A vortex-induced vibration(VIV)experiment of rough risers with coupling interference effect under a side-by-side arrangement was carried out in a wave-current combined flume.The roughness of the riser was characterize...A vortex-induced vibration(VIV)experiment of rough risers with coupling interference effect under a side-by-side arrangement was carried out in a wave-current combined flume.The roughness of the riser was characterized by arranging different specifications of surface attachments on the surface of the riser.Rough risers with three different roughnesses were arranged side by side with smooth risers to explore the VIV response of the riser under the combined action of roughness and interference effect,and to reveal the coupling mechanism between roughness and interference effect.The experimental results show that,compared with that of a smooth riser,the VIV of a rough riser under the coupling interference effect has a wider"lock-in"region,and the displacement decreases more significantly at a high reduced velocity,which is more likely to excite higher-order modes and frequency responses.In addition,the displacement response and frequency response of the smooth riser are not significantly affected by wake interference from the rough riser,which is caused by the decrease of the wake region due to the delay of the boundary layer separation point of the rough riser.展开更多
In order to study the response law of vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of marine risers under the combined action of roughness and interference effects,and to reveal the coupling mechanism of roughness and interference ef...In order to study the response law of vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of marine risers under the combined action of roughness and interference effects,and to reveal the coupling mechanism of roughness and interference effects on the riser,a VIV experiment of rough risers in tandem arrangement was conducted in a wave−current combined flume.The experiment characterized the risers’roughness by arranging different specifications of attachments on the surface of the risers.Three rough risers with different roughness and smooth risers were arranged in tandem arrangement,with the rough risers arranged downstream.The experimental results indicate that the suppression of the attachments on the downstream risers’vibration are more significant both in the CF and IL directions as the reduced velocity increases.For the downstream riser,the amplitude response of rough riser is more significantly weakened compared with the smooth one at high reduced velocity.For the upstream risers,changes in the roughness and spacing ratio have an impact on their‘lock-in’region.When the roughness of downstream risers is relatively large(0.1300)and the spacing between risers is small(S/D=4.0),the reduced velocity range of‘lock-in’region in the CF direction of upstream risers is obviously expanded,and the displacement in the‘lock-in’region is severer.展开更多
Rigid barrier deflectors can effectively prevent overspilling landslides,and can satisfy disaster prevention requirements.However,the mechanisms of interaction between natural granular flow and rigid barrier deflector...Rigid barrier deflectors can effectively prevent overspilling landslides,and can satisfy disaster prevention requirements.However,the mechanisms of interaction between natural granular flow and rigid barrier deflectors require further investigation.To date,few studies have investigated the impact of deflectors on controlling viscous debris flows for geological disaster prevention.To investigate the effect of rigid barrier deflectors on impact mechanisms,a numerical model using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method with the Herschel–Bulkley model is proposed to simulate the interaction between natural viscous flow and single/dual barriers with and without deflectors.This model was validated using laboratory flume test data from the literature.Then,the model was used to investigate the influence of the deflector angle and multi-barrier arrangements.The optimal configuration of multi-barriers was analyzed with consideration to the barrier height and distance between the barriers,because these metrics have a significant impact on the viscous flow pile-up,run-up,and overflow mechanisms.The investigation considered the energy dissipation process,retention efficiency,and dead-zone formation.Compared with bare barriers with similar geometric characteristics and spatial distribution,rigid barriers with deflectors exhibit superior effectiveness in preventing the overflow and overspilling of viscous debris flow.Recommendations for the rational design of deflectors and the optimal arrangement of multi-barriers are provided to mitigate geological disasters.展开更多
In monoculture, crop failure due to biotic or abiotic causes can result in partial or total output failure. The yield, socio-economic, and environmental effects of intercropping on the farmer and the environment as a ...In monoculture, crop failure due to biotic or abiotic causes can result in partial or total output failure. The yield, socio-economic, and environmental effects of intercropping on the farmer and the environment as a whole have not received much attention. There is a dearth of knowledge on the productivity of maize-groundnut intercrops in Ghana regarding the relative timing of planting and spatial arrangement of component crops. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the effects of spatial row arrangement and the time of planting intercrops on the productivity of groundnut under maize-groundnut intercropping. The 5 × 3 factorial field experiment was undertaken at the Miminaso community in the Ejura-Sekyedumase municipality of the Ashanti Region of Ghana during the 2020 cropping seasons. Treatments were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The levels of row arrangement of intercrops were: one row of maize and one row of groundnut (1M1G), one row of maize and two rows of groundnut (1M2G), two rows of maize and one row of groundnut (2M1G), two rows of maize and two rows of groundnut (2M2G), sole maize and sole groundnut (M/G). The levels of time of introducing groundnut included simultaneous planting of intercrops (0 WAP), planting groundnut one week after planting maize (1 WAP) and planting groundnut two weeks after planting maize (2 WAP). There were significant (P 0.05) treatment interactions for pod and seed yields of groundnut throughout the study. The highest groundnut pod yields of 1815.00 kg/ha and 2359.00 kg/ha were recorded by the 0WAP × 1M2G treatment in the major and minor seasons of 2020, respectively, while the highest groundnut seed yields of 741.00 kg/ha and 726.00 kg/ha were recorded in the major and minor rainy seasons of 2020 by 1WAP × G and 0WAP × G treatments, respectively. The highest seed yields of groundnut (404 kg/ha and 637 kg/ha for major and minor rainy seasons, respectively) were produced by 1WAP × 2M2G.展开更多
The four-circuit parallel line on the same tower effectively solves the problems faced by the line reconstruction and construction under the condition of the increasing shortage of transmission corridors.Optimizing th...The four-circuit parallel line on the same tower effectively solves the problems faced by the line reconstruction and construction under the condition of the increasing shortage of transmission corridors.Optimizing the conductor and phase sequence arrangement of multiple transmission lines is conducive to improving electromagnetic and electrostatic coupling caused by electromagnetic problems.This paper uses the ATP-EMTP simulation software to build a 500 kV multi-circuit transmission line on the same tower.It stimulates the induced voltage and current values of different line lengths,tower spacing,vertical and horizontal spacing between different circuits,phase sequence arrangement,and nominal tower height.Moreover,use the BP neural network optimized by a genetic algorithm to predict the induced voltage and current under the unknown conductor and phase sequence arrangement.Finally,based on multi-objective particle swarm algorithm to construct the optimization model of conductor arrangement scheme of overhead transmission line,combined with electromagnetic environment control index,determine the optimal conductor arrangement scheme by the size of particle fitness function,a significant reduction in induced voltages and currents between transmission lines and the four-circuit conductor layout scheme meeting the requirements of the electromagnetic environment is obtained,which provides a reference for the tower design of the transmission station project.展开更多
