Spontaneous Paravesical and Broad Ligament Hematoma after Vaginal Delivery Had Uterine Artery Embolization after Evacuating the Hematoma

Broad ligament hematoma is typically seen during cesarean section due to rupture of branches of uterine and vaginal vessels and it’s rare to be seen post-normal vaginal delivery. Addressing puerperal hematomas postpartum presents considerable challenges for obstetric care providers. While hematomas such as those affecting the vulva, vulvovaginal region, or paravaginal area are frequently encountered, retroperitoneal hematomas are rare and notably pose a greater risk to the life of the patient. The medical literature contains scant case reports on retroperitoneal hematomas, with no consensus on a definitive treatment approach. Pelvic arterial embolization has emerged as both a sensible and increasingly preferred method for treating these hematomas recently, but its application is contingent upon the patient maintaining hemodynamic stability and the availability of a specialized interventional embolization unit. In our case, we are presenting a very rare case of a 31-year-old primigravida female with a history of in vitro fertilization pregnancy. She delivered a normal vaginal delivery at 31 weeks gestation. Unfortunately, she experienced multiple complications intrapartum, including preeclampsia and placental abruption. These complications increased her risk of developing a broad ligament hematoma.

Broadband and continuous wave pumped second-harmonic generation from microfiber coated with layered GaSe crystal

The conversion-efficiency for second-harmonic(SH)in optical fibers is significantly limited by extremely weak second-order nonlinearity of fused silica,and pulse pump lasers with high peak power are widely employed.Here,we propose a simple strategy to efficiently realize the broadband and continuous wave(CW)pumped SH,by transferring a crystalline GaSe coating onto a microfiber with phase-matching diameter.In the experiment,high efficiency up to 0.08%W-1mm-1 is reached for a C-band pump laser.The high enough efficiency not only guarantees SH at a single frequency pumped by a CW laser,but also multi-frequencies mixing supported by three CW light sources.Moreover,broadband SH spectrum is also achieved under the pump of a superluminescent light-emitting diode source with a 79.3 nm bandwidth.The proposed scheme provides a beneficial method to the enhancement of various nonlinear parameter processes,development of quasi-monochromatic or broadband CW light sources at new wavelength regions.

High efficient broad-spectrum Bradyrhizobium elkanii Y63-1

Soybean(Glycine max),the primary source of high-quality plant protein,plays a crucial role as a grain and oil crop in China.Harnessing the full potential of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean production holds immense significance for agriculture and ecology alike.Zhongdou 63,a newly developed early-maturing summer soybean cultivar in 2021,exhibits remarkable traits such as high yield,superior quality,multi-resistance,and wide adaptability.In this study,eight distinct rhizobia strains from diverse regions were meticulously screened to identify highly effective strains specifically suited for Zhongdou 63.The aboveground biomass,plant height,chlorophyll content,root length,nodule number,and nodule dry weight of Zhongdou 63 were measured and the data were subjected to statistical analysis.The results demonstrated that Y63-1 is a predominant strain of Zhongdou 63.Subsequently,we conducted further investigations on the broad-spectrum nodulation characteristics of Y63-1.Ten representative soybean cultivars were individually inoculated with Y63-1 and subsequently analyzed for nodule numbers and nodule dry weight in their symbiotic systems with rhizobia.The findings revealed that Y63-1 effectively formed nodules with all ten soybean varieties tested.In summary,our current study identified highly efficient broad-spectrum Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain Y63-1 as the predominant strain in Zhongdou 63 and provided a theoretical foundation for enhancing yield potential not only in Zhongdou 63 but also in other varieties through inoculation with highly efficient rhizobia in production.

