稻-虾”)养殖水环境及水产品中的农药残留特征与生态风险及健康风险,利用三重四极杆气质联用仪(GC-MS/MS),选择6个养殖区,根据生长周期,跟踪监测养殖水环境及同期水产品(虾、蟹)中208种农药残留情况,并根据商值法对养殖水环境进行生态风险评价,利用食用安全风险指数对水产品进行食用安全分析。结果表明:综合种养模式下,水环境中检出农药的主要类型为除草剂、杀菌剂、植物生长调节剂等,平均质量分数为0.33μg·L^(-1),同时有少量杀虫剂、杀螨剂、增效剂有检出;在整个生长周期内,稻虾、稻蟹农药残留的主要类型为除草剂、杀菌剂、杀虫剂和植物生长调节剂,平均质量分数为6.1μg·kg^(-1)(以湿质量计)。养殖水环境中农药主要来源于养殖前期环境中残留或外源性污染,随着养殖时间延长,农药含量整体趋向于减少,通过对养殖水环境生态风险进行分析,发现各抽样点位联合风险商值(RQ)均在0~1之间,属于中风险,对环境仍具有一定的压力,除草剂等类型农药应引起重视;在监测周期内,水产品中大部分农药的残留量逐渐减少直至未检出,仅有部分点位杀菌剂有少量存在,通过对同期虾、蟹的健康风险进行分析发现,平均食品安全指数远小于1,农药残留的食品安全风险可以接受。

黔东南小香鸡林下生态养殖技术要点

林下养殖生态鸡必须做到科学规划和规范化养殖,若养殖需度过大、布局不合理,粪污、病死禽处理不当等,极易对局部环境植被带来破坏和环境交叉污染,甚至给禽蛋食品卫生安全带来潜在危害。该文从场地规划和布局、圈舍设计、林下养鸡管理要点以及疫病防控技术措施等方面介绍黔东南小香鸡林下生态养殖技术要点,旨在提升黔东南小香鸡林下养殖效益。

基于PLUS模型的乌鲁木齐市“三生”空间多情景模拟

基于乌鲁木齐市2000年、2010年、2020年3期的土地利用数据,利用PLUS模型,选取了包括社会经济和自然环境在内的15项驱动因子,模拟了乌鲁木齐市2030年在生产发展、生活水平、生态保护、综合优化4种情景下的“三生”空间变化情况.结果表明:在2000~2020年间草地处持续缩减的状态,缩减了614.06km^(2);耕地表现为先小幅度增加后大幅度减少,共计减少了226.39km^(2);其他用地类型的面积则呈现持续增加的趋势;草地和未利用地之间的转化程度最剧烈.从多情景模拟结果来看:在四种情景演变预测中生活空间面积均呈扩张趋势,扩张程度最大可达85.86km^(2);在生产发展和生活水平情景下生产空间面积分别扩张了3.13km^(2)、38.17km^(2),生态空间面积则分别缩减了30.11km^(2)、124.03km^(2);在生态保护和综合优化情景下,生产空间面积有所缩减,最大缩减程度为149.8km^(2);综合优化情景下的用地类型空间变化趋势与生态保护情景的模拟的结果较为相似,不同之处在于其变化趋势较为缓和.总体来看,综合优化情景下模拟的结果更符合城市发展和生态保护的要求.乌鲁木齐市必须抓住机遇,及时解决城市发展与生态保护间的矛盾,走可持续发展之路.

白喉噪鹛的繁殖生态

白喉噪鹛Pterorhinus albogularis是一种典型的森林鸟类,其基础生态学资料十分匮乏。2022—2023年繁殖季(4—9月),在云南乌蒙山国家级自然保护区小岩方片区内,对白喉噪鹛的繁殖生态进行了初步研究。共记录了20群89只次白喉噪鹛,区域种群密度为(28.3±12.2)只/km2。发现的4个白喉噪鹛巢均在筇竹Qiongzhuea tumidinoda上。巢呈杯状,隐蔽度高。4个巢的窝卵数均为3枚,卵呈暗蓝色。白喉噪鹛具有合作繁殖行为。该鸟类偏好在高大乔木数量多、盖度高和植被总盖度大的栖息地活动。Logistic回归分析表明:乔木因子和植被总盖度是影响白喉噪鹛活动区选择的关键生态因子。本研究结果丰富了白喉噪鹛的生态生物学资料。

莫莫格湿地白琵鹭繁殖生态及观赏管理

兼顾湿地生态系统的保护与合理利用有助于实现湿地生态系统的保护、科研、教育和游憩等综合功能的发展。了解湿地水鸟繁殖生态是做到科学保护的前提,适度发展旅游是湿地合理利用的主要方式,也是实现“乡村振兴”的重要手段。通过对莫莫格湿地白琵鹭(Platalealeucorodia)繁殖生态的观测,以期为开展湿地水鸟保护及观赏管理协同发展提供科学依据。结果显示,白琵鹭在4月初到达莫莫格,在具有常年积水的苇塘处筑巢,4月中旬开始产卵,孵化期为23—26 d,平均窝卵数为4.3±0.7枚。雏鸟于5月中下旬开始出壳,其生长发育遵循逻辑斯蒂增长模型。白琵鹭适合作为观鸟对象,莫莫格湿地区域内的白鹤湖及周边村屯具有得天独厚的观赏条件。开展以白琵鹭等水鸟为代表的鸟类观赏活动,进而以带动当地生态旅游经济发展是切实可行的。

稻鸭共作化肥减量技术研究进展

稻鸭共作是一种传统的农耕模式,通过将水稻种植与鸭养殖相结合,实现有机肥料的替代和化肥的减量使用。针对目前稻鸭共作化肥减量技术存在技术普及度不高、经济效益不明显和生态平衡管理难度大等问题,从稻鸭共作系统优化、鸭品种选择、鸭饲养管理技术和稻田生态调控等方面对稻鸭共作化肥减量技术及最新的研究进展进行详细介绍,以期推动稻鸭共作化肥减量技术的广泛应用。