A method for packing irregular particles with a prescribed volume fraction is proposed.Furthermore,the generated granular material adheres to the prescribed statistical distribution and satisfies the desired complex s...A method for packing irregular particles with a prescribed volume fraction is proposed.Furthermore,the generated granular material adheres to the prescribed statistical distribution and satisfies the desired complex spatial arrangement.First,the irregular geometries of the realistic particles were obtained from the original particle images.Second,the Minkowski sum was used to check the overlap between irregular particles and place an irregular particle in contact with other particles.Third,the optimised advance front method(OAFM)generated irregular particle packing with the prescribed statistical dis-tribution and volume fraction based on the Minkowski sum.Moreover,the signed distance function was introduced to pack the particles in accordance with the desired spatial arrangement.Finally,seven biaxial tests were performed using the UDEC software,which demonstrated the accuracy and potential usefulness of the proposed method.It can model granular material efficiently and reflect the meso-structural characteristics of complex granular materials.This method has a wide range of applications where discrete modelling of granular media is necessary.展开更多
Down-the-hole(DTH)hammer with casing while drilling(CWD)is a technology that has been proven to be able to alleviate many of the problems faced by complex formations.However,the drill bit is suffered from rapid wear,l...Down-the-hole(DTH)hammer with casing while drilling(CWD)is a technology that has been proven to be able to alleviate many of the problems faced by complex formations.However,the drill bit is suffered from rapid wear,low drilling efficiency,and high energy consumption due to the unreasonable tooth arrangement and impact energy selection in drilling process,which affect the application effect of this technology.ABAQUS software was used for numerical simulation of rock breaking behavior under impact load with the single,three,and five teeth arrangement drill bit respectively,to improve the application effect and solve the aforementioned technical problems.Based on the calculated parameters of tooth arrangement,we designed a novel drill bit for hard rocks and provided a theoretical basis for the tooth arrangement of largediameter drill bits.展开更多
More and more attention is being focused on saline water utilization in irrigation due to the shortage of fresh water to agriculture in many regions. For purpose of reducing the risks of using of saline water for irri...More and more attention is being focused on saline water utilization in irrigation due to the shortage of fresh water to agriculture in many regions. For purpose of reducing the risks of using of saline water for irrigation, the mechanism of soil moisture and salinity distribution and transport should be well understood for developing optimum management strategies. In this paper, field experiments were carried out at Junggar Basin, China, to study the effects of drip irrigation water quality and drip tape arrangement on distribution of soil salinity and soil moisture. Six treatments were designed, including two drip tape arrangement modes and three irrigation water concentration levels (0.24, 4.68, and 7.42 dS m^-l). Results showed that, soil moisture content (SMC) directly beneath the drip tape in all treatments kept a relatively high value about 18% before boll opening stage; the SMC in the narrow strip in single tape arrangement (Ms) plot was obviously lower than that in the double tapes arrangement (Md) plot, indicating that less sufficient water was supplied under the same condition of irrigation depth, but there was no significant reduction in yield. Mulching had not significant influence on salt accumulation but the drip tape arrangement, under the same condition of irrigation water depth and quality, compared with Md, Ms reduced salt accumulation in root zone and brought about relatively high cotton yield.展开更多
As an important constitute of land consolidation, high-standard basic farmland construction is an important means to protect the quantity, quality and ecological environment of cultivated land. Its target not only lie...As an important constitute of land consolidation, high-standard basic farmland construction is an important means to protect the quantity, quality and ecological environment of cultivated land. Its target not only lies in the increase of cultivated land quantity, but also the improvement of cultivated land quality, agricultural production conditions and ecosystem environments. In the present study, the quality evaluation method and construction arrangement of cultivated land were explored to facilitate the process of decision-making and implementation for high-standard basic farmland construction(HSBFC) with administrative village as the unit. Taking the land comprehensive improvement project area in Quzhou County, Handan City, Hebei Province as a case study, the whole process of the study comprised of three steps: 1) establishment of the evaluation model of cultivated land quality uniformity based on regional optimum cultivated land quality, and construction of the uniformity evaluation index system from the aspects of soil fertility quality, engineering quality, spatial quality and eco-environment quality, according to the new concept of cultivated land quality; 2) calculation of cultivated land quality uniformity by grading indicators, assigning scores and weighting sums, exploring the local homogenization characteristics of regional cultivated land quality through spatial autocorrelation analysis, and analyzing the constraints and transformative potential of barrier factors; 3) arrangement of HSBFC according to the principle of concentration, continuity and priority to the easy operation. The results revealed that the value of farmland quality uniformity for the administrative villages in the study area was between 7.76 and 21.96, and there was a difference between various administrative villages. The regional spatial autocorrelation patterns included High-High(HH), Low-Low(LL), High-Low(HL) and Low-High(LH). These indicate that regional cultivated land quality has local homogenization characteristics. The most restrictive factors in the study area were the medium and low transformation difficulty indexes, including soil organic matter content, farmland shelterbelt network density, field regularity and scale of the field. In addition, there were also high transformation difficulty indicators in some areas, such as sectional configuration. The project area was divided into four partitions: major construction area, secondary construction area, general construction area, and conditional construction area. The cultivated land area of each subarea was 1538.85 ha, 1224.27 ha, 555.93 ha, and 1666.63 ha, respectively. This comprised of 30.87%, 24.56%, 11.15% and 33.42% of the total project area, respectively. The evaluation model and index system could satisfy the evaluation of farmland quality and diagnosis of obstacle factors to facilitate the subsequent construction decision. The present study provides reference for the practice of regional HSBFC, and a new feasible idea and method for related studies.展开更多
