Sedimentary Conditions of Evaporites in the Late Jurassic Xiali Formation,Qiangtang Basin：Evidence from Geochemistry Records

The Qiangtang Basin（QB）, located in the central Tibetan Plateau, is a Jurassic marine basin and one of the most important prospective salt resource belts in China. In recent decades, many outcrops of gypsiferous bed have been found in the Jurassic marine strata in the basin. Salt springs with abnormally high sodium（Na-＋） contents had been identified in the Late Jurassic Xiali Formation（Fm.） in the basin in the last years. However, to date, no potash or halite deposits have been identified in the QB. Gypsum outcrops and salt springs are very important signs in the investigation of halite and potash deposits. Therefore, the Xiali Fm. is a potentially valuable layer to evaluate for the possible presence of halite and potash deposits in the basin. However, few studies have explored the formation conditions of evaporites in the unit. Here, we present detailed geochemical records from the Yanshiping section related to the study of the formation conditions of evaporites in the Xiali Fm. of the QB. Climate proxies based on the obviously increased anion concentrations of SO4（2-） and Cl-- and the significant correlation coefficients of Ca2＋-SO42-（R = 0.985） and Na-＋-Cl--（R = 0.8974） reveal that the upper member of the Xiali Fm.（the upper Xiali Fm.） formed under an arid climate and evolved into the sulfate phase or early chloride phase. Provenance proxies based on the obviously increased K-＋ and Na-＋ ion concentrations and the significant correlation coefficient of Na-＋-Cl--（R = 0.8974） suggest that the upper Xiali Fm. featured optimal provenance conditions for the possible formation of halite deposits. The regression and the semi-closed tidal flat environment in the upper Xiali Fm. were favorable for the formation of potash and halite deposits. The low Mg-（2＋） /Ca-（2＋） values（mean value = 1.82） and significant Na-＋-Cl-- correlation coefficient（R = 0.8974） also suggest that the upper Xiali Fm. is the layer most likely to contain potential halite deposits. In addition, the macroscopic correlations of tectonism, provenance, paleoclimate, saliferous strata and sedimentary environment between the QB and the adjoining Amu Darya Basin in Central Asia reveal that the two basins shared similar geologic settings that were favorable for the formation of evaporites during the Late Jurassic. Therefore, the upper Xiali Fm. is a valuable layer to explore for halite deposit and may be potentially valuable in the future exploration for potash deposits in the QB.

Geological Conditions and Prospect Forecast of Shale Gas Formation in Qiangtang Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The presence of shale gas has been confirmed in almost every marine shale distribution area in North America.Formation conditions of shale gas in China are the most favorable for marine,organic-rich shale as well.But there has been little research focusing on shale gas in Qiangtang Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,where a lot of Mesozoic marine shale formations developed.Based on the survey results of petroleum geology and comprehensive test analysis data for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,for the first time,this paper discusses characteristics of sedimentary development,thickness distribution,geochemistry,reservoir and burial depth of organic-rich shale,and geological conditions for shale gas formation in Qiangtang Basin.There are four sets of marine shale strata in Qiangtang Basin including Upper Triassic Xiaochaka Formation （T3x）,Middle Jurassic Buqu Formation （J2b）,Xiali Formation （J2x） and Upper Jurassic Suowa Formation （J3s）,the sedimentary types of which are mainly bathyal-basin facies,open platform-platform margin slope facies,lagoon and tidal-fiat facies,as well as delta facies.By comparing it with the indicators of gas shale in the main U.S.basins,it was found that the four marine shale formations in Qiangtang Basin constitute a multi-layer distribution of organic-rich shale,featuring a high degree of thickness and low abundance of organic matter,high thermal evolution maturity,many kinds of brittle minerals,an equivalent content of quartz and clay minerals,a high content of feldspar and low porosity,which provide basic conditions for an accumulation of shale gas resources.Xiaochaka Formation shale is widely distributed,with big thickness and the best gas generating indicators.It is the main gas source layer.Xiali Formation shale is of intermediate thickness and coverage area,with relatively good gas generating indicators and moderate gas formation potential.Buqu Formation shale and Suowa Formation shale are of relatively large thickness,and covering a small area,with poor gas generating indicators,and limited gas formation potential.The shale gas geological resources and technically recoverable resources were estimated by using geologic analogy method,and the prospective areas and potentially favorable areas for Mesozoic marine shale gas in Qiangtang Basin are forecast and analyzed.It is relatively favorable in a tectonic setting and indication of oil and gas,shale maturity,sedimentary thickness and gypsum-salt beds,and in terms of mineral association for shale gas accumulation.But the challenge lies in overcoming the harsh natural conditions which contributes to great difficulties in ground engineering and exploration,and high exploration costs.

