A sub-grid scale model for Burgers turbulence based on the artificial neural network method

The present study proposes a sub-grid scale model for the one-dimensional Burgers turbulence based on the neuralnetwork and deep learning method.The filtered data of the direct numerical simulation is used to establish thetraining data set,the validation data set,and the test data set.The artificial neural network(ANN)methodand Back Propagation method are employed to train parameters in the ANN.The developed ANN is applied toconstruct the sub-grid scale model for the large eddy simulation of the Burgers turbulence in the one-dimensionalspace.The proposed model well predicts the time correlation and the space correlation of the Burgers turbulence.

基于Burger’s蠕变模型的采矿车行驶海底稀软底质下陷研究

在陆地矿产资源日渐枯竭的今天,深海矿产资源已成为全球各个国家争相开采与利用的焦点,深海采矿车是实现深海矿产资源开采的重要装备。海底稀软底质是一种承载力与抗剪强度极低的特殊底质,在采矿作业中,深海稀软底质的物理力学特性直接影响采矿车行走的稳定性。文章选取Burger’s接触模型作为深海稀软底质的本构模型,对某海域海底稀软原状土开展室内三轴试验,通过PFC3D颗粒流数值模拟实验对比实际三轴试验,对稀软底质的Burger’s蠕变模型进行参数标定,同时依据标定结果改变相应参数,针对5种不同底质条件的工况,建立海底采矿车的数字仿真模型,模拟各工况下采矿车在不同行驶速度时的下陷深度。结果显示,下陷深度会随行驶速度呈非线性变化,在一定范围内随着行驶速度的增大而减少并逐渐趋于稳定。同时结果还表明,该区域海底稀软底质具有更高的黏粒含量(38.1%~48.4%)、含水率(88.13%~137.79%)和压缩性(压缩系数:1.86~3.73 MPa^(-1),压缩模量:1.26~2.13 MPa),具有更低的密度(1.3~1.5 g/cm^(3))和强度特性(贯入阻力:0.19~1.32 N,黏聚力:3.7~6.9 kPa,内摩擦角:2.4°~3.9°),即承载力较低,蠕变性能较强。本研究在宏观上做了一般的探讨,为类似参数的稀软底质下海底采矿车的运行安全控制提供了较好借鉴与依据。

Effects of mesenchymal stem cell on dopaminergic neurons,motor and memory functions in animal models of Parkinson's disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Parkinson’s disease is chara cterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars com pacta,and although restoring striatal dopamine levels may improve symptoms,no treatment can cure or reve rse the disease itself.Stem cell therapy has a regenerative effect and is being actively studied as a candidate for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.Mesenchymal stem cells are considered a promising option due to fewer ethical concerns,a lower risk of immune rejection,and a lower risk of teratogenicity.We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives on motor function,memory,and preservation of dopamine rgic neurons in a Parkinson’s disease animal model.We searched bibliographic databases(PubMed/MEDLINE,Embase,CENTRAL,Scopus,and Web of Science)to identify articles and included only pee r-reviewed in vivo interve ntional animal studies published in any language through J une 28,2023.The study utilized the random-effect model to estimate the 95%confidence intervals(CI)of the standard mean differences(SMD)between the treatment and control groups.We use the systematic review center for laboratory animal expe rimentation’s risk of bias tool and the collaborative approach to meta-analysis and review of animal studies checklist for study quality assessment.A total of 33studies with data from 840 Parkinson’s disease model animals were included in the meta-analysis.Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells significantly improved motor function as assessed by the amphetamine-induced rotational test.Among the stem cell types,the bone marrow MSCs with neurotrophic factor group showed la rgest effect size(SMD[95%CI]=-6.21[-9.50 to-2.93],P=0.0001,I^(2)=0.0%).The stem cell treatment group had significantly more tyrosine hydroxylase positive dopamine rgic neurons in the striatum([95%CI]=1.04[0.59 to 1.49],P=0.0001,I^(2)=65.1%)and substantia nigra(SMD[95%CI]=1.38[0.89 to 1.87],P=0.0001,I^(2)=75.3%),indicating a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons.Subgroup analysis of the amphetamine-induced rotation test showed a significant reduction only in the intracranial-striatum route(SMD[95%CI]=-2.59[-3.25 to-1.94],P=0.0001,I^(2)=74.4%).The memory test showed significant improvement only in the intravenous route(SMD[95%CI]=4.80[1.84 to 7.76],P=0.027,I^(2)=79.6%).Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to positively impact motor function and memory function and protect dopaminergic neurons in preclinical models of Parkinson’s disease.Further research is required to determine the optimal stem cell types,modifications,transplanted cell numbe rs,and delivery methods for these protocols.