Mulching broad ridges with a woven polypropylene fabric increases the growth and yield of young pear trees ‘Yuluxiang' in the North China Plain

Unlike traditional ridging, mulching broad ridges with a woven polypropylene fabric (WPF) can reduce soil evaporation during the drought season and avoid long saturation time in the root zone of pear trees during the rainy season. In this study, field experiments were conducted from 2017 to 2020 in a pear orchard in the North China Plain to investigate the effects of mulching broad ridges (0.3 m in height and 2 m in width) with WPF on soil temperature and moisture, nitrogen leaching, vegetative and reproductive growth of young pear trees(Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.‘Yuluxiang’). The experiments involved two treatments, namely, control (traditional no-ridge planting without mulching) and mulching broad ridges with WPF (RM treatment). The results showed that the RM treatment increased soil moisture and temperature and decreased nitrogen leaching, resulting in vigorous growth of the young pear trees. Moreover, the RM treatment increased the tree trunk cross-sectional area and height of the young pear trees by 37%and 8%in 2020, respectively. The nitrate nitrogen content at the soil layer depth of 0-30 cm was significantly higher in the RM than that in control. Furthermore, the RM treatment significantly increased the fruit yield due to larger tree size. In addition, compared with control, significantly higher fruit soluble solid content of RM treatment was detected in 2020. High precipitation (423 mm) occurred during fruit enlargement stage in 2020, RM treatment decreased the rainfall infiltration in the ridge and the soil moisture in root region, resulting in the improvement of fruit quality, compared with control.Therefore, mulching broad ridges with WPF can be implemented to increase soil moisture during drought season, soil temperature, and nitrate nitrogen content, thereby improving the growth and fruit yield of young pear trees. Additionally, it can reduce soil moisture in the root zone during the rainy season and improve the fruit quality of the trees. Finally, it can reduce nitrate nitrogen leaching, thereby reducing environmental pollution.

Low-Cost Federated Broad Learning for Privacy-Preserved Knowledge Sharing in the RIS-Aided Internet of Vehicles

High-efficiency and low-cost knowledge sharing can improve the decision-making ability of autonomous vehicles by mining knowledge from the Internet of Vehicles(IoVs).However,it is challenging to ensure high efficiency of local data learning models while preventing privacy leakage in a high mobility environment.In order to protect data privacy and improve data learning efficiency in knowledge sharing,we propose an asynchronous federated broad learning(FBL)framework that integrates broad learning(BL)into federated learning(FL).In FBL,we design a broad fully connected model(BFCM)as a local model for training client data.To enhance the wireless channel quality for knowledge sharing and reduce the communication and computation cost of participating clients,we construct a joint resource allocation and reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)configuration optimization framework for FBL.The problem is decoupled into two convex subproblems.Aiming to improve the resource scheduling efficiency in FBL,a double Davidon–Fletcher–Powell(DDFP)algorithm is presented to solve the time slot allocation and RIS configuration problem.Based on the results of resource scheduling,we design a reward-allocation algorithm based on federated incentive learning(FIL)in FBL to compensate clients for their costs.The simulation results show that the proposed FBL framework achieves better performance than the comparison models in terms of efficiency,accuracy,and cost for knowledge sharing in the IoV.

Flexible broadband WS_(2)/Si optical position-sensitive detector with high sensitivity and fast speed

Si-based optical position-sensitive detectors(PSDs)have stimulated the interest of researchers due to their wide range of practical applications.However,due to the rigidity and fragility of Si crystals,the applications of flexible PSDs have been limited.Therefore,we presented a flexible broadband PSD based on a WS_(2)/Si heterostructure for the first time.A scalable sputtering method was used to deposit WS_(2)thin films onto the etched ultrathin crystalline Si surface.The fabricated flexible PSD device has a broad spectral response in the wavelength range of 450-1350 nm,with a high position sensitivity of~539.8 mV·mm^(−1)and a fast response of 2.3μs,thanks to the strong light absorption,the built-in electrical field at the WS_(2)/Si interface,and facilitated transport.Furthermore,mechanical-bending tests revealed that after 200 mechanical-bending cycles,the WS_(2)/Si PSDs have excellent mechanical flexibility,stability,and durability,demonstrating the great potential in wearable PSDs with competitive performance.

