Communication Encourages Us and the Same Faith Unites Us:The Friendship Between the Buddhist Association of China and the World Fellowship of Buddhists

In May 1987,when lay master Mr.Zhao Puchu(赵朴初),then President of the Buddhist Association of China(BAC)traveled to Thailand,he paid a special visit to the Headquarters of the World Fellowship of Buddhists(WFB)and received a warm welcome from H.E.Professor Sanya Dharmasakti.

The Religious Influence on Morphology of Sinhalese Language

Sinhalese language(one of the national languages spoken in Sri Lanka)and culture have a long and continuous history,ingrained traditions,and highly differentiated social norms.The Sinhalese Buddhist community of Sri Lanka is broadly categorized into two groups,secular/layman(ɡṛhasthə>ɡihi)and mendicant/clergy(prəvrajitə>pævidi).According to this situation,the Sinhalese language depicts very significant usages among Indo-Aryan languages.Buddhism is the main factor for this differentiation.This paper mainly focused on the religious terms and their usages in Sinhalese.These terms show the hierarchical structure of the common Sri Lankan society,especially among layman and clergy.Some characteristic features which have been taken into account in this research paper are as follows:(1)Layman and clergy usages of Sinhalese(Separate set of nouns and verbs which are used to represent the clergy and secular in Sinhalese);(2)The hierarchical structure of usages of imperative forms in the context of religious and secular(superior,equal,and inferior);(3)Formal-Power base vs.Informal-Solidarity relationship;(4)Usage of different morphemes with the same meaning(semantically same usages are identified here with the different morphemes).As a result of the usages of religious and secular forms in Sinhalese the different morphological realizations with similar semantic values can be identified.The collection of relevant data from modern Sinhalese usages and text books and the analysis of them are used as the research methodology of this paper.

The Publication of the Piling Canon in the Late Qing

Piling Canon refers to a woodblock-printed Chinese Buddhist Canon during the late Qing Dynasty.Despite its historical significance,it has received limited attention from the academia,as its discovery took place after the turn of the 21st century.This study explores the background,supervisor,proofreader,engravers,donors,and other factors that contributed to the publication of the Piling Canon.It was supervised by Buddhist monk Qingrong in Changzhou Tianning Monastery from 1908 to 1926,due to the commission of Yang Wenhui.By investigating the historical records in the colophons of Piling Canon,we found that engraving locations are distributed in Hubei,Yangzhou,and Danyang which engravers operated in groups;the majority of donors were found to be individuals and group forms,social fundraising was included as well.It is noteworthy that Sheng Xuanhuai made a significant contribution in terms of funding.Furthermore,the production of the Piling Canon confirms to the commence of Buddhism revival,as Buddhist scriptures in Jiangnan regions were almost destroyed after the Taiping Rebellion.The research shed light on extensive participation of cultural celebrities,diverse donation forms,and excellent engraving,offering a vivid depiction of Buddhist belief and social landscape in Jiangnan region.

Chan Buddhism in Wilderness and the Buddhist Tourism

The culture of landscape constitutes one of the vital characteristics of Chinese culture,in which,Chan Buddhism is a typical kind of Buddhist culture expressed by the natural objects.Chinese Buddhism,represented by Chan School,is interpreted by the beautiful natural scenery,therefore it is closely related to the tourism from the ancient time.However,this link is to defend Buddhist tourism,which is inevitably criticized,since the secularization of sacred Buddhism,though Buddhist tourism is beneficial for life,society,economy,and Buddhism itself.But this sort of criticism is a misunderstanding of Chinese Buddhism since that Chinese Buddhism absorbs Zhuang Zi’s thought that“the ultimate truth(道)is in shit(屎尿)”1,so that it purports to the sacred dimension which is overlapped by the secular aspect.For example,the short poems composed by masters in Chan School“The Buddhist dharma is in this world,so that the enlightenment could not be realized outside of the human world”,“where there is bamboo and flower,there is dharma and prajna”,are the best way to express this kind of divine concept,moreover,Buddhist tourism is an effective practice to allocate this divine connotation.