Evaluation of the oil and gas preservation conditions, source rocks, and hydrocarbongenerating potential of the Qiangtang Basin: New evidence from the scientific drilling project

The Qiangtang Basin of the Tibetan Plateau,located in the eastern Tethys tectonic domain,is the largest new marine petroliferous region for exploration in China.The scientific drilling project consisting primarily of well QK-1 and its supporting shallow boreholes for geological surveys(also referred to as the Project)completed in recent years contributes to a series of new discoveries and insights into the oil and gas preservation conditions and source rock evaluation of the Qiangtang Basin.These findings differ from previous views that the Qiangtang Basin has poor oil and gas preservation conditions and lacks high-quality source rocks.As revealed by well QK-1 and its supporting shallow boreholes in the Project,the Qiangtang Basin hosts two sets of high-quality regional seals,namely an anhydrite layer in the Quemo Co Formation and the gypsum-bearing mudstones in the Xiali Formation.Moreover,the Qiangtang Basin has favorable oil and gas preservation conditions,as verified by the comprehensive study of the sealing capacity of seals,basin structure,tectonic uplift,magmatic activity,and groundwater motion.Furthermore,the shallow boreholes have also revealed that the Qiangtang Basin has high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in the Upper Triassic Bagong Formation,which are thick and widely distributed according to the geological and geophysical data.In addition,the petroleum geological conditions,such as the type,abundance,and thermal evolution of organic matter,indicate that the Qiangtang Basin has great hydrocarbon-generating potential.

Characteristics and discovery significance of the Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic marine shale oil in Qiangtang Basin,China

Mesozoic marine shale oil was found in the Qiangtang Basin by a large number of hydrocarbon geological surveys and shallow drilling sampling.Based on systematic observation and experimental analysis of outcrop and core samples,the deposition and development conditions and characteristics of marine shale are revealed,the geochemical and reservoir characteristics of marine shale are evaluated,and the layers of marine shale oil in the Mesozoic are determined.The following geological understandings are obtained.First,there are two sets of marine organic-rich shales,the Lower Jurassic Quse Formation and the Upper Triassic Bagong Formation,in the Qiangtang Basin.They are mainly composed of laminated shale with massive mudstone.The laminated organic-rich shale of the Quse Formation is located in the lower part of the stratum,with a thickness of 50–75 m,and mainly distributed in southern Qiangtang Basin and the central-west of northern Qiangtang Basin.The laminated organic-rich shale of the Bagong Formation is located in the middle of the stratum,with a thickness of 250–350 m,and distributed in both northern and southern Qiangtang Basin.Second,the two sets of laminated organic-rich shales develop foliation,and various types of micropores and microfractures.The average content of brittle minerals is 70%,implying a high fracturability.The average porosity is 5.89%,indicating good reservoir physical properties to the level of moderate–good shale oil reservoirs.Third,the organic-rich shale of the Quse Formation contains organic matters of types II1 and II2,with the average TOC of 8.34%,the average content of chloroform bitumen'A'of 0.66%,the average residual hydrocarbon generation potential(S1+S2)of 29.93 mg/g,and the Ro value of 0.9%–1.3%,meeting the standard of high-quality source rock.The organic-rich shale of the Bagong Formation contains mixed organic matters,with the TOC of 0.65%–3.10%and the Ro value of 1.17%–1.59%,meeting the standard of moderate source rock.Fourth,four shallow wells(depth of 50–250 m)with oil shows have been found in the organic shales at 50–90 m in the lower part of the Bagong Formation and 30–75 m in the middle part of the Quse Formation.The crude oil contains a high content of saturated hydrocarbon.Analysis and testing of outcrop and shallow well samples confirm the presence of marine shale oil in the Bagong Formation and the Quse Formation.Good shale oil intervals in the Bagong Formation are observed in layers 18–20 in the lower part of the section,where the shales with(S0+S1)higher than 1 mg/g are 206.7 m thick,with the maximum and average(S0+S1)of 1.92 mg/g and 1.81 mg/g,respectively.Good shale oil intervals in the Quse Formation are found in layers 4–8 in the lower part of the section,where the shales with(S0+S1)higher than 1 mg/g are 58.8 m thick,with the maximum and average(S0+S1)of 6.46 mg/g and 2.23 mg/g,respectively.

