The moderating effect of physical activity on the relationship between bullying and mental health among sexual and gender minority youth

Background:Sexual and gender minority youth frequently experience bullying,which often contributes to higher depressive symptoms and lower self-esteem.Given that physical activity(PA)can mitigate depressive symptoms and improve self-esteem,we examined the moderating effect of PA on the relationship between bullying and mental health among sexual and gender minority youth.Methods:Data from the Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,Transgender,and Queer National Teen Survey(n=9890)were analyzed.Hierarchical regression analyses examined the influence of history and frequency of being bullied,PA,and the interaction of these variables on depressive symptoms and self-esteem.Simple slopes analyses were used to probe significant interactions.Results:Results indicated the importance of accounting for bullying history when examining effects of PA on mental health.PA was negatively related to depression(t=-4.18,p<0.001)and positively related to self-esteem(t=12.11,p<0.001).Bullying frequency was positively related to depression(t=19.35,p<0.001)and negatively related to self-esteem(t=-12.46,p<0.001).There was a significant interaction between bullying frequency and PA for depression(t=4.45,p<0.001)and self-esteem(t=-4.69,p<0.001).Post hoc analyses suggested that the positive effects of PA on mental health may be limited to those not bullied because it had a negligible effect on those who were bullied.Conclusion:Results suggest that sexual and gender minority youth exercise interventions aiming to improve mental health should first address bullying history;otherwise,their effectiveness may be limited to those who have been bullied.

Methods Used to Reduce Bullying in Kindergarten from Teachers’ Perspectives

This study identified the methods used by kindergarten teachers to reduce bullying among their students in and out of the classroom and examined differences based on the teachers’years of experience and the number of courses on bullying they had taken.A descriptive survey using a questionnaire tool collected responses from 208 public kindergarten teachers in Riyadh,Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.The participants agreed with using such methods to reduce bullying among children as responding to parents’reports and following up on the reasons for a child’s absence.They also agreed that bullying in the classroom could be reduced by methods such as avoiding comparisons between children and helping to build friendships among them.Moreover,the teachers agreed to use some methods in which the teacher relies on her authority,such as depriving the bully of play time and transfer-ring him/her to another class.These methods were endorsed more strongly by teachers with at least 10 years of experience than by those with less experience,but no significant difference was observed according to the number of bullying courses taken.In addition,there is a lack of courses that focus on dealing with and confronting bully-ing in educational environments.The study highlights the need to provide teachers with training on how to deal with bullying and to set specific and clear policies on addressing bullying in kindergarten.

Research status and influencing factors of nurse bullying in the workplace:A literature review

This paper aims to review the status quo of nurse bullying,explore the factors affecting nurse bullying and provide references for the formation of targeted intervention measures,so as to promote nurses'occupational health and the development of nursing career.Through sorting out and summarizing,the current research on nurse bullying can be summarized into conceptual analysis,current situation investigation,qualitative research and intervention research,among which the current situation investigation is the main one.The factors influencing nurses'bullying can be divided into individual,organizational and social factors.We propose future research should be conducted on multiple levels in combination with the actual situation of each country,and psychological,ethical and other disciplines should be integrated to curb bullying at the source according to the influencing factors.

Prevalence and Prevention Strategies of Cyberbullying among Nigerian Students

Cyberbullying is a problem that has emerged as a byproduct of modern-day technologies. This form of aggression occurs when one or more individuals use a technological medium for the purpose of intimidating or harming others. In spite of the popularity of technological devices among Nigerian youths presently, there remains a critical gap in literature relating to cyberbullying and its possible effects on students in Nigeria. This study thus sought to identify if a relationship exists between traditional bullying and cyberbullying; examine the effect of cyberbullying on students’ psychological behavior;and examine ways in which cyberbullying might be prevented. The sample consists of students from tertiary institutions while the results were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of the findings showed that significant correlations were found between traditional bullies and cyberbullies (rranks = 0.322, p < 0.001), cyberbullies and cyberbullied victim (rranks = 0.401, p < 0.0001). There were also significant correlations found between bullies and bully victims (rranks = 0.326, p < 0.001) and between bullied victim and cyberbully victim (rranks = 0.160, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that traditional bullying and cyberbullying share a strong relationship with one another. Furthermore, it was also discovered that those who were victimized through traditional bullying or cyberbullying were also likely to bully others. The result showed that cyberbullied victims often exhibit a variety of negative outcomes especially anger, embarrassment, fear and anxiety. A Spearman Rank-Order correlation revealed a negative association between grade level and cyberbullies (rranks = 0.034, p = 0.355) as well as grade level and cyberbully victims (rranks = 0.107, p = 0.217). A significantly positive relationship occurred between frequency of computer use and cyberbullies (rranks = 0.206, p = 0.015), as well as between frequency of computer use and electronic victimization (rranks = 0.223, p = 0.012). The study concluded that parents, school and mental health providers must not only be aware of cyberbullying and its consequences, but must also have access to ways to deal with this growing concern through public awareness building, anger management training for youths and the establishment of mentorship programs for youths to help one other.

Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence:A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM To identify health and psychosocial problems associated with bullying victimization and conduct a meta-analysis summarizing the causal evidence.METHODS A systematic review was conducted using Pub Med, EMBASE, ERIC and Psyc INFO electronic databases up to 28 February 2015. The study included published longitudinal and cross-sectional articles that examined health and psychosocial consequences of bullying victimization. All meta-analyses were based on qualityeffects models. Evidence for causality was assessed using Bradford Hill criteria and the grading system developed by the World Cancer Research Fund.RESULTS Out of 317 articles assessed for eligibility, 165 satisfied the predetermined inclusion criteria for meta-analysis.Statistically significant associations were observed between bullying victimization and a wide range of adverse health and psychosocial problems. The evidence was strongest for causal associations between bullying victimization and mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, poor general health and suicidal ideation and behaviours. Probable causal associations existed between bullying victimization and tobacco and illicit drug use. CONCLUSION Strong evidence exists for a causal relationship between bullying victimization, mental health problems and substance use. Evidence also exists for associations between bullying victimization and other adverse health and psychosocial problems, however, there is insufficient evidence to conclude causality. The strong evidence that bullying victimization is causative of mental illness highlights the need for schools to implement effective interventions to address bullying behaviours.

Bullying among people with visual impairment: Prevalence, associated factors and relationship to self-efficacy and life satisfaction

AIM To examine associated factors of bullying and to determine associations between bullying and psychosocial outcomes among individuals with visual impairments(Ⅵ). METHODS We conducted an age-stratified cross-sectional survey of adults with Ⅵ who were recruited from the Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted. Data were collected through structural telephone interviews in the period between February and May, 2017. Linear regression models were used to examine factors related to bullying and associations of bullying with self-efficacy and life satisfaction.RESULTS A total of 736 individuals were interviewed. The lifetime and 6-mo prevalence of bullying was 41.7% and8.2%, respectively. The majority of bullied participants reported Ⅵ-specific bullying(65.1%). Victimization of bullying was associated with young age, early onsetage of Ⅵ, and having other impairments. Participants who reported bullying had lower levels of self-efficacy[Adjusted relative risk(ARR): 0.40, 95% confidence interval(CI): 0.19-0.85] and life satisfaction(ARR: 0.68,95%CI: 0.51-0.91).CONCLUSION Bullying is highly prevalent among individuals withⅥ. Our findings suggest that interventions to reduce bullying may be beneficial for improving the well-being and life quality of people with Ⅵ.

Management of work place bullying in hospital:A review of the use of cognitive rehearsal as an alternative management strategy

Lateral violence is not uncommon in workplaces.Unfortunately,nursing,a profession that builds its practice on compassion and code of ethics while caring for their patients is not spared from this phenomenon of lateral violence.Studies have reported cases of lateral violence among nurses to occur frequently worldwide.The impact of lateral violence has serious repercussions not only on the health of bullied victims but also on the structure and financial spending of the organisation.More importantly,the potential latent impacts on the patients'safety and health is of great concern.This literature review suggests that the contributing factors towards lateral violence are mainly due to characteristics of perpetrators,victims'reaction to bullying and organisation's characteristic.To mitigate the impact of lateral violence among young and inexperienced nurses,a cognitive rehearsal scripted response is proposed to prevent harassment and bullying incidents from becoming a feature at the workplace for nurses.

Influence of Parental Rearing Patterns on School Bullying Behavior of Junior High School Students

Bullying,as an aggressive behavior,has become a common phenomenon among junior high school students.The occurrence of bullying behavior can have a serious negative impact on the mental health of junior high school students.Some students even suffer from psychological problems such as depression and anxiety.Many research results at home and abroad show that personality is an important factor affecting bullying behavior.In this case,this study explores the impact of parental rearing patterns on school bullying behavior.Improving the parenting styles of junior high school students and their parenting level has become an practicable practical approach to prevent the problem of school bullying.