This paper mainly gives a sufficient and necessary condition for an order of hyperplanes of a graphic arrangement being supersolvable. In addition, we give the relations between the set of supersolvable orders of hype...This paper mainly gives a sufficient and necessary condition for an order of hyperplanes of a graphic arrangement being supersolvable. In addition, we give the relations between the set of supersolvable orders of hyperplanes and the set of quadratic orders of hyperplanes for a supersolvable arrangement.展开更多
In this study, a computer code is developed to numerically investigate a magnetic bead micromixer under different conditions. The micromixer consists of a microchannel and numerous micro magnetic particles which enter...In this study, a computer code is developed to numerically investigate a magnetic bead micromixer under different conditions. The micromixer consists of a microchannel and numerous micro magnetic particles which enter the micromixer by fluid flows and are actuated by an alternating magnetic field normal to the main flow. An important feature of micromixer which is not considered before by researchers is the particle entrance arrangement into the micromixer. This parameter could effectively affect the micromixer efficiency. There are two general micro magnetic particle entrance arrangements in magnetic bead micromixers: determined position entrance and random position entrance. In the case of determined position entrances, micro magnetic particles enter the micromixer at specific positions of entrance cross section. However, in a random position entrance,particles enter the microchannel with no order. In this study mixing efficiencies of identical magnetic bead micromixers which only differ in particle entrance arrangement are numerically investigated and compared.The results reported in this paper illustrate that the prepared computer code can be one of the most powerful and beneficial tools for the magnetic bead micromixer performance analysis. In addition, the results show that some features of the magnetic bead micromixer are strongly affected by the entrance arrangement of the particles.展开更多
In order to understand lubrication mechanism at the nanoscale, researchers have used many physical experimental approaches, such as surface force apparatus, atomic force microscopy and ball-on-disk tribometer. The res...In order to understand lubrication mechanism at the nanoscale, researchers have used many physical experimental approaches, such as surface force apparatus, atomic force microscopy and ball-on-disk tribometer. The results show that the variation rules of the friction force, film thicknessand viscosity of the lubricant at the nanoscale are different from elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). It is speculated that these differences are attributed to the special arrangement of the molecules at the nanoscale. However, it is difficult to obtain the molecular orientation and distribution directly from the lubricant molecules in these experiments. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to use new techniques to overcome the shortcomings of traditional experiments, including various spectral methods. The most representative achievements in the experimental research of molecular arrangement are reviewed in this paper: The change of film structure of a liquid crystal under confinement has been obtained using X-ray method. The molecular orientation change of lubricant films has been observed using absorption spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to measure the anisotropy of molecular orientation in the contact region when the lubricant film thickness is reduced to a few tens of nanometers. In situ Raman spectroscopy has been performed to measure the molecular orientation of the lubricant film semi-quantitatively. These results prove that confinement and shear in the contact region can change the arrangement of lubricant molecules. As a result, the lubrication characteristics are affected. The shortages of these works are also discussed based on practicable results. Further work is needed to separate the information of the solid-liquid interface from the bulk liquid film.展开更多
We consider the mixed arrangement which is composed of the central hyperplane arrangement and a sphere. We discuss the lattice of its intersection set and the relationship between the Mobius function of the mixed arra...We consider the mixed arrangement which is composed of the central hyperplane arrangement and a sphere. We discuss the lattice of its intersection set and the relationship between the Mobius function of the mixed arrangement and the original hyperplane arangement. The Mobius function of the mixed arrangement is equal to the positive or the negative Mobius function of original hyperplane arrangement. Moreover, we give an equality of the chambers and the characteristic polynomial for the mixed arrangement.展开更多
The spatial arrangement of the cell is important and considered as underlying mechanism for mathematical modeling of cell to cell interaction.The ability of cells to take on the characteristics of other cells in an or...The spatial arrangement of the cell is important and considered as underlying mechanism for mathematical modeling of cell to cell interaction.The ability of cells to take on the characteristics of other cells in an organism,it is important to understand the dynamical behavior of the cells.This method implements experimental parameters of the cell-cell interaction into the mathematical simulation of cell arrangement.The purpose of this research was to explore the three-dimensional spatial distribution of anterior horn cells in the rat spinal cord to examine differences after sciatic nerve injury.Sixteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were assigned to control and axotomy groups.Twelve weeks after surgery,the anterior horn was removed for first-and second-order stereological studies.Second-order stereological techniques were applied to estimate the pair correlation and cross-correlation functions using a dipole probe superimposed onto the spinal cord sections.The findings revealed 7% and 36% reductions in the mean volume and total number of motoneurons,respectively,and a25% increase in the neuroglial cell number in the axotomized rats compared to the control rats.In contrast,the anterior horn volume remained unchanged.The results also indicated a broader gap in the pair correlation curve for the motoneurons and neuroglial cells in the axotomized rats compared to the control rats.This finding shows a negative correlation for the distribution of motoneurons and neuroglial cells in the axotomized rats.The cross-correlation curve shows a negative correlation between the motoneurons and neuroglial cells in the axotomized rats.These findings suggest that cellular structural and functional changes after sciatic nerve injury lead to the alterations in the spatial arrangement of motoneurons and neuroglial cells,finally affecting the normal function of the central nervous system.The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences(approval No.IR.SBMU.MSP.REC1395.375) on October 17,2016.展开更多
