Characterizing and Estimating Fungal Disease Severity of Rice Brown Spot with Hyperspectral Reflectance Data

Large-scale farming of agriculture crops requires real-time detection of disease for field pest management. Hyperspectral remote sensing data generally have high spectral resolution, which could be very useful for detecting disease stress in green vegetation at the leaf and canopy levels. In this study, hyperspectral reflectances of rice in the laboratory and field were measured to characterize the spectral regions and wavebands, which were the most sensitive to rice brown spot infected by Bipolaris oryzae （Helminthosporium oryzae Breda. de Hann）. Leaf reflectance increased at the ranges of 450 to 500 nm and 630 to 680 nm with the increasing percentage of infected leaf surface, and decreased at the ranges of 520 to 580 nm, 760 to 790 nm, 1550 to 1750 nm, and 2080 to 2350 nm with the increasing percentage of infected leaf surface respectively. The sensitivity analysis and derivative technique were used to select the sensitive wavebands for the detection of rice brown spot infected by B. oryzae. Ratios of rice leaf reflectance were evaluated as indicators of brown spot. R669/R746 （the reflectance at 669 nm divided by the reflectance at 746 nm, the following ratios may be deduced by analogy）, R702/R718, R692/R530, R692/R732, R535/R746, R521/R718, and R569/R718 increased significantly as the incidence of rice brown spot increased regardless of whether it＇s at the leaf or canopy level. R702/R718, R692/R530, R692/R732 were the best three ratios for estimating the disease severity of rice brown spot at the leaf and canopy levels. This result not only confirms the capability of hyperspectral remote sensing data in characterizing crop disease for precision pest management in the real world, but also testifies that the ratios of crop reflectance is a useful method to estimate crop disease severity.

Analysis of Meteorological Condition for Infection of the Pathogen of Tobacco Brown Spot (Alternaria alternate)

[Objective] The paper was to understand the suitable meteorological indexes and key meteorological factors for infection and prevalence of tobacco brown spot. [ Method] Tobacco brown spot disease in five topical mountainous climatic areas of Guizhou Province was investigated, and the difference of biological characteristics of different strains was analyzed indoor. Different meteorological conditions （light, temperature and humidity） were simulated in artificial climate box by using the uniform design method, and the difference of infection ability of Alternaria alternate in different climate zones was analyzed in leaves in vitro by hanging drop method. [ Result] The infection rate of A. alternate in different climate zones of Guizhou Province showed certain difference. In low temperature and mid- die humidity （the humidity is 50% -60%, the temperature is 10 -20 ℃） conditions, the pathogen could infect tobacco leaves, various strains had certain difference, but the difference was small. [ Conclusion] The paper provided theoretical basis for prevalence prediction and control of tobacco brown spot.

Comparative transcriptome profiling of two maize near-isogenic lines differing in the allelic state for bacterial brown spot disease resistance

The bacterial brown spot disease（BBS）, caused primarily by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall（Pss）, reduces plant vigor, yield and quality in maize. To reveal the nature of the defense mechanisms and identify genes involved in the effective host resistance, the dynamic changes of defense transcriptome triggered by the infection of Pss were investigated and compared between two maize near-isogenic lines（NILs）. We found that Pss infection resulted in a sophisticated transcriptional reprogramming of several biological processes and the resistant NIL employed much faster defense responses than the susceptible NIL. Numerous genes encoding essential components of plant basal resistance would be able to be activated in the susceptible NIL, such as PEN1, PEN2, PEN3, and EDR1, however, in a basic manner, such resistance might not be sufficient for suppressing Pss pathogenesis. In addition, the expressions of a large number of PTI-, ETI-, PR-, and WRKY-related genes were pronouncedly activated in the resistant NIL, suggesting that maize employ a multitude of defense pathways to defend Pss infection. Six R-gene homologs were identified to have significantly higher expression levels in the resistant NIL at early time point, indicating that a robust surveillance system（gene-to-gene model） might operate in maize during Pss attacks, and these homolog genes are likely to be potential candidate resistance genes involved in BBS disease resistance. Furthermore, a holistic group of novel pathogen-responsive genes were defined, providing the repertoire of candidate genes for further functional characterization and identification of their regulation patterns during pathogen infection.