The impacts of organizational culture and neoliberal ideology on the continued existence of incivility and bullying in healthcare institutions:A discussion paper

Countless research studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of incivility and bullying in healthcare.Despite the abundance of proposed solutions to this issue,many healthcare leaders continue to fail in mitigating the existence of such negative behaviors in the workplace.Personality attributes of perpetrators and victims have received attention,but much less research has examined the organizational and neoliberal causations of incivility and bullying in healthcare.Being the largest occupational group in the health sector,nursing professionals have the greatest influence and are crucial in ending these behaviors.This discussion paper outlines the effects of incivility and bullying in healthcare and provides a critical analysis on how organizational culture and neoliberal ideology influence the pervasiveness and persistence of these negative behaviors.The analysis reveals that organizational cultures that misuse power,disregard equality,and facilitate oppression,foster the existence of incivility and bullying in the workplace.Such cultures permit perpetrators to misuse their authority to control resource allocation,ignorance to social inequalities,and the silence of victims.Furthermore,the neoliberal concept of deregulation,austerity,and individualism further these behaviors.The neoliberal reforms have led to underfunding of anti-bullying programs and policies,use of bullying behaviours as management strategies,and victim-blaming for profit maximization.Financial cutbacks have resulted in denial and acceptance of uncivil and bullying behaviours in healthcare institutions,which endangers the rights of healthcare providers to a safe workplace environment.To curtail these negative behaviors,robust anti-bullying policies and programs must be strictly enforced and sustained in practice.Further exploration on the association of organizational culture and neoliberal principles to incivility and bullying in healthcare is greatly warranted.

Using Yoga to Reduce Stress and Bullying Behaviors among Urban Youth

Background/Purpose: Obesity and secondary conditions continue to disproportionally affect the health of children living in urban areas. Studies show that a lack of resources and physical activity-unfriendly communities discourage 60 minutes of daily activity, including strengthening exercises, as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Using Social Ecological theory, the purpose of this study was to examine the multi-level influences of a yoga-based intervention on urban, inner city youth. Method: Using a mixed-methods design, ninety-three 3 - 5th grade students at five urban elementary schools participated in a ten-week yoga intervention. Analysis/Results: RM-ANOVA results revealed a significant reduction in stress and bullying behaviors among participants, and multiple regression analyses revealed that program attendance, change in stress, and change in yoga enjoyment significantly predicted change in yoga participation outside PE, when controlling for gender and age F(5, 87) = 5.36, p R2 = 0.19, but did not have a significant impact on physical activity participation outside of school. Student interviews and non-participant observations revealed strong enjoyment of yoga which led students to report substantial increases in yoga-related activities outside of school. Students also revealed that experience in yoga improved focus, attention, and reduced stress. Conclusions: Through convergence of qualitative and quantitative methods, this study showed a positive relationship between the number of yoga sessions attended (dose), enjoyment of yoga, and participation in yoga outside PE with friends and family. Findings suggest that urban PE should include more individual, non-competitive activities such as yoga, which students find to be stress-relieving, fun, inexpensive and easy to perform at home.

Bullying Among School Students in the UAE Society

The purpose of this study is to research the bullying phenomenon among school students in the UAE society. This is done through showing the extent of prevalence of bullying, the rate of recurrence of bullying incidences, the most widespread forms of bullying among school children in the Emirati society, and finally, the variation with regards to the prevalence and forms of bullying as related to the student’s gender. Therefore, this study aims to probe the prevalence of this phenomenon in schools, and the frequency of bullying cases as well as its forms. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed and conducted on a sample size of 1,309 students of both genders. The data were later analyzed using descriptive statistical and analytical metrics that are appropriate for the variables’ measurement level, and which achieve the objectives of the study. The study found that a third of the students (33.3%) were involved in bullying incidents. Furthermore, it was found that 14.2% were the party causing the bullying incident, while 19.1% were the party upon which bullying was inflicted. The study also revealed that within school premises the places where bullying was most likely to occur are corridors, and the places which students felt were the least safe are the closed spaces. As for the forms of bullying students are subjected to, offensive name calling or insults came in first place, followed by cyber/online bullying. The young age and smaller size of a student were among the most important motivators for students to bully him/her. It was also found that 32.8% of students who are exposed to bullying respond in a similar manner. The study showed that most of the bullied students (78.4%) know the person doing the bullying, the females being more cognizant of the perpetrator bullying them. Moreover, 40.7% of the students believe that the teachers and other employees are aware of the bullying taking place, female students to a greater extent than males in this regard. In the study sample, the students believe that strong and strict school administration would contribute to stopping the bullying phenomenon. The study additionally concluded a number of recommendations to reduce this phenomenon.