AIM:To address the diagnostic value of the regular arrangement of collecting venules(RAC)among old age patients. METHODS:A total of 390 consecutive patients whose Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)status was known and who ...AIM:To address the diagnostic value of the regular arrangement of collecting venules(RAC)among old age patients. METHODS:A total of 390 consecutive patients whose Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)status was known and who received upper gastrointestinal endoscopy,were retrospectively studied for the presence or absence of RAC as well as gastric mucosal atrophy.The sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive value,negative predic-tive value and accuracy of RAC to detect normal gastric mucosa were assessed and were compared among two different age groups of patients. RESULTS:The mean age±standard deviation(SD)of included patients(n=390),was 62.9±13 years.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy of RAC to detect normal gastric mucosa were 91.7%,66.1%,18.8%,99%and 68.1%respectively.Although the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy of RAC among patients<60 years(n= 139)was 94.7%,71.2%,46.2%,98.1%and 76.1%,respectively,it was 80%,64.3%,5.1%,93%and 64.6%, respectively,among patients≥60 years(n=251). Younger Patients(<60 years),have highly significant rates of RAC sensitivity,positive predictive value,and accuracy(P≤0.001,≤0.001 and≤0.02,respectively).Older patients had highly significant rates of H. pylori infection and gastric mucosal atrophy(P≤0.01). CONCLUSION:Although RAC is a valuable sign for real-time identification of normal gastric mucosa,its accuracy seems to be affected by the patient's age.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to examine the sleep arrangements and soothing methods and to assess their associations with sleep problems among children aged<3 years in China.Methods A cross-sectional survey was condu...Objective This study aimed to examine the sleep arrangements and soothing methods and to assess their associations with sleep problems among children aged<3 years in China.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2019 from six provinces in China.A total of 1,195 caregivers of children aged 0–35 months were included in the study.Data on sleep arrangements,soothing methods,and sleep problems(i.e.,frequent night awakenings and difficulty falling asleep)were assessed using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire.The reasons for bed-sharing in sleep arrangements were recorded using a self-designed questionnaire.Results The bed-sharing practice was very prevalent at any age,which ranged from 69.9%to 78.3%.Most infants fell asleep while feeding or being rocked/held before age 12 months.By age 35 months,62.4%of the children fell asleep in bed near parents.The most common reasons for bed-sharing were breastfeeding/feeding and convenience.Parental involvement when falling asleep was significantly related with frequent night awakenings and difficulty falling asleep.No association was found between bed-sharing and sleep.Conclusion Bed-sharing and parental involvement were very common among Chinese children aged<3 years.Children who fall asleep with parental involvement were more likely to have sleep problems.展开更多
In mechanical gear systems, dust, noise, vibration, and tooth wear are generated by frictions among gear teeth, and suppressing friction requires lubrication. Magnetic gears transmit torque by magnetic forces without ...In mechanical gear systems, dust, noise, vibration, and tooth wear are generated by frictions among gear teeth, and suppressing friction requires lubrication. Magnetic gears transmit torque by magnetic forces without contact and so avoid contact-related problems. The present paper discusses magnet arrangements and the shape of stationary gear teeth to improve transmission torque in surface magnet type magnetic gear transmission mechanisms.展开更多
Plate-impact experiments have been carried out to examine the effect of grain size and grain arrangement on the damage evolution of ultrapure aluminum. Two groups of samples, "cross-cut" and "longitudinal-cut," ar...Plate-impact experiments have been carried out to examine the effect of grain size and grain arrangement on the damage evolution of ultrapure aluminum. Two groups of samples, "cross-cut" and "longitudinal-cut," are obtained from the rolled aluminum rod along different directions. The peak compressive stress is approximately 1.25 GPa–1.61 GPa, which can cause incipient spall damage that is correlated to the material microstructure. The metallographic analyses of all recovered samples show that nearly all damage nucleates at the grain boundaries, especially those with larger curvature. Moreover, under lower shock stress, the spall strength of the "longitudinal-cut" sample is smaller than that of the "crosscut" sample, because the different grain sizes and arrangement of the two samples cause different nucleation, growth, and coalescence processes. In this study, the difference in the damage distribution between "longitudinal-cut" and "cross-cut" samples and the causes for this difference under lower shock-loading conditions are also analyzed by both qualitative and semi-quantitative methods. It is very important for these conclusions to establish a reasonable and perfect equation of damage evolution for ductile metals.展开更多
Numerical studies on transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with a small jet-to-plate distance and a large temperature difference between nozzles and plate were presented.The dimensionles...Numerical studies on transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with a small jet-to-plate distance and a large temperature difference between nozzles and plate were presented.The dimensionless jet-to-plate distance(H/D)was 0.2,and non-dimensional nozzle-to-nozzle spacing(S/D)was 3,4,5 and 6,respectively.It is found that the quenching time is shortened at a constant total mass flow at air jet inlet m·(m·=218.21 kg/h),and the heat transfer uniformity is deterio-rated as S/D increases.However,the adding reversed-flow nozzles can shorten the quenching time of the glass plate considerably with a modest change in the heat transfer uniformity.The results at variable m·are the same as those at a fixed m·.Furthermore,the parity and arrangement of nozzles are also discussed,It is found that an odd number of nozzles is more beneficial for transient heat transfer.Based on these results,an appropriate proposal for ultra-thin glass tempering process is presented.展开更多
Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment.The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards.There were three factors:the buried ...Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment.The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards.There were three factors:the buried depth H(25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L(30,40,60 cm)between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N(1,2,4).The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75%of the field water capacity.The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28388.17 kg/hm2 and 16.83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively.At the same L and N levels(T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22%and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02%and 18.12%compared with T3,respectively.At the same H and N levels(T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level.Especially,when L was 30 cm(T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest.The same L and H levels(T3,T6,and T7)could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2(T3).Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%.Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant Nos.ZR2023ME040 and ZR2022QE118)the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.2023CXGC010316)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao(Grant No.23-2-1-207-zyyd-jch)the Introduction and Education Plan for Young Innovative talents in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province(Marine Civil Engineering Materials and Structure Innovation Research Team).