Unraveling the core functional bacteria and their succession throughout three fermentation stages of broad bean paste with chili

The entire fermentation process of traditional Chinese broad bean paste with chili comprises three individual stages:Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste fermentation(Tianbanzi-chili pei mixture).Three stages share average 77.53%of all bacteria(89 genera),indicating that the similar environment leads to the similar bacterial communities.One,one,and three genera are exclusive to Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste stages,respectively,due to the special physical and chemical properties for each stage.Total acidity,pH,and NaCl are important endogenous factors that promote the succession of bacterial communities.According to the dynamics of organic acids,reducing sugars,amino acids,and volatile compounds,60-,210-,and 180-day are considered the best fermentation periods for Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste,respectively,to balance time cost and product quality.Three(Tetragenococcus,Lactobacillus,and Pseudomonas),four(Tetragenococcus,Lactobacillus,Bacillus,and Pseudomonas),and five(Tetragenococcus,Lactobacillus,Bacillus,Pseudomonas,and Pediococcus)genera are considered the core functional bacteria of Tianbanzi,chili pei,and paste fermentation,respectively.

Application of Grey Correlation Degree Analysis in Broad Bean Strain Screening

[Objectives] The aim was to clarify the target and approach to purifying and selecting Baoshan Touxinlv broad bean. [Methods] In 2012,5 homozygous strains were selected successfully as the material,and completely randomized block arrangement was adopted with 3 repeated trials to analyze the effects of plant height,effective length of podding branches,branch number per plant,pod number per plant,grain number per pod and 100-grain weight on the yield of each plant in the system. [Results] The results showed that the effects of the various factors on the yield of Baoshan broad beans were in the order of grain number per pod 〉 effective length of podding branches 〉 100-grain weight 〉 pod number per plant 〉 branch number per plant 〉 plant height. [Conclusions]In breeding new strains of Baoshan broad beans,under the premise of ensuring the seed nature and quality of the original variety,priority should be given to the gain number per pod and the increment of effective length of podding branches,followed by the pod number per plant,branch number per plant,plant height,which is the best way to breed new strains of Baoshan Touxinlv broad beans.

Broad bean cultivars increase extrafloral nectary numbers, but not extrafloral nectar, in response to leaf damage

Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to maximize fitness, by optimizing the expression of costly defensive traits. Broad bean, Vicia faba L. “Broad Windsor”, produces increased numbers of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) in response to leaf damage to attract mutualistic partners and reduce herbivory. It is currently unknown, however, whether EFN induction is cultivar-specific or is a more general phenomenon. It has also not been determined whether broad beans increase nectar secretion rates in conjunction with EFN induction. We hypothesized that: a) as all broad beans have conspicuous EFNs, all cultivars should produce additional EFNs in response to leaf damage, and b) overall nectar secretion rates should increase with EFN numbers, to attract additional mutualists. We tested our hypothesis by subjecting three broad bean cultivars, Vicia faba L. “Broad Windsor”, “Stereo”, and “Witkiem” to mechanical leaf damage. The degree of change in plant traits associated with growth, in addition to EFN induction, was assessed 1 week after leaf damage. Extrafloral nectar volumes were also assessed, every 24 hours, pre- and post-leaf damage. We confirmed our first, but rejected our second, hypothesis. All cultivars produced additional EFNs, but none increased extrafloral nectar volumes, when experiencing leaf damage. Further experimentation is required to determine if energetic tradeoffs limit multiple forms of defense (i.e., EFN vs. nectar induction), or if this alternative strategy is adaptive for attracting and retaining mutualists. Understanding the costs and benefits of EFN vs. nectar induction will provide insight into the evolution of defensive mutualisms between plants and predatory arthropods.

Multi-surrogate framework with an adaptive selection mechanism for production optimization

Data-driven surrogate models that assist with efficient evolutionary algorithms to find the optimal development scheme have been widely used to solve reservoir production optimization problems.However,existing research suggests that the effectiveness of a surrogate model can vary depending on the complexity of the design problem.A surrogate model that has demonstrated success in one scenario may not perform as well in others.In the absence of prior knowledge,finding a promising surrogate model that performs well for an unknown reservoir is challenging.Moreover,the optimization process often relies on a single evolutionary algorithm,which can yield varying results across different cases.To address these limitations,this paper introduces a novel approach called the multi-surrogate framework with an adaptive selection mechanism(MSFASM)to tackle production optimization problems.MSFASM consists of two stages.In the first stage,a reduced-dimensional broad learning system(BLS)is used to adaptively select the evolutionary algorithm with the best performance during the current optimization period.In the second stage,the multi-objective algorithm,non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II(NSGA-II),is used as an optimizer to find a set of Pareto solutions with good performance on multiple surrogate models.A novel optimal point criterion is utilized in this stage to select the Pareto solutions,thereby obtaining the desired development schemes without increasing the computational load of the numerical simulator.The two stages are combined using sequential transfer learning.From the two most important perspectives of an evolutionary algorithm and a surrogate model,the proposed method improves adaptability to optimization problems of various reservoir types.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method,four 100-dimensional benchmark functions and two reservoir models are tested,and the results are compared with those obtained by six other surrogate-model-based methods.The results demonstrate that our approach can obtain the maximum net present value(NPV)of the target production optimization problems.