The Naples-Questionnaire of Work Distress (nQ-WD): Bullying at workplace, organizational dysfunctions and bio-psycho-social effects

The aim of this study is to elaborate a tool, the “Naples-Questionnaire of Work Distress” (nQ-WD), in order to evaluate the conditions of discomfort perceived in the working field. It tries to differentiate the dysfunctional phenomena more tied to the anomalies of the interpersonal relationships (bullying at work-place) from the phenomena more clearly related to organizational dysfunctions. The inventory measures the overall effects of these two areas on the subject and the spin-off in term of bio-psycho-social functioning. The questionnaire has been administered to a group of 178 workers who showed a work-related psychopathological disturbance and to a control group of 178 subjects without exposure to bullying at workplace or to organizational distress. The statistical analysis demonstrated degree of significant validity and reliability. The degree of internal coherence of the answers proposed is satisfactory. The ROC curves allow the determination of a threshold value which allows separating the workers subjected to mobbing and/or organizational stress from control-workers with an optimal reliability degree. The values of the area under the ROC curves show that the inventory has a high discriminating capacity.

Insights into Bullying and Verbal Aggressiveness through Social Network Analysis

Aim of this research is to reveal social structures, typologies and determinants of verbal aggressiveness and bullying. Five students’ networks from various Higher Education departments in Thessaly, Greece (Physical Education, Veterinary, Business Administration) (total nodes N = 245) have been examined by Social Network Analysis and conventional statistics in 2017. Main results: Rudeness relations are denser at the Physical Education department due to the intensity and pressure of corporal exercise. Social exclusion seems to be much more common practice. Hurting necessitates particularly intensive conditions while deriding, rudeness and threatening are compatible with any action of bullying. The offenders tend to practice simultaneously bullying and verbal aggressiveness but often against different targets. Various levels of victimization are diagnosed through selectiveness in strategies of offense. Obesity often constitutes a reason of depreciation. Education values stimulate respectfulness rather than aggressive jealousness. Ambitiousness, travelling experience, social selectiveness based on criteria of intellectual, encyclopedic qualifications or politeness also prevent verbal aggressiveness. Female students seem to be more invulnerable. Bullying seems to be reciprocal and diachronic. Verbal aggressiveness seems to conceal a presumption of corporal aggressiveness. Especially, ambitiousness in the scientific arena or the high education level of father seems to encourage practicing verbal aggressiveness.

Investigating Bullying Determinants and Typologies with Social Network Analysis

Aim of this paper is to detect determinants and to suggest a typology bullying. Four network samples of 218 students in total (male = 92, female = 126) at the Physical Education and Sport Sciences Dept. and the Veterinary Dept. of the University of Thessaly have been collected in 2017. Standardized questionnaire composed of network and non-network part was answered. Social network analysis and cross-sectional statistics (Spearman test and Principal Component Analysis) were implemented. Basic results: Female gender and traveling abroad for sport, the desire of distinction in science and the social selectiveness tend to protect against bullying. High semester, tallness, high educational influence of family and cyber-bullying increase the susceptibility to victimization. These who have experienced bullying as children still tend to experience exclusion. Libeling may even be a reason for not attending lectures. High grade seems not only to protect but also to discourage someone from practicing bullying. Science ambitions seem to be related with elitist ideology, unlike professional ambitions which seem to be related with humanism or sociability. Social selectiveness based on politeness and friendliness also retains the practicing of bullying. Five types of bullying targets have been depicted: “full victim”, “apprenticed”, “libeled scapegoat”, “ridiculed scapegoat” and “gladiator”. Three types of practicing bullying are formulated: “stimulating victimizer”, “provocateur” and “egoist inspirator”.

Emotionally Competent Behaviors and Nurse Bullying: Is There a Direct Link?

An abundance of literature spanning many years depicts the devastating effects of nurse bullying within the profession. The evidence suggests that bullying in general is a deliberate act aimed at another person. Conceptualizing nurse bullying appears to be a key ingredient in creating both awareness and preventative strategies. Emotional competence includes a set of behaviors which are unique to each individual. These behaviors according to Goldman (1995) include, but are not limited to emotional self-assessment, accurate self-assurance, self-confidence, emotional self-control, and empathy. The majority of researchers agree that emotionally competent behaviors are impacted by both positive and negative interactions and experiences. Thus, it is hypothesized that emotionally competent behaviors are continually cultivated throughout one’s life based upon lived experiences. This article assesses direct relationships between implementation of emotionally competent behaviors as a means of combatting nurse bullying within the profession. Creating awareness of these two areas can be initial steps in cultivating the needed tools and supportive interventions to assist nurses from novice to expert to professionally mentor and role model for generations to come.