文摘A vortex-induced vibration(VIV)experiment of rough risers with coupling interference effect under a side-by-side arrangement was carried out in a wave-current combined flume.The roughness of the riser was characterized by arranging different specifications of surface attachments on the surface of the riser.Rough risers with three different roughnesses were arranged side by side with smooth risers to explore the VIV response of the riser under the combined action of roughness and interference effect,and to reveal the coupling mechanism between roughness and interference effect.The experimental results show that,compared with that of a smooth riser,the VIV of a rough riser under the coupling interference effect has a wider"lock-in"region,and the displacement decreases more significantly at a high reduced velocity,which is more likely to excite higher-order modes and frequency responses.In addition,the displacement response and frequency response of the smooth riser are not significantly affected by wake interference from the rough riser,which is caused by the decrease of the wake region due to the delay of the boundary layer separation point of the rough riser.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant Nos.ZR2023ME040 and ZR2022QE118)the Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.2023CXGC010316)the Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao(Grant No.23-2-1-207-zyyd-jch),and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51709161).
文摘In order to study the response law of vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of marine risers under the combined action of roughness and interference effects,and to reveal the coupling mechanism of roughness and interference effects on the riser,a VIV experiment of rough risers in tandem arrangement was conducted in a wave−current combined flume.The experiment characterized the risers’roughness by arranging different specifications of attachments on the surface of the risers.Three rough risers with different roughness and smooth risers were arranged in tandem arrangement,with the rough risers arranged downstream.The experimental results indicate that the suppression of the attachments on the downstream risers’vibration are more significant both in the CF and IL directions as the reduced velocity increases.For the downstream riser,the amplitude response of rough riser is more significantly weakened compared with the smooth one at high reduced velocity.For the upstream risers,changes in the roughness and spacing ratio have an impact on their‘lock-in’region.When the roughness of downstream risers is relatively large(0.1300)and the spacing between risers is small(S/D=4.0),the reduced velocity range of‘lock-in’region in the CF direction of upstream risers is obviously expanded,and the displacement in the‘lock-in’region is severer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42120104008 and 42207198).
文摘Rigid barrier deflectors can effectively prevent overspilling landslides,and can satisfy disaster prevention requirements.However,the mechanisms of interaction between natural granular flow and rigid barrier deflectors require further investigation.To date,few studies have investigated the impact of deflectors on controlling viscous debris flows for geological disaster prevention.To investigate the effect of rigid barrier deflectors on impact mechanisms,a numerical model using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method with the Herschel–Bulkley model is proposed to simulate the interaction between natural viscous flow and single/dual barriers with and without deflectors.This model was validated using laboratory flume test data from the literature.Then,the model was used to investigate the influence of the deflector angle and multi-barrier arrangements.The optimal configuration of multi-barriers was analyzed with consideration to the barrier height and distance between the barriers,because these metrics have a significant impact on the viscous flow pile-up,run-up,and overflow mechanisms.The investigation considered the energy dissipation process,retention efficiency,and dead-zone formation.Compared with bare barriers with similar geometric characteristics and spatial distribution,rigid barriers with deflectors exhibit superior effectiveness in preventing the overflow and overspilling of viscous debris flow.Recommendations for the rational design of deflectors and the optimal arrangement of multi-barriers are provided to mitigate geological disasters.
文摘In monoculture, crop failure due to biotic or abiotic causes can result in partial or total output failure. The yield, socio-economic, and environmental effects of intercropping on the farmer and the environment as a whole have not received much attention. There is a dearth of knowledge on the productivity of maize-groundnut intercrops in Ghana regarding the relative timing of planting and spatial arrangement of component crops. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the effects of spatial row arrangement and the time of planting intercrops on the productivity of groundnut under maize-groundnut intercropping. The 5 × 3 factorial field experiment was undertaken at the Miminaso community in the Ejura-Sekyedumase municipality of the Ashanti Region of Ghana during the 2020 cropping seasons. Treatments were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The levels of row arrangement of intercrops were: one row of maize and one row of groundnut (1M1G), one row of maize and two rows of groundnut (1M2G), two rows of maize and one row of groundnut (2M1G), two rows of maize and two rows of groundnut (2M2G), sole maize and sole groundnut (M/G). The levels of time of introducing groundnut included simultaneous planting of intercrops (0 WAP), planting groundnut one week after planting maize (1 WAP) and planting groundnut two weeks after planting maize (2 WAP). There were significant (P 0.05) treatment interactions for pod and seed yields of groundnut throughout the study. The highest groundnut pod yields of 1815.00 kg/ha and 2359.00 kg/ha were recorded by the 0WAP × 1M2G treatment in the major and minor seasons of 2020, respectively, while the highest groundnut seed yields of 741.00 kg/ha and 726.00 kg/ha were recorded in the major and minor rainy seasons of 2020 by 1WAP × G and 0WAP × G treatments, respectively. The highest seed yields of groundnut (404 kg/ha and 637 kg/ha for major and minor rainy seasons, respectively) were produced by 1WAP × 2M2G.