Depositional features and sedimentary model of Buqu Stage in Mid-Jurassic in Qangtang Basin, Xizang (Tibet), China

The largest Mesozoic northward transgression in Qangtang Basin of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau occurred during the Buqu Stage, Middle Jurassic. Mainly filled with carbonate rocks, the whole basin is composed of transgression-regression sedimentary cycle. Field outcrops and indoor analysis revealed 8 types of sedimentary facies markers in this region. 4 types of sedimentary facies have been recognized: platform facies, platform marginal facies, foreslope facies and basin facies. Influenced by the northern Lazhuglung-Jinshajiang suture zone, central uplift region and southern Bangongco-Nujiang suture zone, these facies belts extended east-west. The sedimentary model was established based on observed depositional features. From their biological features and sedimentary characteristics, it is suggested that the paleoclimate was warm and humid at that time. The Buqu Formation is a promising target for oil and gas exploration in Shuanghu-Duoyong area in future.

羌塘盆地索瓦组碳酸盐岩红层成因和环境意义

【目的】海相红层分布在地质历史时期各个阶段,被解读为特殊环境的产物,并引起广泛关注。【方法】西藏双湖县毕洛错出露的侏罗系索瓦组表现为红色碳酸盐岩,围绕其致色成因与沉积意义,综合采用沉积学、矿物学和地球化学方法展开探讨。【结果】通过对索瓦组野外沉积学和镜下薄片鉴定,发现岩石以鲕粒—球粒支撑灰岩为主,富含头足、双壳、苔藓虫、腹足及其他底栖生物碎屑,鲕核以生物碎屑和陆源石英碎屑为主,呈现高能滩相沉积特征;光谱学研究和扫描电镜显示,致红色原因主要为亚微米级—微米级半自形—他形晶的赤铁矿,致色矿物集中在鲕粒圈层结构中,胶结物基本不含致色矿物,说明同沉积过程与早期成岩时期,尤其是鲕粒和球粒形成时期表面微需氧嗜铁微生物,对致色铁的氧化起到了重要作用。另外,碳酸盐矿物的地球化学分析结果显示,岩石的红色度与陆源碎屑输入的通量具有正相关性,且呈现正Ce/Ce^(*)异常、富中稀土式配分曲线的特征,代表了铁氧化物经历了还原性溶解后的重结晶作用。【结论】据此,研究重建了索瓦组红层致色过程:陆源含铁矿物输入为致红色提供了物质基础,在动荡水体的同沉积过程中,鲕粒表层开始以胶体形式附着Fe(Ⅲ)。随后在早成岩过程中,还原性流体促使含铁矿物溶解,为嗜铁微生物提供游离状态的铁离子,使其重结晶,通过化学成因或生物成因最终形成羟基铁并致红色。