Childhood Bullying, Loneliness and Resiliency—A Critical Review of the Literature

There are numerous contributing factors that shape an individual’s level of resiliency. The experience of childhood bullying (peer victimization), loneliness and resiliency is among them. There is growing research that associates childhood peer victimization to problematic patterns of emotional, behavioral, and academic adjustment among adolescents. The purpose of this literature review is to examine five key studies, which focus on the interplay among childhood bullying, loneliness and resiliency. These five key studies are selected based on the author’s assessment of their contribution and significance in data, perspective, and impact on further research.

The Influence of Workplace Bullying to Job Stress in Taiwan

Workplace bullying is a serious problem in contemporary organizations. Surprisingly few studies have so far been made at workplace bullying in Taiwan. The main purposes of this research are as follows： （1） to examine the validity and reliability of NAQR-22 in Taiwan; （2） to find out the relationship between workplace bullying and job stress; and （3） to provide further research suggestions for workplace bullying in Taiwan. Researchers use quantitative paradigm and adopt NAQR-22 and Job Stress Scale （JSS） as the survey tools. After translate the NAQR-22 and JSS into traditional Chinese, researchers conduct the pre-test and revise the questionnaire. After the formal survey, results are as below： （1） The reliability of revised NAQR-22 is high and the validity of revised NAQR-22 is fair; （2） The workplace bullying and job stress have close relationship, workplace bullying influences job stress obviously; and （3） We suggest the further researchers to carry on deep qualitative researches for the content and definition, which could make cross culture comparison and define Taiwan＇s own definition of workplace bullying. Furthermore, they should develop the localized workplace bullying questionnaire to survey the workplace bullying status quo.

Evaluating Bullying Effect on the Happiness and Performance of the Ship’s Crew

Bullying is rampant and has severe effects on the health and wellbeing of the employees.Additionally,it also undermines job satisfaction and performance,thus affecting productivity.Bullying among seafarers is widespread,and their isolation from the rest of the people while at sea can enhance aggressive behaviour.Bullying is widespread among seafarers and severely affects them in core areas of their life.There is a significant effect of bullying on mental health.However,the Omani seafarers are loyal to their jobs and claim to be happy at sea despite the challenges and hardships.While there are different forms of bullying in the workplace,verbal abuse is the most rampant.The study seeks to highlight the impact of bullying on seafarers'happiness and job satisfaction who work in a shipping company.A questionnaire with nine questions was prepared based on the authors'experience and sent by mobile phone to fifty officers and crew members working onboard.More insight into workplace bullying among seafarers is essential in formulating adequate law,thus improving seafarers'health and safety.

Study on Bullying and Violence on Campus from a Human Rights Perspective

"Campus Bullying" is essentially a form of violence against children and adolescents, but neglected for a long time because it occurred among these groups. This paper proposes to re-examine the nature of campus bullying and relevant prevention and intervention activities in a human rights framework. The author points out that bullying among children and adolescents, if without intervention, will become a socialization process through which children learn violent and unequal ideology. In conclusion, the paper makes suggestions on the prevention from and intervention in campus bullying from a human rights perspective.

Association of Adolescent Bullying Victimization with Meeting 24-hour Movement Behavior Recommendations:A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Combined 2015-2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey

Purpose To examine the association between bullying victimization and meeting recommendations for the 24-h movement behaviors of physical activity,screen use,and sleep in adolescents.Methods Participants were a sample of US adolescents from the 2015–2019 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey(N=43,847;Mean age=16.0±1.2 years;50.7%female).The bullying victimization variables included the bullying expe-riences at school and online.Weighted multivariable logistic regressions analyzed associations between bullying victimiza-tion and meeting recommendations for 24-h movement behaviors controlling for age,sex,race/ethnicity,and weight status.Results Adolescents meeting non-academic screen and sleep recommendations had 25%(OR=0.75,95%CI 0.69–0.82)and 19%(OR=0.81,95%CI 0.74–0.89)lower odds to be bullied at school.Adolescents meeting non-academic screen recommen-dation had 27%lower odds(OR=0.73,95%CI 0.58–0.91)of experience online bullying.Male adolescents who met physical activity,non-academic screen use,and sleep recommendations had lower odds of experience the bullying at school of 29%(OR=0.71,95%CI 0.59–0.85),26%(OR=0.74,95%CI 0.61–0.90),and 31%(OR=0.69,95%CI 0.55–0.86),respectively.Among the females,non-academic screen use was the only movement behavior yielded statistical significance,in that those who met the recommendation had 15%(OR=0.85,95%CI 0.73–0.98)lower odds of experience the bullying at school.Conclusion The presence of meeting 24-h movement behavior recommendations associates with a lower probability of bullying at school and online in adolescents.Interestingly,these associations tended to be stronger and more consistent in males compared to females.