文摘The four-circuit parallel line on the same tower effectively solves the problems faced by the line reconstruction and construction under the condition of the increasing shortage of transmission corridors.Optimizing the conductor and phase sequence arrangement of multiple transmission lines is conducive to improving electromagnetic and electrostatic coupling caused by electromagnetic problems.This paper uses the ATP-EMTP simulation software to build a 500 kV multi-circuit transmission line on the same tower.It stimulates the induced voltage and current values of different line lengths,tower spacing,vertical and horizontal spacing between different circuits,phase sequence arrangement,and nominal tower height.Moreover,use the BP neural network optimized by a genetic algorithm to predict the induced voltage and current under the unknown conductor and phase sequence arrangement.Finally,based on multi-objective particle swarm algorithm to construct the optimization model of conductor arrangement scheme of overhead transmission line,combined with electromagnetic environment control index,determine the optimal conductor arrangement scheme by the size of particle fitness function,a significant reduction in induced voltages and currents between transmission lines and the four-circuit conductor layout scheme meeting the requirements of the electromagnetic environment is obtained,which provides a reference for the tower design of the transmission station project.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC1504802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41972266,12102230).
文摘A method for packing irregular particles with a prescribed volume fraction is proposed.Furthermore,the generated granular material adheres to the prescribed statistical distribution and satisfies the desired complex spatial arrangement.First,the irregular geometries of the realistic particles were obtained from the original particle images.Second,the Minkowski sum was used to check the overlap between irregular particles and place an irregular particle in contact with other particles.Third,the optimised advance front method(OAFM)generated irregular particle packing with the prescribed statistical dis-tribution and volume fraction based on the Minkowski sum.Moreover,the signed distance function was introduced to pack the particles in accordance with the desired spatial arrangement.Finally,seven biaxial tests were performed using the UDEC software,which demonstrated the accuracy and potential usefulness of the proposed method.It can model granular material efficiently and reflect the meso-structural characteristics of complex granular materials.This method has a wide range of applications where discrete modelling of granular media is necessary.
基金Project of National Key Research and Development of China(No.2018YFC1505303).
文摘Down-the-hole(DTH)hammer with casing while drilling(CWD)is a technology that has been proven to be able to alleviate many of the problems faced by complex formations.However,the drill bit is suffered from rapid wear,low drilling efficiency,and high energy consumption due to the unreasonable tooth arrangement and impact energy selection in drilling process,which affect the application effect of this technology.ABAQUS software was used for numerical simulation of rock breaking behavior under impact load with the single,three,and five teeth arrangement drill bit respectively,to improve the application effect and solve the aforementioned technical problems.Based on the calculated parameters of tooth arrangement,we designed a novel drill bit for hard rocks and provided a theoretical basis for the tooth arrangement of largediameter drill bits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40771097)the Special Fund of Industrial(Agriculture)Research for Public Welfare of China(200903001)
文摘More and more attention is being focused on saline water utilization in irrigation due to the shortage of fresh water to agriculture in many regions. For purpose of reducing the risks of using of saline water for irrigation, the mechanism of soil moisture and salinity distribution and transport should be well understood for developing optimum management strategies. In this paper, field experiments were carried out at Junggar Basin, China, to study the effects of drip irrigation water quality and drip tape arrangement on distribution of soil salinity and soil moisture. Six treatments were designed, including two drip tape arrangement modes and three irrigation water concentration levels (0.24, 4.68, and 7.42 dS m^-l). Results showed that, soil moisture content (SMC) directly beneath the drip tape in all treatments kept a relatively high value about 18% before boll opening stage; the SMC in the narrow strip in single tape arrangement (Ms) plot was obviously lower than that in the double tapes arrangement (Md) plot, indicating that less sufficient water was supplied under the same condition of irrigation depth, but there was no significant reduction in yield. Mulching had not significant influence on salt accumulation but the drip tape arrangement, under the same condition of irrigation water depth and quality, compared with Md, Ms reduced salt accumulation in root zone and brought about relatively high cotton yield.
基金Under the auspices of National Science and Technology Support Program of China(No.2015BAD06B01)
文摘As an important constitute of land consolidation, high-standard basic farmland construction is an important means to protect the quantity, quality and ecological environment of cultivated land. Its target not only lies in the increase of cultivated land quantity, but also the improvement of cultivated land quality, agricultural production conditions and ecosystem environments. In the present study, the quality evaluation method and construction arrangement of cultivated land were explored to facilitate the process of decision-making and implementation for high-standard basic farmland construction(HSBFC) with administrative village as the unit. Taking the land comprehensive improvement project area in Quzhou County, Handan City, Hebei Province as a case study, the whole process of the study comprised of three steps: 1) establishment of the evaluation model of cultivated land quality uniformity based on regional optimum cultivated land quality, and construction of the uniformity evaluation index system from the aspects of soil fertility quality, engineering quality, spatial quality and eco-environment quality, according to the new concept of cultivated land quality; 2) calculation of cultivated land quality uniformity by grading indicators, assigning scores and weighting sums, exploring the local homogenization characteristics of regional cultivated land quality through spatial autocorrelation analysis, and analyzing the constraints and transformative potential of barrier factors; 3) arrangement of HSBFC according to the principle of concentration, continuity and priority to the easy operation. The results revealed that the value of farmland quality uniformity for the administrative villages in the study area was between 7.76 and 21.96, and there was a difference between various administrative villages. The regional spatial autocorrelation patterns included High-High(HH), Low-Low(LL), High-Low(HL) and Low-High(LH). These indicate that regional cultivated land quality has local homogenization characteristics. The most restrictive factors in the study area were the medium and low transformation difficulty indexes, including soil organic matter content, farmland shelterbelt network density, field regularity and scale of the field. In addition, there were also high transformation difficulty indicators in some areas, such as sectional configuration. The project area was divided into four partitions: major construction area, secondary construction area, general construction area, and conditional construction area. The cultivated land area of each subarea was 1538.85 ha, 1224.27 ha, 555.93 ha, and 1666.63 ha, respectively. This comprised of 30.87%, 24.56%, 11.15% and 33.42% of the total project area, respectively. The evaluation model and index system could satisfy the evaluation of farmland quality and diagnosis of obstacle factors to facilitate the subsequent construction decision. The present study provides reference for the practice of regional HSBFC, and a new feasible idea and method for related studies.