羌塘盆地双湖地区索瓦组烃源岩芳烃地球化学特征及意义

为认识羌塘盆地双湖地区索瓦组烃源岩有机质来源、沉积环境及成熟度,本研究采用抽提分离和气相色谱-质谱联用等技术分析了双湖地区索瓦组烃源岩中芳烃类化合物地球化学特征。结果表明,双湖地区索瓦组烃源岩中存在较高丰度的1,2,5-三甲基萘、9-甲基菲、惹烯、?及三芳甾烷系列化合物等,指示了高等植物的母质来源。三芴、二苯并噻吩及三芳甾烷系列化合物的分布特征指示索瓦组烃源岩沉积于还原环境。萘、菲、二苯并噻吩及三芳甾烷系列化合物等成熟度参数表明,羌塘盆地双湖地区索瓦组烃源岩已达到成熟阶段。综合有机质丰度及类型分析,认为羌塘盆地索瓦组烃源岩具有一定油气资源勘探价值。

羌塘盆地东部三叠系阿堵拉组烃源岩古沉积环境的地球化学证据

上三叠统阿堵拉组泥岩是羌塘盆地重要烃源岩系之一,目前对其古沉积环境的认识存在较大争议。通过对羌塘盆地东部雀莫错地区鄂尔托陇巴剖面阿堵拉组开展岩石学、有机地球化学和元素地球化学分析等系统研究,探讨阿堵拉组烃源岩古沉积环境及其对烃源岩发育的影响。阿堵拉组泥岩总有机碳(TOC)含量为0.27%~3.46%,平均为1.60%,总体为好烃源岩,局部发育优质烃源岩;阿堵拉组下段陆棚相泥岩形成于海平面上升时期,水体较深且贫氧,古气候为半干燥—半湿润气候,化学风化程度中等,陆源输入较低,水体盐度较高;上段泥岩沉积期处于盆地萎缩消亡阶段,沉积环境逐渐由陆棚相转变为三角洲相,水体较浅且富氧,经历了干燥—半干燥—半湿润的古气候变化,陆源输入相应增多,为咸水—半咸水环境,受到淡水输入的影响。阿堵拉组的源岩为长英质火山岩,源区构造背景以大陆岛弧为主,可能来自早—中三叠世金沙江缝合带岛弧源区。阿堵拉组下段陆棚相泥岩TOC含量与氧化还原条件指标具有较好的正相关性,表明烃源岩发育主要受到海平面上升时贫氧水体控制;上段陆棚—三角洲相泥岩TOC含量与古环境参数无明显相关性,TOC含量大于2%的泥岩沉积期具有较高陆源输入和相对湿润的古气候,综合分析认为烃源岩发育受到古气候、陆源输入等多种因素综合影响。

西藏羌塘盆地下侏罗统曲色组页岩沉积环境及有机质差异富集机理

羌塘盆地下侏罗统曲色组是重要的烃源岩层系,但目前对该套烃源岩中有机质富集机理仍缺乏系统研究,制约了对该区油气成藏物质基础的认识。以羌塘盆地南羌塘坳陷毕洛错地区下侏罗统曲色组厚度约100 m的富有机质页岩为研究对象,综合岩心、TOC、主量元素和微量元素等数据,系统研究了页岩沉积时的古环境和古气候特征,分析了页岩中有机质富集的主控因素,建立了该区曲色组页岩有机质的差异富集模式。结果表明,页岩有机质含量具有2段性,2段有机质含量均呈自下而上递增趋势,其中下段(59~110 m)有机质含量总体较低(TOC处于0.3%~8.1%之间,均值为2.7%),包含3层薄层富有机质段;而上段(0~59 m)有机质含量相对较高(TOC处于0.8%~16%之间,均值为4.9%)。曲色组沉积时期总体为潮湿气候环境,并受到热液作用的影响,下段的有机质富集主要与适量的陆源输入、氧化还原条件和古生产力有关;上段的有机质富集主要受控于氧化还原条件和古生产力。曲色组上段与下段有机质富集机理的差异可能与古气候和海平面变化的驱动密切相关。