Discrete Element Simulation of Asphalt Mastics Based on Burgers Model

In order to investigate the viscoelastic performance of asphalt mastics, a micro-mechanical model for asphalt mastics was built by applying Burgers model to discrete element simulation and constructing Burgers contact model. Then the numerical simulation of creep tests was conducted, and results from the simulation were compared with the analytical solution for Burgers model. The comparision showed that the two results agreed well with each other, suggesting that discrete element model based on Burgers model could be employed in the numerical simulation for asphalt mastics.

An improved creep model for unsaturated reticulated red clay

Establishment of a creep model is an important method to analyze the relationship between soil creep deformation and time,and the element model is widely used for studying soil creep.However,the element creep model is employed for fitting saturated soil,and the mechanical element model is generally linear,which cannot well fit the nonlinear deformation of the soil with time in practice.The creep process of the soil is not only time-dependent,but also related to the deviatoric stress level.Therefore,the fractional calculus theory and a parameter n reflecting the effect of deviatoric stress level on the creep properties of the soil were introduced into the element model,and the fractional qBurgers creep model was established by using the fractional Koeller dashpot and Caputo fractional calculus.The proposed model was used to fit the triaxial test data of reticulated red clay under different net confining pressures and matric suctions by unsaturated triaxial apparatus.The proposed model can well describe the nonlinearity of unsaturated reticulated red clay,has memory and global correlation to the creep development process of unsaturated reticulated red clay,and has clear physical meaning.The functional relationships of the model parameters with the matric suction,net confining pressure and deviatoric stress level were deduced,so that the creep curves of unsaturated reticulated red clay can be obtained for any conditions,which is of great value for the study of unsaturated soils.

Animal models of Alzheimer's disease:Current strategies and new directions

Animal models constructed using pathogenic factors have significantly advanced drug development for Alzheimer's disease(AD).These predominantly transgenic models,mainly in mice,replicate pathological phenotypes through gene mutations associated with familial AD cases,thus serving as vital tools for assessing drug efficacy and for performing mechanistic studies.However,the speciesspecific differences and complex,heterogeneous nature of AD etiology pose considerable challenges for the translatability of these animal models,limiting their utility in drug development.This review offers a comprehensive analysis of widely employed rodent(mice and rats)and non-rodent models(Danio rerio(zebrafish),Drosophila melanogaster,and Caenorhabditis elegans),detailing their phenotypic features and specific research applications.This review also examines the limitations inherent in these models and introduces various strategies for expanding AD modeling across diverse species,emphasizing recent advancement in non-human primates(NHPs)as valuable models.Furthermore,potential insights from the integration of innovative technologies in AD research are discussed,while providing valuable perspectives on the future development of AD animal models.

A Model of Grand Unified Theory: Suggested Solution for CP-Violation Using Ideas of Phase Paths

This study demonstrates that beyond standard model (BSM) cosmic fundamental interactions—weak, strong, and electromagnetic forces—can be unified through a common basis of representation. This unification allows for the derivation of the fine structure constant with running points of α(t) ≈ 1/(136.9038) at high energy scales, based on electroweak interactions. Through the application of the Ising model, the running point of the elementary charge e at high energy scales is determined, and Coulomb’s law is actually derived from the Yukawa potential. Theoretically, based on S. Weinberg’s electroweak interaction theory, this study unifies the strong and electromagnetic forces by representing them with rYuka, and further advances the reconstruction of the SU(3)C×SU(1)L×U(1)EMframework on the basis of electroweak interaction concepts. In fact, the cosmic fundamental forces can interchange at the mass gap, defined as the Yukawa turning phase at rYuka ≃1.9404 fm, with the SU(3)Diag structural constant fijk on glueballs calculated, estimating a spectrum mass gap of ∆0 > 0.

Viscoelastic Burger’s model for tunnels supported with tangentially yielding liner

This study proposed an analytical model for the tunnel supported with a tangentially yielding liner in viscoelastic ground.The efficiency of the developed analytical model was verified by comparing the calculated results with associated numerical simulation results.Using the analytical model,a comprehensive parameter sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the effects of the rate of tunnel face advancement,concrete liner thickness,installation time of liner,and strength and thickness of yielding elements on the tunnel responses.The results highlight the significant benefit of the tangentially yielding liner to relieve overstress in the tunnel liner and improve the stability of the tunnel.The yield efficiency of the tangentially yielding liner depends highly on the yielding strength and deformable capacity of the yielding elements and less on the installation time.