Characterizing and estimating rice brown spot disease severity using stepwise regression,principal component regression and partial least-square regression

Detecting plant health conditions plays a key role in farm pest management and crop protection. In this study, measurement of hyperspectral leaf reflectance in rice crop (Oryzasativa L.) was conducted on groups of healthy and infected leaves by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae (Helminthosporium oryzae Breda. de Hann) through the wavelength range from 350 to 2 500 nm. The percentage of leaf surface lesions was estimated and defined as the disease severity. Statistical methods like multiple stepwise regression, principal component analysis and partial least-square regression were utilized to calculate and estimate the disease severity of rice brown spot at the leaf level. Our results revealed that multiple stepwise linear regressions could efficiently estimate disease severity with three wavebands in seven steps. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) for training (n=210) and testing (n=53) dataset were 6.5% and 5.8%, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that the first principal component could explain approximately 80% of the variance of the original hyperspectral reflectance. The regression model with the first two principal components predicted a disease severity with RMSEs of 16.3% and 13.9% for the training and testing dataset, respec-tively. Partial least-square regression with seven extracted factors could most effectively predict disease severity compared with other statistical methods with RMSEs of 4.1% and 2.0% for the training and testing dataset, respectively. Our research demon-strates that it is feasible to estimate the disease severity of rice brown spot using hyperspectral reflectance data at the leaf level.

云南省烟草赤星病(Tobacco brown spot)病原研究及其防治药剂的筛选

对云南省烟草赤星病 (Tobaccobrownspot) 1 2个代表菌株进行了培养性状、形态特征和致病力测定以及防治药剂筛选。结果表明 :它们属于长柄链格孢菌 (Aiternariaiongipes (EltetEV .)Fisdetwadk)和链格孢菌 (Aiternariaalternata(Fr.)keissl.) ,以后者居多。两者的菌落形态相似 ,温度反应一致 ;最低、最适、最高生长温度分别为 5℃ ,2 4℃ - 2 8℃和36℃。大多数链格孢菌的致病力比长柄链格孢菌致病力强。保鲜剂西奇爱是一种高效无毒无残留的理想防治药剂。

Evaluation of Resistance of Different Kiwifruit Varieties (Lines) to Canker Disease and Brown Spot Disease

Kiwifruit canker and brown spot are significant diseases affecting kiwis,caused by Pseudomonas syringae patho-genic variations(Pseudomonas syringae pv.Actinidiae(Psa))and Corynesporapolytica(Corynespora cassiicola).At present,the research on canker disease and brown spot disease mainly focuses on the isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria,drug control,resistance gene mining and functional verification.Practice has proved that breeding disease resistant varieties are an effective method to control canker disease and brown spot disease.However,most existing cultivars lack genes for canker and brown spot resistance.Wild kiwifruit resources in nat-ure exhibit extensive genetic diversity due to prolonged natural selection,containing numerous resistance genes.But,due to insufficient understanding of the resistance of most kiwifruit varieties(lines)to canker disease and brown spot disease,some high-quality resources have not been fully utilized.The incidence of canker and brown spot of 18 kiwifruit cultivars(lines)was measured by inoculating isolated branches and leaves,and their resistance to canker and brown spot was analyzed according to the length,disease index,mean diameter,and systematic clustering.The results were as follows:Among 18 different kiwifruit varieties(lines)for canker disease,there were two highly resistant materials,eight disease-resistant materials,four disease-susceptible materials,and two highly susceptible materials.Moreover,regarding brown spot disease,there were one highly resistant material,five dis-ease-resistant materials,four susceptible materials,and three highly susceptible materials.Furthermore,four resources were resistant to both diseases.The outcomes provided a theoretical basis for breeding kiwifruit against canker and brown spot.