Screening of Fungicides against Broad Bean Chocolate Spot(Botrytis fabae)

[ Objective] The paper was to select the effective fungicides to control broad bean chocolate spot. [ Method] Seven different fungicides were selected and sprayed in experimental fields in Jiangsu Yanjiang Area Agricultural Science Research Institute of China in 2012, and yield increase rate and control effect were calculated. [ Result] The control effects of mancozeb 80% WP and pyraclostrobin ＋ metiram 60% WDG against broad bean chocolate spot were 80.88% - 89.26%, and the yield increase rates were 10.85% -41.73%. Mancozeb 80% WP and pyraclostrobin ＋ metiram 60% WG should have beautiful prospect against broad bean chocolate spot owing to excellent control effect and increase yield. [ Conclusion] The study provided reference for field control against broad bean choc- olate spot.

Combined Action of Copper with IAA on Individual Amino Acids and Microelement in Pods of Two Broad Bean Cultivars

It is worthy to mention that the two broad bean cultivars displayed a surprising situation during the fruiting stage of growth. The absolute amount of pods yield was higher in cv. Assiut 125 than in cv. Assiut 84. This situation was in contrast with that in the vegetative stage, where cv. Assiut 84 produced greater vegetative growth than cv. Assiut 125. Although the cv. Assiut 84 was less affected by the highest dose of copper, the cv. Assiut 125 was greatly affected by this dose. However, another surprising situation was recorded when the absolute values of fresh and dry matter of cv. Assiut 125 were much higher than cv. Assiut 84 at any used copper concentration. The fresh matters of the pods of cv. Assiut 84 and cv. Assiut 125 were 7.24 and 10.16 gm at the level of control and 6.69 and 7.59 gm at the level of 350 ppm Cu, respectively. Their dry matters were 1.99 and 3.52 gm at the level of control and 1.77 and 2.13 gm at the level of 350 ppm Cu2+ in cv. Assiut 84 and cv. Assiut 125, respectively. This contradiction was also extended when these copper-affected cultivars were sprayed by IAA. The cv. Assiut 84 responded slightly to IAA treatment. On the other hand, a considerable increase in the dry matter yield was recorded in the pods of cv. Assiut 125 at any used level of copper when compared to the non-sprayed plants treated by the same copper concentration. At the level of 350 ppm Cu2+ , the pod yield was 2-fold that of plants treated only by 350 ppm Cu2+ , without IAA spraying. Thus, even IAA behaved differently in its effect on the crop yield of the two tested broad bean cultivars. There are big and surprising variations in the accumulation of microelements and heavy metals in pods among the two broad bean genotypes, whatever the treatments used. These variations seemed to be complicated which might need further studies. The concentration of amino acids and their individuals also varied among the two cultivars;they increased in cv. Assiut 84 and decreased in cv. Assiut 125. The increased amino acids in cv. Assiut 84 are mostly used as precursors for phytochelatins. For the previous studies, thus the present work was conducted to explain the effect of Cu and interactive effect with IAA on two selected broad bean cultivars Assiut 84 and Assiut 125 during yielding production.