Evaluating the role of large language models in inflammatory bowel disease patient information

This letter evaluates the article by Gravina et al on ChatGPT’s potential in providing medical information for inflammatory bowel disease patients.While promising,it highlights the need for advanced techniques like reasoning+action and retrieval-augmented generation to improve accuracy and reliability.Emphasizing that simple question and answer testing is insufficient,it calls for more nuanced evaluation methods to truly gauge large language models’capabilities in clinical applications.

Solving the Olbers’s Paradox, Explaining the “Red-Shift”, and Challenging the Relativities by “Sun Matters Theory” and “Sun Model of Universe”, an Evolution of the Einstein’s Static Universe Model

Olbers’s paradox, known as the dark night paradox, is an argument in astrophysics that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. Big-Bang theory was used to partially explain this paradox, while introducing new problems. Hereby, we propose a better theory, named Sun Matters Theory, to explain this paradox. Moreover, this unique theory supports and extended the Einstein’s static universe model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Further, we proposed our new universe model, “Sun Model of Universe”. Based on the new model and novel theory, we generated innovative field equation by upgrading Einstein’s Field Equation through adding back the cosmological constant, introducing a new variable and modifying the gravitationally-related concepts. According to the Sun Model of Universe, the dark matter and dark energy comprise the so-called “Sun Matters”. The observed phenomenon like the red shift is explained as due to the interaction of ordinary light with Sun Matters leading to its energy and frequency decrease. In Sun Model, our big universe consists of many universes with ordinary matter at the core mixed and surrounded with the Sun Matters. In those universes, the laws of physics may be completely or partially different from that of our ordinary universe with parallel civilizations. The darkness of night can be easily explained as resulting from the interaction of light with the Sun Matters leading to the sharp decrease in the light intensity. Sun Matters also scatter the light from a star, which makes it shining as observed by Hubble. Further, there is a kind of Sun Matters named “Sun Waters”, surrounding every starts. When lights pass by the sun, the Sun Waters deflect the lights to bend the light path. According to the Sun Model, it is the light bent not the space bent that was proposed in the theory of relativities.

Hubble Tension Explanation from This Cosmological Model AΛΩ (Slow Bang Model, SB)

In this article we present a model of Hubble-Lemaître law using the notions of a transmitter (galaxy) and a receiver (MW) coupled to a model of the universe (Slow Bang Model, SB), based on a quantum approach of the evolution of space-time as well as an equation of state that retains all the infinitesimal terms. We find an explanation of the Hubble tension H0. Indeed, we have seen that this constant depends on the transceiver pair which can vary from the lowest observable value, from photons of the CMB (theoretical [km/s/Mpc]) to increasingly higher values depending on the earlier origin of the formation of the observed galaxy or cluster (ETG ~0.3 [Gy], ~74 [km/s/Mpc]). We have produced a theoretical table of the values of the constant according to the possible pairs of transmitter/receiver in the case where these galaxies follow the Hubble flow without large disturbance. The calculated theoretical values of the constant are in the order of magnitude of all values mentioned in past studies. Subsequently, we applied the models to 9 galaxies and COMA cluster and found that the models predict acceptable values of their distances and Hubble constant since these galaxies mainly follow the Hubble flow rather than the effects of a galaxy cluster or a group of clusters. In conclusion, we affirm that this Hubble tension does not really exist and it is rather the understanding of the meaning of this constant that is questioned.

A lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model for a class of the generalized Burgers equations

A new lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook （LBGK） model for a class of the generalized Burgers equations is proposed. It is a general LBGK model for nonlinear Burgers equations with source term in arbitrary dimensional space. The linear stability of the model is also studied. The model is numerically tested for three problems in different dimensional space, and the numerical results are compared with either analytic solutions or numerical results obtained by other methods. Satisfactory results are obtained by the numerical simulations.

Analysis of Porter’s Five Forces Competitive Model in China’s Property Rights Trading Market

In recent years,China’s property rights trading market has been extremely competitive,but there are also new contradictions and challenges.This paper aims to analyze the external and internal competitive market of the property rights market through Porter’s five forces competition model,then find out the problems and defects in the development,thereby promoting the better development and progress of China’s property rights trading market.

Exploring the role of N-acetyltransferases in diseases:a focus on N-acetyltransferase 9 in neurodegeneration

Acetyltransferases,required to transfer an acetyl group on protein are highly conserved proteins that play a crucial role in development and disease.Protein acetylation is a common post-translational modification pivotal to basic cellular processes.Close to 80%-90%of proteins are acetylated during translation,which is an irreversible process that affects protein structure,function,life,and localization.In this review,we have discussed the various N-acetyltransferases present in humans,their function,and how they might play a role in diseases.Furthermore,we have focused on N-acetyltransferase 9 and its role in microtubule stability.We have shed light on how N-acetyltransferase 9 and acetylation of proteins can potentially play a role in neurodegenerative diseases.We have specifically discussed the N-acetyltransferase 9-acetylation independent function and regulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling and microtubule stability during development and neurodegeneration.