Characterization of the Rice Canopy Infested with Brown Spot Disease Using Field Hyperspectral Data

Based on the field hyperspectral data from the analytical spectral devices （ASD） spectrometer, we characterized the spectral properties of rice canopies infested with brown spot disease and selected spectral regions and bands sensitive to four severity degrees （severe, moderate, light, and healthy）. The results show that the curves＇ variation on the original and the first- and second-order de- rivative curves are greatly different, but the spectral difference in the near-infrared region is the most obvious for each level. Specifically, the peaks are located at 822, 738, and 793 nm, while the valleys are located at 402, 570, and 753 run, respectively. The sensitive regions are between 430-520, 530-550, and 650-710 nm, and the bands are 498, 539, and 673 nm in the sensitivity analysis, while they are in the ranges of 401-530, 550-730 as well as at 498 nm and 678 nm in the continuum removal.

龙牙百合褐斑病病原的鉴定、生物学特性及室内药剂筛选

为明确龙牙百合褐斑病病原,采集龙牙百合褐斑病典型症状的叶片,进行病原物分离、纯化和致病性测定,结合病原菌形态学观察及其rDNA-ITS、gapdh、tef1、RPB2和Alt a1等基因的序列分析,确定引起龙牙百合褐斑病的病原菌为枝状链格孢Alternaria arborescens。采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了光照、温度、pH值、碳源、氮源和不同培养基等处理对该病原菌生长的影响,并测定了病原菌对7种杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,最适合菌丝生长的条件为温度25℃,pH值5.0,碳源为蔗糖,氮源为牛肉浸膏,培养基为马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基;菌落致死温度为50℃。在7种参试药剂中,木霉菌抑制作用最强,其半数效应浓度(EC_(50))和90%效应浓度(EC_(90))值最低,分别是8.758×10^(-5)和0.198 mg·L^(-1);噁唑菌酮代森锰锌的毒力最低,EC_(50)和EC_(90)值分别为13.713和816.937 mg·L^(-1)。本研究结果为龙牙百合褐斑病菌的精准防控提供了理论依据。

新疆大果沙枣果实褐斑病菌主要生物学特性及室内药剂筛选

明确沙枣果实褐斑病菌(Alternaria alternata)的主要生物学特征并室内筛选防治药剂,可为沙枣果实褐斑病的科学研究和化学防控奠定一定的理论基础。采用菌丝生长速率法,通过测定新疆大果沙枣果实褐斑病病菌在不同碳源种类、温度、pH值和光照条件下的生长速率,初步明确该病原菌的主要生物学特性;通过室内毒力试验,根据毒力回归方程求得的各杀菌剂抑菌中浓度(EC50),筛选对病原菌具有较强抑菌效果的药剂。结果表明:除光照条件外,其他3种因素均对病原菌丝生长具有显著影响,其中最适培养基为以葡萄糖为碳源的PDA培养基,最适生长温度为(26±1)℃,最适pH值为7左右,最适光照条件为24 h全光照;不同药剂对大果沙枣果实褐斑病原菌的毒力存在明显差异,其中,25%吡唑嘧菌酯(23.099 mg/L)、43%戊唑醇(24.060 mg/L)、40%氟硅唑(36.454 mg/L)和80%代森锰锌的EC50(97.207 mg/L)均低于100 mg/L,对病原菌具有较强毒力。对沙枣果实褐斑病菌主要生物学特性的研究明确了该菌的最佳生长环境,为后期的进一步研究提供了技术支持。室内筛选的4种杀菌剂可以作为田间防治试验的备选药剂。