The Potential Role of Cu²⁺and Combined Action with IAA on Tolerance Strategy of Two Broad Bean Cultivars

The present work was conducting to study the strategy response of two broad bean cultivars Assiut 84 and Assiut 125 to different Cu2+ concentrations 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm and 350 ppm in addition to control and interactions with IAA treatments. The dry matter exhibited the biphasic effect of Cu2+ on the growth criteria of the two broad bean cultivars. While the lower and moderate doses of Cu2+ (100 ppm and 200 ppm) stimulated the growth of the two cultivars, the higher doses revealed the opposite event where the growth dropped in both cultivars. This effect was more pronounced in cv. Assiut 84 than in cv. Assiut 125 and also at the higher Cu2+ concentration the growth dropped slightly in cv. Assiut 84 and highly significantly in cv. Assiut 125. The percent of increase in dry matter at 200 ppm in stem and leaf of cv. Assiut 84 was 120.45% and 155.31%, otherwise this percent of increase in these organs of cv. Assiut 125 was 114.29% and 131.41%. However the percent of reduction at 350 ppm Cu2+ in root and stem of cv. Assiut 84 was 74.13%, 79.23% and in root, stem and leaf of cv. Assiut 125 was 59.27%, 70.91%, 70.76% compared with control plants. Soluble carbohydrate in cv. Assiut 84 and cv. Assiut 125 was markedly increased while soluble protein was decreased in root, stem and in leaves at lower Cu2+ concentration. Also while Cu2+-stressed cv. Assiut 84 maintained potassium and magnesium levels around the control values and some promotion occurred especially in roots and stems, these cations dropped markedly in cv. Assiut 125 as a result of Cu2+ treatments. While Cu2+ had a marked stimulatory effect in the absorption and accumulation of calcium in the different organs of cv. Assiut 84, it, on the other hand, significantly inhibited the accumulation of this cation in the different organs of cv. Assiut 125. Treatments broad bean cultivars with Cu2+ plus IAA induced an increase in growth parameters, soluble suga, soluble protein, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ in different parts of two tested cultivars. The uptake, translocation and distribution of mineral ions are affected by various growth regulators among others by IAA. This strategy might be important in heavy metals tolerance mechanisms of crop plants.

Interactive Effect of Sewage Sludge Application with Phytohormones IAA or SA on Three Broad Bean Cultivars

The present work has been performed to study the growth and metabolic activities of three broad bean cultivars (Giza 843, Sakha 1, and Giza 716) which are shown to have different response to sewage sludge applications and to determine the effects of phytohormones IAA or SA. Along with identifying the mechanisms of broad bean response and the role of growth regulators (200 ppm of IAA or 10 mM of SA) in counteract sewage sludge effects is examined. The situation can be recorded that growth parameters fresh, dry matter and water content of pods were significantly increased as increasing SSL in cultivars 843 and in Sakha up to 70% level. However, these parameters were markedly decreased as increasing SSL in cv. Giza 716. Length and number of pods were unchanged in cv. Sakha 1, increased in cv. Giza 843 while they decreased in cv. Giza 716 with increasing SSL. Phytohormonal application stimulated growth parameters in pods of three tested cultivars Giza 843, Sakha 1 and Giza 716 with sewage treatments. Soluble sugar and soluble protein content decreased as increasing SSL in both cv. Sakha 1 and cv. Giza 716. In cv. Giza 843, soluble sugar was significantly increased while soluble protein was decreased as increasing SSL. Proline content was unchanged in cv. Sakha 1, increased in cv. Giza 716 while decreased in cv. Giza 843. Metabolites (soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline) showed variations in three broad bean cultivars to IAA or SA application plus sewage sludge treatments. In cv. Giza 716 SS treatment increased Zn, Ni, PB and Cu. In cv. Giza 843 SS treatment decreased Zn, Pb, and Cu while increased Ni. In cv. Sakha 1 SS treatment decreased Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu. Phytohormonal treatments showed an increasing or decreasing effect in heavy metal in three tested cultivars.

A Broad Spectrum Identification Approach for Two Generations of epsps GM Soybeans

In order to accurately identify the first and second generations of epsps genetically modified(GM) soybeans and related products,a broad spectrum identification approach was established using the real time Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) principle according to the homology of epsps genes of the first and second generations of GM soybeans.A pair of primer and probe was designed to simultaneously identify exogenous gene epsps of two generations of GM soybeans.Besides,evaluation was carried out on this approach from the accuracy,specificity,sensitivity and reproducibility.The experimental results indicated that(ⅰ) although there is certain difference in epsps gene sequence between the first and second generations of epsps genetically modified(GM) soybeans,the established approach can simultaneously detect the epsps genes of the bean curd using two generations of soybean as raw materials;(ⅱ) in the accuracy and specificity experiment,only cp4-epsps genes of two generations of GM soybeans were detected,so this approach has high specificity and accuracy;(ⅲ) in the experiment of 5 copies of epsps genes of 40 repeated identification reaction systems,5 copies of epsps genes can be detected each time,therefore at 100% confidence level,this approach can identify 5 copies of epsps genes,showing that this approach has high sensitivity and reproducibility.