Intention and Standing Image:Interpretation of the Aesthetic Intention of Arhat Portrait on Mount Wutai

Mount Wutai,a place endowed with fine spirits of humanities and prolific remains of Arhats portrait art.The existing Mount Wutai Arhats portrait spans the Ming,Qing,and Republic of China periods,and through the artistic creation of successive generations of literati painters,exquisite Arhats portraits are painted on different artistic carriers.On the basis of inheriting the traditional Chinese paradigm painting expression,the portrait of Mount Wutai Arhats constantly draws on folk nutrients.It integrates foreign Buddhist culture for refinement and sublimation.The reconstructed portrait pays attention to the image expression of its objects and the shaping of spiritual temperament.The shape is ancient and vivid,and the scene is ethereal and mysterious,which rationally expresses the Buddhist philosophy of generosity,benevolence and kindness,and contains unique oriental aesthetics.

Internet Through Mobile Phone and Its Cognitive and Behavioral Impact： Changing Sexuality

This study investigates how Internet media in the mobile phone influence on the cognitive and behavioral aspects of human sexuality. Sex is being deviating from socially accepted behaviors; ranging from bisexuality to homosexuality. Based on the qualitative methodology using particular case studies and textual analysis as well as survey research leading to quantitative methodology, this assumes of a transition of cultures as a result of the thorough impact of Internet towards society. In conclusion, lnternet implicit practices in the Mobile Phone in youth and teen societies storms a big change in sexuality, is also affecting towards the human cognitive and behavioral phases of the social life in traditional Buddhist rural village setting in Sri Lanka.

Restoration of Plant Landscapes in the Building Complex of Chanfu Temple and Wanfo Tower in Beihai Park

To restore plant landscapes in the building complex of Chanfu Temple and Wanfo Tower in Beihai Park, this paper proposed to review the historical development, explored plant selection and confi guration in Buddhist temple in the same period and same region, consulted literatures and fi gured out aesthetic intentions of the original owner. In addition, on the basis of further analysis of current situation and multiple bases as well as modern people's visiting and use needs, the paper gave suggestions for the plant confi guration of the temple.

The moderating effect of social cognitive factors on self-management activities and HbA1c in Thai adults with type-2 diabetes

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a serious chronic disease.Self-management strategies help persons with DM make choices which will develop skills needed to reach their goal of blood glucose control and allow them to be successful in reaching goals.Objective: To examine the impact of self-management activities on HbA1c for persons with DM and to examine the impact of social support,self-efficacy and Buddhist values as moderators on the relationship between the self-management activities and HbA1c.Method: This study is a cross-sectional design.The sample included 401 Thai adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes,aged 20-65 years old who had at least one HbA1c test in the last three months were recruited.Participants completed four questionnaires to measure self-management activities,as well as self-efficacy,Buddhist values and social support as moderating factors on self-management activities and HbA1 c,Results: The self-management activities were negatively associated (β =-2.05,p ≤ 0.001) with HbA1c.The Social support,self-efficacy and Buddhist values had a significant interaction effect between selfmanagement activities and HbA1c (β =-0.97,p ≤ 0.05,β =-0.18,p ≤ 0.05 and β =-2.76,p ≤ 0.001).Conclusion: The diabetes self-management activities were more strongly associated with HbA1c under conditions of high social support,self-efficacy and health beliefs with Buddhist values.Future interventions for T2DM self-management programs should incorporate mechanisms to measure and support these factors.