烟草赤星病拮抗菌YZ01发酵条件优化及抑菌活性物质初探

由链格孢菌Alternariaalternata引起的赤星病是烟草上的主要叶部病害之一,常常造成巨大的经济损失。对烟草赤星病菌具有显著拮抗活性的菌株YZ01进行鉴定、活性物质探究及发酵条件优化,可为烟草赤星病的防治提供菌种资源,为指导其实际生产应用奠定基础。通过形态学、生理生化特征及16S rRNA和gyrA基因序列系统发育分析,鉴定菌株YZ01为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillusvelezensis。无菌滤液抑菌试验发现贝莱斯芽胞杆菌YZ0110%无菌滤液对烟草赤星病菌Alternariaalternata的抑菌率为86.56%,对苹果腐烂病菌Valsa mali、辣椒疫霉病菌Phytophthora capsici、番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、苹果炭疽叶枯病菌Colletotrichum fructicola的抑菌率为100.00%。进一步研究发现,贝莱斯芽胞杆菌YZ01发酵液可使烟草赤星病菌菌丝细胞结构受损,导致其原生质体外渗,从而抑制菌丝生长,其发酵液抑菌活性成分主要为脂肽及蛋白类物质。单因素试验法和正交实验优化菌株YZ01的最佳发酵培养基配方为葡萄糖0.50%、胰蛋白胨1.50%和磷酸氢二钾1.50%。发酵液稳定性测定发现,其抑菌活性受温度、pH和紫外处理的影响较小。综上所述,该结果为烟草赤星病的生物防治提供了菌种资源,也为后续田间应用奠定了基础。

氟唑菌酰羟胺对烟草赤星病的防效及对烟叶和土壤的安全性

为明确烟草赤星病菌对新型杀菌剂氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性水平以及该药在烟叶和土壤中的安全性,采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定了烟草赤星病菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性,并在云南、四川、贵州、福建、重庆等省市开展了田间防效试验,分析了其在烟叶上的残留降解,同时采用高通量测序分析了其对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和共发生网络的影响。结果表明,烟草赤星病菌在不同发育阶段对氟唑菌酰羟胺敏感性差异较大,其中菌丝生长阶段最为敏感,对169株病株的EC50值为0.0064~0.1832 mg/L。氟唑菌酰羟胺2次施药对烟草赤星病的田间防效达到69.42%~88.09%,并增加了烟叶产量。另外,氟唑菌酰羟胺在鲜烟叶和干烟叶的降解半衰期范围为3.2~8.8 d。氟唑菌酰羟胺使用后土壤中链霉菌属、假单胞菌属、木霉菌属、拟青霉属等有益菌显著富集,且细菌和真菌共发生网络的复杂度增加。因此,氟唑菌酰羟胺可用于烟草赤星病的防治。

施用多抗霉素后烟叶叶际微生态变化规律

多抗霉素常用于防控烟草叶斑类病害,为探究其施用后烟叶叶际微生态的变化规律,采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析了其施用后不同时期叶际微生物的菌群结构与多样性,利用Biolog-ECO技术解析了叶际微生物代谢功能。结果表明:多抗霉素施用前,健康与感病烟叶叶际真菌均主要分布于子囊菌门(64.20%、94.05%)和担子菌门(6.77%、2.40%);细菌均主要分布于变形菌门(7.16%、38.81%)和厚壁菌门(16.00%、0.78%);健康烟叶叶际真菌和细菌的多样性指数显著高于感病烟叶;健康烟叶叶际微生物代谢活性强于感病烟叶。多抗霉素施用后,感病烟叶中链格孢属、Boeremia、泛菌属、假单胞菌属的相对丰度均先降低后增加,而枝孢霉属、附球菌属、亚隔孢壳属、Symmetrospora、Stagonosporopsis、鞘氨醇单胞属等的相对丰度均先增加后降低;健康烟叶中链格孢属、附球菌属、Symmetrospora、Stagonosporopsis、鞘氨醇单胞属的相对丰度均先增加后降低,而枝孢霉属、Boeremia、泛菌属、假单胞菌属的相对丰度总体均呈下降趋势。感病烟叶叶际真菌和细菌多样性总体呈上升趋势,而健康烟叶的真菌多样性呈上升趋势、细菌多样性呈下降趋势。在代谢功能方面,多抗霉素施用后,感病与健康烟叶叶际微生物对31种碳源代谢均受到不同程度抑制,代谢活性随施药时间延长逐渐恢复。研究结果揭示了多抗霉素施用后烟叶叶际微生物菌群结构和多样性的变化规律,可为杀菌剂防控植物病害的微生态机制的研究提供参考。多抗霉素对健康烟叶菌群结构和微生物代谢的影响均高于感病烟叶,建议该药剂在生产上作为一种预防保护剂施用效果最佳。