羌塘盆地侏罗系曲色组烃源岩特征及生烃潜力

应用有机地球化学分析方法,对羌塘盆地侏罗系曲色组烃源岩进行评价。勘探早期对烃源岩有机地球化学研究的基本地球化学指标包括有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度三个指标。通过分析,曲色组烃源岩有机质丰度较高,油页岩有机碳平均质量分数为5.208%,总体表现为好烃源岩特征。有机质组成以镜质组和腐泥组为主,H/C原子比介于0.59~0.89之间,O/C原子比介于0.10~0.14之间,干酪根类型指数TI介于-56.245~49.22之间,油页岩总体表现为Ⅱ型少部分Ⅲ型。岩石热解峰温(Tmax)介于424~502℃之间,主体进入成熟演化阶段,部分达到过成熟阶段,具有良好的生烃潜力及勘探前景,可以作为后续羌塘油气勘探的目标层系。

羌塘盆地托纳木地区上侏罗统索瓦组油气充注期次及成藏过程

上侏罗统是羌塘盆地最为重要的油气勘探目的层之一,油气成藏期次研究有助于判断油气成藏过程及油气藏的分布规律。本文以区内油气显示良好的羌资3井上侏罗统索瓦组为研究对象,开展了流体包裹体岩相学、测温和拉曼成分研究等。结果表明,索瓦组发育大量气相、液相、气液两相流体包裹体,宿主矿物包含石英和方解石两类,包裹体产出形态多样,可细分出5小类;均一温度介于69.4~262.3℃,以90~100℃的包裹体为主,共划分出80~100℃、130~150℃、160~190℃三期油气充注流体和一期>200℃的热液流体活动。激光拉曼测试表明羌资3井包裹体主要为气相CH_(4)、液相CH_(4)和液相H_(2)O三类。结合埋藏史,推断该区经历了晚侏罗世牛津期(约160Ma)、白垩纪阿尔比期(约112Ma)以及新近纪塞拉瓦勒期(约13Ma)三期油气充注,羌资3井多阶段的油气充注和成藏进一步表明羌塘盆地上侏罗统油气目的层具有非常广阔的油气勘探前景。

羌塘盆地碳酸盐岩储层裂缝形成期次研究

在碳酸盐岩储层中,裂缝不仅是油气藏运移的通道,还可以为油气藏提供储集空间,是影响碳酸盐岩储层含油气性的关键因素。羌塘盆地碳酸盐岩储层在形成过程中经历了多期构造活动和成岩作用,形成了多期天然裂缝,这些裂缝是影响羌塘盆地碳酸盐岩储层含油气差异性的重要因素。因此,对天然裂缝形成期次进行研究对于羌塘盆地碳酸盐岩储层油气藏高效开发具有重要意义。

羌塘盆地隆鄂尼—昂达尔错地区布曲组白云岩储层成因及孔隙演化特征

利用剖面地质调查、岩心观察、薄片铸体鉴定、扫描电镜分析及物性测试等方法,结合地球化学资料综合分析,研究羌塘盆地隆鄂尼—昂达尔错地区布曲组白云岩储层成因及孔隙演化特征。结果表明:布曲组白云岩包括保留先驱灰岩原始组构白云岩、晶粒白云岩和白云石充填物;晶粒白云岩中细晶、自形白云岩储层物性最好,细晶、半自形白云岩储层物性次之;储集空间以晶间孔为主,局部发育晶间溶孔。布曲组沉积前的古地貌和沉积时的古气候控制白云岩在垂向和平面上的展布,即沉积环境决定储层的叠置形态;白云岩储层发育于台缘滩和台内浅滩环境,高位体系域晚期的咸化海水提供白云石化流体;白云岩储层经历准同生阶段、浅埋藏阶段、中—深埋藏阶段及构造热液改造阶段,浅埋藏阶段是储层孔隙发育的关键时期。在南羌塘地区,早白垩世晚期羌塘地块和拉萨地块的碰撞以剪切作用为主,形成深大断裂,大气淡水下渗稀释布曲组地层水,并俘获夏里组高^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr的地层流体,约74 Ma的构造热事件提供鞍形白云石的热源,形成鞍形白云石充填物。