Multi-effects and Mechanism of Broad Beau M_1 Root-tip Cells Implanted by Low Energy N^+ Beam

Broad beans were divided into six groups and implanted with N+ beam of 30 KeV, 8 × 1016/cm2 per time for various radiating times respectively. Besides the statistics of its vigor of germination, the M1 root-tip cells of these broad beans were systematically analyzed on their changes in mitotic percentage, morphology and behavior of chromosomes, along with the structure o f cytoskeletons, including microtubule and intermediate filament. Based on all results of these studies, our opinions have been expressed in the report on the mechanism of low-energy N+ beams effecting on higher dicotyledons such as broad beau.

Photoluminescence and Ce^(3+)→Tb^(3+)→Eu^(3+) Energy Transfer Processes of the Ce^(3+)/Tb^(3+)/Eu^(3+)-doped β-NaYF_(4) Phosphors with Broadened Excitation Spectrum

Ce^(3+)/Tb^(3+) co-doped and Ce^(3+)/Tb^(3+)/Eu^(3+) tri-doped β-NaYF_(4) photoluminescent microcrystals using oleic acid as surfactant were synthesized using the solvothermal method.Their microstructural characteristics and photoluminescence properties were investigated in detail.They have the shape of hexagonal prism bipyramids with uniform particle size,which decreases with the concentrations of Tb^(3+) and Eu^(3+).The energy transfer processes of both the Ce^(3+)→Tb^(3+) and the Ce^(3+)→Tb^(3+)→Eu^(3+) were systematically studied.Compared with Eu^(3+) or Tb^(3+) single-doped β-NaYF_(4) microcrystals,the sensitization by Ce^(3+) for the photoluminescence of Tb^(3+) and Eu^(3+) leads to a broad excitation spectral bandwidth in the ultraviolet (UV) range.Meanwhile,the corresponding optical absorption efficiency is greatly enhanced.High energy transfer efficiencies have been observed from Ce^(3+) to Tb^(3+) and from Tb^(3+) to Eu^(3+).

A Broad Learning-Driven Network Traffic Analysis System Based on Fog Computing Paradigm

The development of communication technologies which support traffic-intensive applications presents new challenges in designing a real-time traffic analysis architecture and an accurate method that suitable for a wide variety of traffic types.Current traffic analysis methods are executed on the cloud,which needs to upload the traffic data.Fog computing is a more promising way to save bandwidth resources by offloading these tasks to the fog nodes.However,traffic analysis models based on traditional machine learning need to retrain all traffic data when updating the trained model,which are not suitable for fog computing due to the poor computing power.In this study,we design a novel fog computing based traffic analysis system using broad learning.For one thing,fog computing can provide a distributed architecture for saving the bandwidth resources.For another,we use the broad learning to incrementally train the traffic data,which is more suitable for fog computing because it can support incremental updates of models without retraining all data.We implement our system on the Raspberry Pi,and experimental results show that we have a 98%probability to accurately identify these traffic data.Moreover,our method has a faster training speed compared with Convolutional Neural Network(CNN).

Higher degree moment tensor inversion of Mani earthquake using far-field broadband recording

Breakthrough point source model, extended earthquake source model is used to calculate more seismic source parameters in this paper. We express seismic source using higher degree moment tensors, to reduce a Iarge number terms originally presenting in higher degree moment tensor representation, Haskell rupture model is used. We in verted the source parameters of Mani earthquake in Tibet using broad-band body wave of 32 stations of Global Seismograph Network (GSN), the results show that it is a strike-slip fault, rupture direction is 75°, rupture duration is 19 s, the fault plan is φ=77°， δ5=88°, A=0°, the auxiliare plane is φ=347°, δ=90°, k=178°, and the fault dimension is 47 km×28 km. These results will give new quantitative data for earth dynamics and have practical meaning for seismic source tomography research.