不同水曲柳褐斑病病级叶片的微生物多样性

为探究染褐斑病不同程度的水曲柳叶片微生物多样性和主要致病微生物,分析防治方法以维护水曲柳人工林生态安全、提升其经济效益,在帽儿山实验林场采集染褐斑病不同程度的叶片,采用高通量测序技术,测定并分析水曲柳叶片微生物群落结构和物种组成。3组样品感病前后共得到1 026个真菌分类操作单元(Operational Taxonomic Unit,OUT)及322个细菌OUT。在细菌中,变形菌门和放线菌门为优势菌门;鞘氨醇单胞菌属、醋酸杆菌属、短根瘤菌属等为主要优势属。在真菌中,担子菌门和子囊菌门为优势菌门;维希尼克氏酵母属、壳针孢属、汉纳酵母属为优势菌属。3组样品细菌多样性及群落结构无明显差异,真菌多样性及群落结构差异性显著,初步推测尾孢菌属为病原菌,但其致病性有待进一步研究。

桑褐斑病病原菌的分离鉴定及高通量测序分析

桑褐斑病是一种发生较为普遍的真菌性病害。从陕西安康蚕桑主产区收集桑褐斑病病样,结合科赫氏法则,采用形态学及分子生物学的方法对桑褐斑病病原菌进行分离鉴定;使用高通量测序技术,确定桑褐斑病病原菌的主要类群;通过水合氯醛透明反应观察桑褐斑病病原菌在宿主桑树叶片中的定植状态。结果表明,侵染陕西安康桑树的桑褐斑病病原菌为桑新褐斑壳丰孢Neophloeospora maculans;病原菌在PDA培养基上呈白色,生长速度缓慢,分生孢子为透明圆柱形,两端逐渐变细,有隔膜;菌丝主要寄生在桑叶的气孔与叶脉周边;病原菌rDNA序列全长5512 bp,GC含量51.16%。上述结果确定了侵染陕西安康蚕桑主产区桑褐斑病病原菌的种类,为桑褐斑病的防治提供了理论依据。

感赤星病与健康烟叶在腈菌唑应用后的叶际微生态

为了解腈菌唑在防控赤星病时,烟叶叶际微生物菌群结构与代谢功能的差异,采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析了感病与健康烟叶真菌和细菌的菌群结构与多样性特征,采用Biolog-ECO技术分析其代谢功能。结果表明,药前感病烟叶与健康烟叶叶际真菌有链格孢属、谷菌根菌属、Boeremia、枝孢霉属等,其中链格孢属为优势菌属;叶际细菌有科萨克氏菌属、泛菌属、甲基杆菌属等,其中科萨克氏菌属为优势菌属;感病烟叶链格孢属和科萨克氏菌属相对丰度均高于健康烟叶。每667 m~2采用15%腈菌唑微乳剂60 mL处理5、10、15 d时,感病烟叶叶际真菌链格孢属和枝孢霉属相对丰度均降低,附球菌属和亚隔孢壳属相对丰度均先降低后增加;健康烟叶叶际真菌链格孢属、Symmetrospora、亚隔孢壳属的相对丰度均下降。感病烟叶叶际细菌科萨克氏菌属相对丰度在施药5 d时降低,10 d和15 d时增加,假单胞菌属与之相反;健康烟叶叶际细菌泛菌属、假单胞菌属相对丰度在施药5 d和10 d时降低,15 d时增加。感病烟叶叶际微生物代谢活性弱于健康烟叶,叶际微生物对除α-丁酮酸、L-苏氨酸和4-羟基苯甲酸外的碳源代谢均较强。腈菌唑应用后,感病与健康烟叶叶际微生物的代谢活性均下降,其代谢活性均随施药时间的延长而逐渐恢复。研究结果揭示了腈菌唑施用不同时期感病与健康烟叶组织叶际微生态变化差异,为腈菌唑防控烟草赤星病的科学应用提供了参考依据。