The KdV-Burgers equation in a modified speed gradient continuum model

Based on the full velocity difference model, Jiang et al. put forward the speed gradient model through the micromacro linkage （Jiang R, Wu Q S and Zhu Z J 2001 Chin. Sci. Bull 46 345 and Jiang R, Wu Q S and Zhu Z J 2002 Trans. Res. B 36 405）. In this paper, the Taylor expansion is adopted to modify the model. The backward travel problem is overcome by our model, which exists in many higher-order continuum models. The neutral stability condition of the model is obtained through the linear stability analysis. Nonlinear analysis shows clearly that the density fluctuation in traffic flow leads to a variety of density waves. Moreover, the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers （KdV-Burgers） equation is derived to describe the traffic flow near the neutral stability line and the corresponding solution for traffic density wave is derived. The numerical simulation is carried out to investigate the local cluster effects. The results are consistent with the realistic traffic flow and also further verify the results of nonlinear analysis.

岩石粘弹塑性本构关系及改进的Burgers蠕变模型

软弱岩石一般具有粘弹塑性共存特性,而典型的Burgers蠕变模型只能描述材料第三期蠕变以前的粘弹性规律,因此,本文基于Mohr-Coulomb准则,提出了新的塑性元件,该元件假定材料屈服后完全服从Mohr-Coulomb塑性流动规律。将该元件与典型的Burgers模型串联,形成了能模拟粘弹塑性偏量特性和弹塑性体积行为的改进型Burgers蠕变模型,推导了相应的粘弹塑性本构关系。给出了模型参数的求解方法,编制了相应的数据处理程序,并结合工程实例,对蠕变模型参数进行了拟合和加权平均取值。应用结果表明:试验曲线与理论计算曲线吻合,改进的Burgers蠕变模型能较好的描述岩石的蠕变特性。

以Burgers体模型模拟震后粘弹性松弛效应

运用有限元数值方法、以Burgers体为粘弹介质模型模拟了震后地表形变。计算结果表明:以Burgers体为粘弹介质模型可以解释地震引起的瞬时弹性响应、呈指数衰减的短期响应与线性增加的稳态长期响应。分析认为,以Burgers体为粘弹介质模型可以解决Maxwell体和Kelvin体在模拟震后短期和长期形变时的不协调问题。

低频循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变的Burgers模型分析

为了研究盐岩在低频循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性,采用恒轴压、循环围压的应力加载方式对盐岩开展了低频循环荷载蠕变试验。试验结果显示,当蠕变时间较短时,盐岩轴向蠕变曲线近似为平滑曲线,波动性不大;当时间增加到一定程度以后,盐岩变形随围压变化而发生明显的波动。总体来看,循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变曲线与Burgers模型蠕变曲线较为相似。将Burgers模型分解为Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型,忽略材料的疲劳效应,分别推导了恒轴压、循环围压应力加载方式下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程,分析了荷载循环周期对模型蠕变性的影响规律;将循环荷载下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程进行叠加,得到了循环荷载下Burgers模型的轴向蠕变方程,并利用盐岩蠕变试验结果对其合理性进行了验证。结果表明:拟合曲线和试验曲线吻合良好,该模型能够较好地反映盐岩在循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性和荷载变化对盐岩蠕变性的重要影响,特别是能够反映出不同荷载循环周期下盐岩变形随荷载变化而发生的明显的波动现象。

岩石的非定常Burgers模型

建立一个与时间、应力状态有关的非线性黏滞体,该黏滞体可以描述岩石的非线性黏弹性流变特征;将该非线性黏滞体替换Burgers模型中的线性黏滞体,得到修正Burgers模型,该模型也称为非定常Burgers模型。对锦屏二级水电站辅助交通洞的绿片岩进行双轴压缩蠕变试验,将定常Burgers模型和非定常Burgers模型对蠕变试验曲线进行拟合对比分析。研究结果表明:采用非定常Burgers拟合时,拟合曲线与试验曲线基本吻合,残差平方和比采用定常Burgers模型时的小,且相关系数也有明显提高,因此,非定常Burgers模型更适用于描述硬岩的黏弹性蠕变特征。

基于Burgers模型的岩石非定常蠕变模型

伯格斯(Burgers)模型适合用来描述岩石第三期以前的蠕变曲线。为了描述整个蠕变过程,可以考虑力学参数的时间效应,用非定常黏壶替换Burgers模型中的定常黏壶,给出一种非定常Burgers模型,并推导出它的蠕变柔量,实验数据拟合表明该模型能较好地反映岩石的试验曲线。