羌塘盆地南部古油藏带布曲组白云岩地球化学特征及成因机制

探讨羌塘盆地南部古油气藏中侏罗统布曲组白云岩的成因机制。通过对布曲组岩心观察、岩石学研究及微区C、O、Sr同位素分析,确定布曲组白云岩包括保留先驱灰岩原始组构白云岩、晶粒白云岩和白云石充填物。其中保留先驱灰岩原始组构的白云岩Sr同位素值与同期海水相似,C-O同位素值较同期灰岩偏正,属于准同生阶段高位体系域晚期局限环境中蒸发的咸化海水,高度过饱和的白云石化流体快速通过有利于原始组构的保存。晶粒白云石中分别由细晶自形白云石和细晶半自形白云石构成的白云岩Sr同位素值与同期海水相似,C-O同位素值较同期灰岩偏正,较保留先驱灰岩原始组构白云岩负偏,为浅埋藏阶段、高位体系域晚期局限环境中因蒸发咸化的海水回流或下渗扩散交代先驱灰岩而来,过度白云石化是形成细晶半自形白云石的主要原因。由中-粗晶他形白云石构成的白云岩形成于中-深埋藏阶段,Sr同位素值与同期海水相似;但O同位素值较前几种白云岩负偏,可能为早期白云石重结晶的结果;部分样品C同位素值与灰岩相似,可能为不彻底交代灰岩的结果;较高的成岩温度是晶体发生曲面化的主要原因。细-中晶自形-半自形白云石充填形成于浅埋藏阶段末期到中-深埋藏阶段初期,是化学沉淀或结晶作用的产物。鞍形白云石充填物Sr同位素值普遍高于同期海水,C同位素分布范围较宽,O同位素值比中-粗晶他形白云岩偏负,可能与早白垩世末期的剪切背景造成大气淡水下渗及64~78 Ma B.P.的构造热事件有关。

青藏高原羌塘盆地东缘贡日地区中侏罗统布曲组碳酸盐岩微相与沉积环境

对西藏羌塘盆地东部边缘贡日地区产出石油沥青脉的中侏罗统布曲组的沉积相和沉积环境进行了详细研究,共区分出9种碳酸盐岩微相类型,即灰泥灰岩、纹层状粉泥晶灰岩、砂屑灰岩、球粒泥亮晶泥粒灰岩、含核形石和团块泥粒灰岩、生物碎屑泥粒灰岩、生物碎屑粒泥灰岩、含鲕粒生屑颗粒灰岩、含生物碎屑灰泥灰岩。根据微相类型组合特征和野外沉积构造,认为布曲组灰岩主要形成于碳酸盐台地浅缓坡、中缓坡和深缓坡3种沉积环境,在布曲组内共识别出4个沉积旋回,组成一个相对海平面逐渐上升的海进序列,与上覆地层布曲组岩层构成一个完整的三级海平面变化旋回。

羌塘盆地那底岗日地区布曲组碳酸盐岩烃源岩稀土元素分布特征及意义

对采自羌塘盆地那底岗日地区布曲组碳酸盐岩烃源岩进行了稀土元素地球化学研究,分析结果表明:海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩稀土总量(ΣREE)最大值75.21μg/g,最小值20.58μg/g,平均值为36.67μg/g。稀土元素北美页岩标准化后具有相对富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土的特点。布曲组碳酸盐岩烃源岩Ce/Ce*值为0.83～0.93,平均为0.88,显弱负异常;Eu/Eu*值为0.68～1.58,大部分样品的Eu/Eu*为弱负异常,少部分样品显正异常。稀土元素的这些特征大体反映了那底岗日地区布曲组沉积期总体为弱氧化的沉积环境,由于海侵的扩大和水体分层影响,部分底层水体由于缺氧而变为还原环境。