贵州滇重楼褐斑病病原菌鉴定及10种杀菌剂的室内毒力测定

【目的】探明贵州滇重楼褐斑病的病原菌,以及筛选有效防治褐斑病的药剂,为滇重楼褐斑病的有效防控提供科学依据。【方法】从贵州省织金县滇重楼褐斑病病株叶片上分离致病菌,结合形态学鉴定、rDNA-ITS和β-tublin基因系统发育分析,确定致病菌菌种,采用菌丝生长速率法测定40%咯菌腈悬浮剂、40%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂等6种化学杀菌剂和80%乙蒜素乳油、3%中生菌素可湿性粉剂等4种生物杀菌剂的抑制效果。【结果】确定致病菌为燕麦镰孢菌,10种杀菌剂对燕麦镰孢菌菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,相对抑制率与药剂浓度呈正相关关系。化学杀菌剂中40%苯醚甲环唑和50%多菌灵抑菌效果最佳,EC_(50)分别为0.0279 mg/L和0.5207 mg/L;生物杀菌剂中0.3%丁子香酚抑菌效果最佳,EC_(50)为6.8288 mg/L。【结论】贵州滇重楼褐斑病病原菌为燕麦镰孢菌,田间防治可将40%苯醚甲环唑、50%多菌灵、0.3%丁子香酚作为候选药剂交替或复配使用,以提高药效和避免病菌产生抗性。

不同成熟度烟叶赤星病防控药剂筛选研究

为评价不同成熟度(成熟、适熟、未熟)烟叶对烟草赤星病的感病性及杀菌剂对烟草赤星病的防控效果,测定了3种成熟度烟叶对赤星病的感病性,并分别选择适熟烟叶及混合烟叶作为病情指数调查对象,评价了15种杀菌剂(12.50%腈菌唑ME、325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯SC、57.60%氢氧化铜WDG、40%菌核净WP、8%井冈霉素SL、80%波尔多液WP、50%醚菌酯WDG、10%苯醚甲环唑WDG、12%苯甲·氟酰胺SC、25%嘧菌酯SC、400 g/L氯氟醚·吡唑酯SC、10%多抗霉素WP、38%唑醚·啶酰菌WDG、200 g/L氟酰羟·苯甲唑SC和80%代森锰锌WP)对烟草赤星病的田间防效。结果表明,烟草上部未熟烟叶对赤星病抗性最强,其次依次为中部适熟烟叶和下部成熟烟叶。15种杀菌剂对赤星病表现出不同的防治效果,2种调查方法的防效在325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯SC、57.60%氢氧化铜WDG等12种药剂处理时防效均较为一致。325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯SC(药后5 d防效分别为100%和85.64%,10 d时分别为57.14%和64.92%)、12%苯甲·氟酰胺SC(82.81%和87.56%,50%和70.82%)、25%嘧菌酯SC(100%和81.75%,50%和53.93%)、38%唑醚·啶酰菌WDG(100%和89.18%,77.78%和58%)及200 g/L氟酰羟·苯甲唑SC(86.74%和92.84%,92.86%和81.79%)的防效均较好;在施药15 d时,25%嘧菌酯SC(56.46%和54.95%)和200 g/L氟酰羟·苯甲唑SC(60.90%和55.95%)的防效仍较好。综上,325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯SC、12%苯甲·氟酰胺SC、25%嘧菌酯SC、38%唑醚·啶酰菌WDG及200 g/L氟酰羟·苯甲唑SC 5种药剂对适熟及混合烟叶烟草赤星病的防治效果较好,可用于烟草赤星病的防控。