Buddhist Nuns in Early Medieval Japanese Sources （In Comparison With Tibetan Yoginis and Chinese Nuns）

A history of the formation of the first Buddhist Sangha in Japan in VI c. A.D. could serve as an example of the unique history of interaction between Buddhism and Japanese autochthonous religion Shinto. The first Buddhist Sangha in Japan, at the same time was also a female Buddhist community of nuns in this country. It could be assumed that the choice of the women, designed to embody the Dharma in Japan, was not accidental and was driven by the perception of the Buddha image at the time of its introduction in Japan in VI century, especially to compare with the hagiographies of Tibetan yoginis （Machig LabdrSn, Yeshe Tsogyal） and Chinese nuns （＂Bikuni Zhuan＂） of V-VII cc. With a number of similarities （persecutions of the anti-Buddhists, desire to receive a full knowledge of Dharma）, the information of the first Japanese nuns still differ considerably from the hagiographies of yoginis and Chinese Buddhist nuns. The activity of first Japanese nuns, consisted in the worship of the statue of the Buddha, rather remind the shamanistic responsibilities of the Shinto priestesses, who were the intermediates between people and gods. This is reflected in the early Japanese description of Buddhist monks and nuns in Nihon ShOki, Gangoji Garan Engi and Nihon ryOiM as the Shamanistic priests and guardians of the Buddha-imase with a special magical status, rather than the preachers of Dharma, in comparison with the Tibetan and Chinese sources.

Buddhist Nationalism as Social Movement in Political Transition:MaBaTha Movement in Myanmar

Aggressive Buddhist nationalism has emerged as a considerable societal issue in Myanmar and a threat to peaceful coexistence in this multi-religious and multi-ethnic country since the political transition.The paper argues that the integration of strong religious capacity and strong political needs is the main reason for the rapid development of Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar since 2011.To be specific,strong religious capacity provides possibilities,and strong political needs create the necessity for the rapid development of Buddhist nationalism.Taking the MaBaTha movement as an example,the paper concludes the developing trajectory and characteristics of the movement.In terms of strong religious capability of Buddhism,the authority and legitimacy of Buddhism in Myanmar lay the foundation for the emergence and expansion of MaBaTha;on the other hand,powerful social network of Buddhism and the extensive community service provided by Buddhist organizations makes MaBaTha have strong mobilization capabilities.In terms of strong domestic political needs,the economic and social realities during the period of political transition made MaBaTha’s claims be widely accepted in Myanmar,and political elites’mobilization form was the driving force for the organization’s rapid development.Finally,four suggestions are put forward on how to tackle the challenges brought by Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar.

The Mythical Foundation of Logic and Its Impact on Metaphysics of Exclusion

Exclusion is the very foundation of western metaphysics.Metaphysics as science of being qua being is founded upon concept of exclusion.Thus,to be is to be an excluding and excluded.Thus,being is a mutual exclusionary relationship between two opposites.Accordingly,exclusion is the most fundamental principle upon which the western metaphysical and logical system is based.Such exclusion can be traced to the very beginning of a Greek civilization,namely,the Greek creation myth.The author argues in this paper that the dominated western exclusionary culture has led to major conflicts.Currently it comes to an end as representing a major universal crisis at many levels.Additionally,Islamic and Christian cultures do not represent a profound alternative to western culture as they have been reshaped by western intellect.The Buddhist logic,which is founded upon totally different metaphysics,can represent a profound alternative to western exclusionary culture.

Writing and Criticism on the Zen Buddhism in Zen Notes During the Song Dynasty

Zennotes in the Song Dynasty are based on the use of scattered essays to record trivial fragments of Zen Buddhistmonks’ daily life, including Hui Hong’s Lin Jian Lu, Da Hui Pu Jue Chan Shi Zong Men Wu Ku edited by DaoQian, Xiao Ying’s Luo Hu Ye Lu and Yun Wo Ji Tan, Dao Rong’s Cong Lin Sheng Shi, and Huan Wu’s Ku YaMan Lu. Through Zennotes, it is possible to learn more about the life of Zen Buddhist masters in the SongDynasty and the actual development of Zen Buddhism, which were seldom investigated in past studies. Firstly,this study explains the cultural environment generated by Zennotes and the creative development of Zennotes inthe Song Dynasty, and then discusses the main content of Zennotes. Zennotes highlight the characters through thedescription of specific events and make the images and characters of Zen Buddhist monks become vivid on paper.They are the most direct historical material for mastering Zen Buddhist monks in the Song Dynasty. Secondly,Zennotes in the Song Dynasty record anecdotes about Zen Buddhist monks and the literati talking about Zen atthat time, demonstrating the lively and witty interactions between the two. Lastly, the authors of Zennotes oftenrevealed their personal concerns about the growth and decline of temples in the narrative. Based on the above,Zennotes have the value of historical recordings of trivia, and they are first-hand historical materials forconstructing the history of Zen in the Song Dynasty.