文摘This paper mainly gives a sufficient and necessary condition for an order of hyperplanes of a graphic arrangement being supersolvable. In addition, we give the relations between the set of supersolvable orders of hyperplanes and the set of quadratic orders of hyperplanes for a supersolvable arrangement.
文摘In this study, a computer code is developed to numerically investigate a magnetic bead micromixer under different conditions. The micromixer consists of a microchannel and numerous micro magnetic particles which enter the micromixer by fluid flows and are actuated by an alternating magnetic field normal to the main flow. An important feature of micromixer which is not considered before by researchers is the particle entrance arrangement into the micromixer. This parameter could effectively affect the micromixer efficiency. There are two general micro magnetic particle entrance arrangements in magnetic bead micromixers: determined position entrance and random position entrance. In the case of determined position entrances, micro magnetic particles enter the micromixer at specific positions of entrance cross section. However, in a random position entrance,particles enter the microchannel with no order. In this study mixing efficiencies of identical magnetic bead micromixers which only differ in particle entrance arrangement are numerically investigated and compared.The results reported in this paper illustrate that the prepared computer code can be one of the most powerful and beneficial tools for the magnetic bead micromixer performance analysis. In addition, the results show that some features of the magnetic bead micromixer are strongly affected by the entrance arrangement of the particles.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51335005,51321092)
文摘In order to understand lubrication mechanism at the nanoscale, researchers have used many physical experimental approaches, such as surface force apparatus, atomic force microscopy and ball-on-disk tribometer. The results show that the variation rules of the friction force, film thicknessand viscosity of the lubricant at the nanoscale are different from elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). It is speculated that these differences are attributed to the special arrangement of the molecules at the nanoscale. However, it is difficult to obtain the molecular orientation and distribution directly from the lubricant molecules in these experiments. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to use new techniques to overcome the shortcomings of traditional experiments, including various spectral methods. The most representative achievements in the experimental research of molecular arrangement are reviewed in this paper: The change of film structure of a liquid crystal under confinement has been obtained using X-ray method. The molecular orientation change of lubricant films has been observed using absorption spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to measure the anisotropy of molecular orientation in the contact region when the lubricant film thickness is reduced to a few tens of nanometers. In situ Raman spectroscopy has been performed to measure the molecular orientation of the lubricant film semi-quantitatively. These results prove that confinement and shear in the contact region can change the arrangement of lubricant molecules. As a result, the lubrication characteristics are affected. The shortages of these works are also discussed based on practicable results. Further work is needed to separate the information of the solid-liquid interface from the bulk liquid film.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10471020)
文摘We consider the mixed arrangement which is composed of the central hyperplane arrangement and a sphere. We discuss the lattice of its intersection set and the relationship between the Mobius function of the mixed arrangement and the original hyperplane arangement. The Mobius function of the mixed arrangement is equal to the positive or the negative Mobius function of original hyperplane arrangement. Moreover, we give an equality of the chambers and the characteristic polynomial for the mixed arrangement.
基金supported by the Research Vice-chancellor of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran(No.1394-373 to RMF)
文摘The spatial arrangement of the cell is important and considered as underlying mechanism for mathematical modeling of cell to cell interaction.The ability of cells to take on the characteristics of other cells in an organism,it is important to understand the dynamical behavior of the cells.This method implements experimental parameters of the cell-cell interaction into the mathematical simulation of cell arrangement.The purpose of this research was to explore the three-dimensional spatial distribution of anterior horn cells in the rat spinal cord to examine differences after sciatic nerve injury.Sixteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were assigned to control and axotomy groups.Twelve weeks after surgery,the anterior horn was removed for first-and second-order stereological studies.Second-order stereological techniques were applied to estimate the pair correlation and cross-correlation functions using a dipole probe superimposed onto the spinal cord sections.The findings revealed 7% and 36% reductions in the mean volume and total number of motoneurons,respectively,and a25% increase in the neuroglial cell number in the axotomized rats compared to the control rats.In contrast,the anterior horn volume remained unchanged.The results also indicated a broader gap in the pair correlation curve for the motoneurons and neuroglial cells in the axotomized rats compared to the control rats.This finding shows a negative correlation for the distribution of motoneurons and neuroglial cells in the axotomized rats.The cross-correlation curve shows a negative correlation between the motoneurons and neuroglial cells in the axotomized rats.These findings suggest that cellular structural and functional changes after sciatic nerve injury lead to the alterations in the spatial arrangement of motoneurons and neuroglial cells,finally affecting the normal function of the central nervous system.The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences(approval No.IR.SBMU.MSP.REC1395.375) on October 17,2016.
