The research examines the role of market expansion and international labor division in the British Industrial Revolution from the perspective of globalization.The research shows that British cotton textile output in p...The research examines the role of market expansion and international labor division in the British Industrial Revolution from the perspective of globalization.The research shows that British cotton textile output in pieces grew 275 times from the 1770s to the mid-1850s and documents that such growth would never have happened without a vast overseas market for the supply of raw cotton and the sale of products.The paper argues that the continuous and dramatic expansion of overseas markets allowed the British cotton industry to expand greatly without hitting the ceiling of marginal returns,leading not only to the great expansion of production,but also to technological and institutional innovations,and that international labor division made it possible for the industry to import ample amounts of raw cotton and export large amounts of cotton textiles.In contrast,foreign demand for Chinese cotton textiles increased significantly in the late 18th and early 19th centuries,but accounted for only 0.3%of production capacity,which was too little to lift the law of diminishing marginal returns and to induce either technological or institutional changes.As a result,only Smithian growths could be achieved through optimal resource utilization and specialization in production.展开更多
China＇s robotics industry saw a steady development in 2017 with about 1,686 robotics com- panies established, according to a report released at the Fifth China Robot Summit. By the end of 2017. the number of robotics...China＇s robotics industry saw a steady development in 2017 with about 1,686 robotics com- panies established, according to a report released at the Fifth China Robot Summit. By the end of 2017. the number of robotics companies in China exceeded 6,500. mainly located in China＇s Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, said the report.展开更多
为充分把握第四次工业革命的历史机遇,世界各国必然会瞄准战略科技领域,以一批关键技术为抓手,推出一系列的政策、战略、规划、计划和具体举措,推动科技进步和变革,在第四次工业革命中占据先发优势。本文以世界主要国家近年来发布的科...为充分把握第四次工业革命的历史机遇,世界各国必然会瞄准战略科技领域,以一批关键技术为抓手,推出一系列的政策、战略、规划、计划和具体举措,推动科技进步和变革,在第四次工业革命中占据先发优势。本文以世界主要国家近年来发布的科技政策战略、前沿研发等重要动态新闻文本为分析对象,采用NLP(natural language processing)、文本挖掘、科学计量学等方法,揭示第四次工业革命中各国关注的重点领域技术和举措。研究结果发现,世界主要国家重点关注生物与农业、材料、航空航天与空间、数字与通信、能源、海洋、传统制造业等科技领域,积极布局量子计算、人工智能、再生能源、纳米技术、基因技术等关键技术,并采取投资计划、合作研究、政策研究和研究项目等发展举措推动上述科技领域和关键技术的发展。本文从动态新闻文本挖掘出发,梳理了第四次工业革命中世界主要国家布局的关键领域技术和重点举措。从理论意义上看,拓展了NLP、文本挖掘和科学计量学在科技政策研究中的应用场景;从实践意义上看,为我国布局第四次工业革命战略科技领域和关键技术、实施相应发展举措提供情报参考。展开更多
文摘The research examines the role of market expansion and international labor division in the British Industrial Revolution from the perspective of globalization.The research shows that British cotton textile output in pieces grew 275 times from the 1770s to the mid-1850s and documents that such growth would never have happened without a vast overseas market for the supply of raw cotton and the sale of products.The paper argues that the continuous and dramatic expansion of overseas markets allowed the British cotton industry to expand greatly without hitting the ceiling of marginal returns,leading not only to the great expansion of production,but also to technological and institutional innovations,and that international labor division made it possible for the industry to import ample amounts of raw cotton and export large amounts of cotton textiles.In contrast,foreign demand for Chinese cotton textiles increased significantly in the late 18th and early 19th centuries,but accounted for only 0.3%of production capacity,which was too little to lift the law of diminishing marginal returns and to induce either technological or institutional changes.As a result,only Smithian growths could be achieved through optimal resource utilization and specialization in production.
文摘China＇s robotics industry saw a steady development in 2017 with about 1,686 robotics com- panies established, according to a report released at the Fifth China Robot Summit. By the end of 2017. the number of robotics companies in China exceeded 6,500. mainly located in China＇s Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, said the report.
文摘为充分把握第四次工业革命的历史机遇,世界各国必然会瞄准战略科技领域,以一批关键技术为抓手,推出一系列的政策、战略、规划、计划和具体举措,推动科技进步和变革,在第四次工业革命中占据先发优势。本文以世界主要国家近年来发布的科技政策战略、前沿研发等重要动态新闻文本为分析对象,采用NLP(natural language processing)、文本挖掘、科学计量学等方法,揭示第四次工业革命中各国关注的重点领域技术和举措。研究结果发现,世界主要国家重点关注生物与农业、材料、航空航天与空间、数字与通信、能源、海洋、传统制造业等科技领域,积极布局量子计算、人工智能、再生能源、纳米技术、基因技术等关键技术,并采取投资计划、合作研究、政策研究和研究项目等发展举措推动上述科技领域和关键技术的发展。本文从动态新闻文本挖掘出发,梳理了第四次工业革命中世界主要国家布局的关键领域技术和重点举措。从理论意义上看,拓展了NLP、文本挖掘和科学计量学在科技政策研究中的应用场景;从实践意义上看,为我国布局第四次工业革命战略科技领域和关键技术、实施相应发展举措提供情报参考。