Buddhist monk Lin Daoren,specialist of traumatology and orthopedics

Buddhist monk Lin Daoren(790-850,from Xi'an,Shaanxi Province)was a specialist of traumatology and orthopedics of the Tang Dynasty.Secrets of Treating Wounds and Rejoining Fractures(Li Shang Xu Duan Fang)written by him is the first extant monography on traumatology and orthopedics in China.According to the preface of the book,he had profound medical knowledge especially about the theory,diagnosis and treatment for wounds and fractures.

Studies on a Korean Buddhism Community： Searching for Unity Through Open Discourse

Korean Buddhism community has tried to develop its traditions as well as maintaining them through open discussion. Some current incidents, such as the election of the director for the headquarters of the Chogye Order, controversial issues on a prime minster nominee, and the difference between practicing and learning which has been discussed in Buddhist Academia, have generated a new wave in the Korean Buddhism world. Many religious practices which have infiltrated Korean society, including Catholicism and Christianity, have been indigenized to become a unique religious form combined with Korean Shamanism, through which individuals want to achieve personal happiness or material prosperity. Buddhism has been through the same process. Additionally, Buddhism has played a leading role in teaching the public of Korea for a long time and has become a model role for solving national crises. Currently, the Korean Buddhism world has tried to be reborn as a religion that keeps these beneficial traditions in Korea, and the Korean Buddhism can play a positive role in every aspect of culture, politics, and society. Further, the Korean Buddhism is looking for ways to influence Korean society through open discussions. This paper brings out issues that Korean Buddhism faces and presents the solutions to solve those problems.

Haritaki (诃子), Holy Medicine of Buddhism

Haritaki(诃子,Terminalia chebula Retz.)is also called“Big golden fruit,”“Wind‑floating fruit,”and“Arura.”The alias“Big golden fruit”shows its appearance characteristics,the name of“Wind‑floating fruit”implies its harsh living environment and tenacious vitality,and another name of“Arura,”which comes from Tibetan,emphasizes the medicinal value of Haritaki as valuable as rhinoceros horn.The Chinese name of“He Zi(诃子)”expresses the main purpose of Buddhism to universalize all living beings and save the spirit.The Haritaki tree is regarded as the holy tree of Buddhism in the folk.It is also respected as a holy medicine of Buddhism.Since it was introduced into China from India,it has been widely used as a health-preserving medicine.Haritaki,which is from Indian Buddhist culture,not only unravels the mysterious Buddhist culture but also excavates the connection and development of Indian Buddhist culture and traditional Chinese medicine.

Buddhist Ethics With Solving the Environmental Problems

This research aimed to investigate （1） the concept of environmental ethics between the Western and Buddhist ways; （2） To compare the concept of environmental ethics between the Western and Buddhist ways; （3） To analyze the solving of environmental problems under the Buddhist concept. The results showed that the Buddhism which has had the concept focusing on all living things and being friendly to the nature, having no history of occupying, encroaching and destroying the living things. Nevertheless, giving the values on the environment is still far to the facts of way of life of most humans. However, regarding Buddhist essence that emphasizes that the human as a part of the nature is not conflicted with the ethical values on nature. Complementary to all living things in nature is close to the Dharma practice which starts at itself and knows itself. Dharma practice in Buddhism has assumed to be the individual responsibility on environment itself. Importantly, the Buddhist way of life on environment according to such implication has occurred and really existed in the history of mankind.