文摘AIM:To address the diagnostic value of the regular arrangement of collecting venules(RAC)among old age patients. METHODS:A total of 390 consecutive patients whose Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)status was known and who received upper gastrointestinal endoscopy,were retrospectively studied for the presence or absence of RAC as well as gastric mucosal atrophy.The sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive value,negative predic-tive value and accuracy of RAC to detect normal gastric mucosa were assessed and were compared among two different age groups of patients. RESULTS:The mean age±standard deviation(SD)of included patients(n=390),was 62.9±13 years.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy of RAC to detect normal gastric mucosa were 91.7%,66.1%,18.8%,99%and 68.1%respectively.Although the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and accuracy of RAC among patients<60 years(n= 139)was 94.7%,71.2%,46.2%,98.1%and 76.1%,respectively,it was 80%,64.3%,5.1%,93%and 64.6%, respectively,among patients≥60 years(n=251). Younger Patients(<60 years),have highly significant rates of RAC sensitivity,positive predictive value,and accuracy(P≤0.001,≤0.001 and≤0.02,respectively).Older patients had highly significant rates of H. pylori infection and gastric mucosal atrophy(P≤0.01). CONCLUSION:Although RAC is a valuable sign for real-time identification of normal gastric mucosa,its accuracy seems to be affected by the patient's age.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation and Development Project of National Center for Women and Children’s Health,China CDC[2019KJ08]。
文摘Objective This study aimed to examine the sleep arrangements and soothing methods and to assess their associations with sleep problems among children aged<3 years in China.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2019 from six provinces in China.A total of 1,195 caregivers of children aged 0–35 months were included in the study.Data on sleep arrangements,soothing methods,and sleep problems(i.e.,frequent night awakenings and difficulty falling asleep)were assessed using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire.The reasons for bed-sharing in sleep arrangements were recorded using a self-designed questionnaire.Results The bed-sharing practice was very prevalent at any age,which ranged from 69.9%to 78.3%.Most infants fell asleep while feeding or being rocked/held before age 12 months.By age 35 months,62.4%of the children fell asleep in bed near parents.The most common reasons for bed-sharing were breastfeeding/feeding and convenience.Parental involvement when falling asleep was significantly related with frequent night awakenings and difficulty falling asleep.No association was found between bed-sharing and sleep.Conclusion Bed-sharing and parental involvement were very common among Chinese children aged<3 years.Children who fall asleep with parental involvement were more likely to have sleep problems.
文摘In mechanical gear systems, dust, noise, vibration, and tooth wear are generated by frictions among gear teeth, and suppressing friction requires lubrication. Magnetic gears transmit torque by magnetic forces without contact and so avoid contact-related problems. The present paper discusses magnet arrangements and the shape of stationary gear teeth to improve transmission torque in surface magnet type magnetic gear transmission mechanisms.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 1117221 and 11072119)the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. B1520110003 and 2012-Ia-004)
文摘Plate-impact experiments have been carried out to examine the effect of grain size and grain arrangement on the damage evolution of ultrapure aluminum. Two groups of samples, "cross-cut" and "longitudinal-cut," are obtained from the rolled aluminum rod along different directions. The peak compressive stress is approximately 1.25 GPa–1.61 GPa, which can cause incipient spall damage that is correlated to the material microstructure. The metallographic analyses of all recovered samples show that nearly all damage nucleates at the grain boundaries, especially those with larger curvature. Moreover, under lower shock stress, the spall strength of the "longitudinal-cut" sample is smaller than that of the "crosscut" sample, because the different grain sizes and arrangement of the two samples cause different nucleation, growth, and coalescence processes. In this study, the difference in the damage distribution between "longitudinal-cut" and "cross-cut" samples and the causes for this difference under lower shock-loading conditions are also analyzed by both qualitative and semi-quantitative methods. It is very important for these conclusions to establish a reasonable and perfect equation of damage evolution for ductile metals.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(51335002,51905049)。
文摘Numerical studies on transient heat transfer characteristics of air-array-jet impingement with a small jet-to-plate distance and a large temperature difference between nozzles and plate were presented.The dimensionless jet-to-plate distance(H/D)was 0.2,and non-dimensional nozzle-to-nozzle spacing(S/D)was 3,4,5 and 6,respectively.It is found that the quenching time is shortened at a constant total mass flow at air jet inlet m·(m·=218.21 kg/h),and the heat transfer uniformity is deterio-rated as S/D increases.However,the adding reversed-flow nozzles can shorten the quenching time of the glass plate considerably with a modest change in the heat transfer uniformity.The results at variable m·are the same as those at a fixed m·.Furthermore,the parity and arrangement of nozzles are also discussed,It is found that an odd number of nozzles is more beneficial for transient heat transfer.Based on these results,an appropriate proposal for ultra-thin glass tempering process is presented.
基金Supporting founds:National Key R&D Program(2016YFC0400204)Natural Science Foundation of China(51479161,51279157,51779205)。
文摘Six-year old apple trees were selected for field experiment.The objective of this study was to obtain the reasonable arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters in apple orchards.There were three factors:the buried depth H(25,40,55 cm),the horizontal distance L(30,40,60 cm)between the emitters and the trunk of the experimental tree,and the number of the irrigation emitters N(1,2,4).The effect of the arrangement of surge-root irrigation emitters on the growth,yield and irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)of apple trees were studied in Northern Shaanxi where the irrigation quota takes 60%-75%of the field water capacity.The results showed that the arrangement of emitters for surge-root irrigation had a significant effect on apple tree yield and IWUE,especially,the yield and IWUE reached 28388.17 kg/hm2 and 16.83 kg/m3 in treatment T3,respectively.At the same L and N levels(T1,T2,and T3),the yield and IWUE in treatment T3 were the highest,and the yields in treatments T1 and T2 were decreased by 26.22%and 31.48%,while IWUE is reduced by14.02%and 18.12%compared with T3,respectively.At the same H and N levels(T3,T4,and T5),the yield and IWUE of apple trees were decreased with increasing L level.Especially,when L was 30 cm(T3),the yield and IWUE were the highest.The same L and H levels(T3,T6,and T7)could promote the growth of apple trees when N was 2(T3).Compared with treatment T3,it was found that the increment of new shoots was decreased by 8.07%-18.71%,and the fruit diameter was decreased by 5.41%-9.11%.Therefore,two emitters should be arranged symmetrically on both sides of an apple tree,each was buried at a 40 cm depth and 30 cm away from the trunk of the tree to effectively improve the yield and IWUE of the apple tree in mountainous areas in Northern Shaanxi.