羌塘盆地中侏罗统布曲组烃源岩评价

迄今为止羌塘盆地已发现200多处油气显示点,其中5处为液态油苗,多处为油页岩,表明盆地已具备生烃基础。中侏罗统布曲组烃源岩在羌塘盆地广泛分布,岩性以碳酸盐岩为主,厚度从几十米到几百米不等,有机碳含量平均为0.117%～0.68%,以中等—好烃源岩为主,少数为较差烃源岩;泥质烃源岩有机碳含量平均为0.44%～4.64%,各剖面差别较大,较差—好烃源岩均有。干酪根显微组分分析结果表明,布曲组烃源岩干酪根显微组分以腐泥组为主,各剖面腐泥组平均含量为62%～88%。布曲组碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ_1型为主,部分Ⅰ型和少量Ⅱ_2型;泥质烃源岩以Ⅱ_2型为主,少量Ⅱ_1型。布曲组烃源岩镜质组反射率平均为0.98%～3.12%,有机质处于成熟一过成熟阶段。综合评价结果表明,布曲组为盆地最有利生烃层位,主要分布于北羌塘坳陷的中西部地区。

羌塘盆地扎仁地区中侏罗统布曲组烃源岩评价

目前羌塘盆地的绝大部分烃源岩资料均来源于地表露头的分析数据,通过对羌资2井烃源岩和南羌塘坳陷扎仁地区地表烃源岩特征对比分析,从烃源岩岩性、有机质丰度、类型和成熟度等方面揭示了羌塘盆地的地表与地下烃源岩之间的差异。结果显示,羌资2井有机碳含量高于地表条件下的有机碳含量,有机质类型以Ⅱ1型干酪根为主,极少量为Ⅱ2型,而有机质演化程度也明显偏低。因此,认为羌塘盆地地下烃源岩具有非常好的生油能力,这对羌塘盆地烃源岩的评价有重要的现实意义。

羌塘盆地南部古油藏带布曲组碳酸盐岩稀土元素特征及意义

在羌塘盆地南部古油藏带布曲组碳酸盐岩的详细岩石学分析基础上,研究不同类型碳酸盐岩的稀土元素特征,结果表明:(1)研究区碳酸盐岩包括灰岩、泥—微晶白云岩、(残余)颗粒白云岩、晶粒白云岩及鞍形白云岩;(2)各类碳酸盐岩均具有较低的稀土元素总量,能够指示沉积或成岩流体的性质,部分鞍形白云岩样品稀土元素总量高于灰岩,预示着可能有外来流体的加入;(3)不同类型碳酸盐岩稀土总量具有差别,但经太平洋表层海水标准化后,具有相似的稀土元素配分模式,La_N/Yb_N平均值为2.86,轻微的轻稀土富集和重稀土亏损,随着白云石化程度的增加,轻稀土富集程度变弱,δCe正异常(平均值2.94)和δEu正异常(平均值1.43),这些特征说明布曲组碳酸盐岩沉积于氧化性质的水体中,白云石化流体主要为同期海源地层水,但在烃类充注以后成岩环境变为还原环境,受早白垩世末期拉萨地体与羌塘地块剪刀式碰撞,研究区布曲组地层中有大气淡水加入,再次受到新生代构造热事件影响,形成鞍形白云岩,构造热事件为Eu^(2+)富集提供温度条件。

羌塘盆地东缘中侏罗统布曲组碳酸盐岩成岩作用与成岩环境

羌塘盆地东缘布曲组碳酸盐岩的成岩作用类型主要有泥晶化作用、胶结作用、压实压溶作用、破裂作用、溶解作用等,其中以破裂作用、溶解作用和泥晶化作用最为发育。根据成岩组构可将碳酸盐岩的成岩环境分为海水、大气淡水和埋藏三种成岩环境。初步总结了布曲组剖面上成岩作用与沉积环境和海平面变化的关系。沉积旋回的下部以选择性的内溶孔和海底泥晶化作用为主要特征,中上部以发育压实、压溶的埋藏成岩作用为主。海平面到达最高点以后快速下降,以发育晚期的大汽淡水溶蚀作用为主要特征。初步总结了海进环境下成岩作用演化序列;探讨了羌塘盆地东缘的布曲组在油气普查与方面的重要意义。