History of Most Significant Buddhist Archaeological Sites in Gandhara(Pakistan)Discovered During the 20th Century

Gandhara is an ancient name of the region which presently comprises on the surrounding area of Peshawar Valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.The spread of Buddhism in ancient times followed the path of the Silk Road and one of the main routes of the Great Silk Route passed through the Karakorum linking Kashgar with Kashmir and Gandhara.About 1,000 years,countless people travelled along this Silk Route.Their evidences are depicted on the rocky cliffs on the way sides and on rough boulders,strewn in the upper valley of the Indus River and its tributaries.The region of Gandhara,due to its prime position,therefore served as a gateway to Silk Route giving access to Central Asia and to the countries of East and West.While Magadha was known as the first holy land of Buddhism,whereas Gandhara served as second holy land of Buddhism,which was a centre of Buddhist religious practices.The Buddhist sanctuaries generally have statutes of the Buddha or Bodhisattvas to shrine.A large number of antiquities which were discovered during the 20th century by the course of excavations from the different archaeological sites in Gandhara are now pride procession of Museums both at home and abroad.This paper presents an investigation about the history and sterling discovery of the some outstanding and remarkable archaeological sites in Gandhara region(Pakistan)during the 20th century carried out mainly by Archaeological Survey of India(ASI),which was established in 1860 by the British Government in India.

佛教中国化视角下玛吉拉珍创立的断法法门的形成与发展研究

The practice of prajnaparamita(gcod in Tibetan)plays a unique role in the process of sinicization of Buddhism.The origin of prajnaparamita reflects the adaptation of the Buddhism in Tibetan in accordance with the circumstances in Tibet.This article,based on the academic research on the birthplace,the dates of birth and death,the parents,and the children,believes that her husband Thoipa Bare(thod pa vbav re in Tibetan)and relatives are native Tibetans,the Buddhist text entitled mahamudra the Object to Cut(nang chos phyag rgya chen mob dud kyi gcod yul in Tibetan)is an authentic Tibetan work.

The Buddhist Philosophical Perspective of Environmental Preservation and Management

At present we face a lot of environmental issues at both national and global levels. At the same time we will have to face severe environmental issues in the future. This is evident in forming the elements of earth, air, and water which reflect the human influence on organic and inorganic life. So, it is timely significant to pay attention on environmental preservation and management. The main purpose of this study is to explore how the Buddhist teaching could be used for environmental preservation and management. Accordingly, this study introduces a suitable long term environmental preservation model. The other objectives of this study are to learn Buddhism for environmental preservation and management, to create a new model which combines man and environment together, to compare Buddhist thinking and modem man＇s thinking regarding environmental preservation and management through the above and, to motivate man to preserve environment in through both direct and indirect ways. This study was based on the question whether the Buddhist philosophical teaching could be utilized to solve today＇s environmental issues？ The hypothesis was that the Buddhist philosophical teaching could be utilized for environmental preservation and management. For this purpose, the teachings of Buddha, related to environmental preservation as found in ＂Suttapil;aka＂ and ＂Vinayapi!;aka＂ were studied. In order to address these conditions we have subjected randomly collected information for interpretation and comparative analysis in qualitative research methodology. The content that has been analyzed is compared with the ethical code related to the patterns of human behavior and its relation to conservation. This has also given way to building some models related to the Buddhist teaching of environmental preservation. The objective of Buddhist philosophy is to generate sensitivity in the mind, of human beings and persuade them to preserve organic and inorganic environment, based on the view ＂Man is a creation of the environment＂. The Buddhist philosophical process of environmental preservation includes preserving flora and fauna, water, air, soil as well as garbage disposal. These elements, along with ethics, can be used in effective environment preservation. This new model of environmental preservation directs human beings towards sustainable development with a realistic vision. The Buddhist teaching on environment civilizes man＇s physical and spiritual behaviors, with a view to lead human beings towards environmental preservation with a realistic perspective.

Questioned on Andre Lefevere＇s ＂Chinese and Western thinking on translation＂

In Andre Lefevere＇s ＂Chinese and Western thinking on translation＂, he has compared the Chinese translation tradition with the tradition of the Western translation. Historically and culturally, he views the similarities and the differences between these two traditions, which has shed much light on extending the horizons of translation studies in China. However, some of his points put forward in the article need a further consideration. The author has a few doubts about the essay and offers her own different opinions.