餐厨垃圾发酵饲料替代部分基础日粮对肉鸡生长性能和肉质风味的影响

【目的】将餐厨垃圾发酵产生的饲料部分替代基础日粮饲喂麻黄肉鸡,评价其可行性和有效性,以期为餐厨垃圾饲料资源化利用和推广提供基础数据。【方法】选取1日龄麻黄肉鸡,分别在基础日粮中添加0%(CK)、10%、20%发酵餐厨垃圾饲料(Fermented kitchen waste feed,FKWF),并相应减少等量的基础日粮。试验期63 d,测定麻黄肉鸡的生长性能、屠宰性能和鸡肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙、磷、锌、硒、肌苷酸和氨基酸等营养性能指标。【结果】肉鸡生长性能结果显示,10%、20%FKWF组肉鸡与CK组之间的料重比差异不显著,但10%FKWF组肉鸡增重最高。屠宰性能结果显示,10%、20%FKWF组肉鸡肤色、肌肉组织弹性、pH和气味均无异常,与CK组相比脏器系数差异不显著。鸡肉营养性能结果显示,10%、20%FKWF组鸡肉中粗蛋白含量较CK组分别增加7.50%和3.42%,磷含量分别显著增加11.44%和4.37%,肌苷酸含量分别显著增加7.10%和6.00%;10%、20%FKWF组鸡肉中鲜味氨基酸(FAA)、甜味氨基酸(SAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)和氨基酸总量(TAA)均显著高于CK;10%FKWF组中天门冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸和半胱氨酸较CK显著提高4.49%~12.79%;20%FKWF组中天门冬氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸较CK组显著提高3.37%~5.74%。【结论】餐厨垃圾发酵产生的生物饲料按一定比例替代肉鸡基础日粮是可行和有效的,可节省饲料成本,提高经济效益。

补骨脂种子提取物对链格孢菌生长及其侵染烟草的影响

为探究补骨脂种子提取物对烟草赤星病菌的作用效果及其对烟草抗氧化酶活性的影响,以烟草赤星病病原菌链格孢菌和云烟87为试验材料,研究了不同浓度补骨脂种子提取物处理下链格孢菌菌丝生长情况以及补骨脂种子提取物处理后接种链格孢菌的成熟烟叶中防御酶活性变化。结果表明,0.2%补骨脂种子提取物12.5 g/L对链格孢菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,处理3 d后抑制率达到74%以上,且具有浓度效应和时效性。0.2%补骨脂种子提取物2.5 g/L能提高烟草抗氧化酶活性,0.2%补骨脂种子提取物2.5 g/L处理24 h后接种链格孢菌,烟叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均较喷施蒸馏水对照显著提高。补骨脂种子提取物既可抑制链格孢菌菌丝生长,又能提高烟株抗氧化能力和抗病性,有助于抵御病原物入侵。本研究可为进一步研究补骨脂种子提取物提高植物抗病性的作用及其在防治烟草赤星病方面的应用提供参考。

几种杀菌剂对苹果斑点落叶病和褐斑病的防效

该试验以‘嘎拉’苹果为试材,开展几种杀菌剂对苹果斑点落叶病和褐斑病的防效试验。结果表明,67%唑醚·丙森锌SC 1000倍和1500倍液处理对苹果斑点落叶病的防效分别为89.46%和85.22%,对褐斑病的防效为96.50%和92.55%;25%吡唑醚菌酯SC 2000倍+43%戊唑醇SC 4000倍和25%吡唑醚菌酯SC 1500倍+43%戊唑醇SC 3000倍液处理对斑点落叶病的防效为81.07%和91.38%,对褐斑病的防效为84.97%和90.48%。均优于对照药剂百泰。试验说明67%唑醚·丙森锌SC,以及25%吡唑醚菌酯SC和富力库组合对苹果斑点落叶病和褐斑病具有良好的防治效果。