Property and provenance study of fancy celadon samples excavated from the Noble Burials of the Yue State at Hongshan, China

The Noble Burials of the Yue State at Hongshan in Wuxi City with many fancy burial objects were excavated by Archaeology Institute of Jiangsu Province and Xishan District Committee for Administration of Cultural Relics of China. It was appraised as one of the ten major archaeological excavations in 2004. Some precious ceramic samples excavated from this site are very important for studying the development history of Chinese ceramics, especially for studying the origin of porcelain. With the cooperation of Archaeology Institute of Nanjing Museum, the ceramic samples excavated from the Noble Burials of the Yue State at Hongshan were collected and systematically analyzed. Compared with the celadon samples produced in Yue-kiln site during later Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220 A.D.), some important topics such as the provenance and properties of the ceramic samples excavated from the Noble Burials of the Yue State at Hongshan were deeply studied.

Exploring non-invasive approaches to assist in the detection of clandestine human burials: developing a way forward

The analyses of physical evidence recovered from clandestine single and mass graves have been demonstrated to be of significant evidential and/or investigative value for both court purposes and humanitarian investigations.The detection of these types of graves is,therefore,pivotal to forensic investigations.This article reviews different remote and groundbased methods that have been used to attempt to detect deliberately concealed burial sites and summarizes the experimental research that has,to date,been undertaken in order to improve grave detection.The article then presents the preliminary findings of research being undertaken at the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research(AFTER).This research,the first of its kind to be undertaken in the southern hemisphere,is based on experimental single and mass graves using human cadavers.The research is centred on current remote sensing methods and techniques combined with the analysis of the effects of below-ground temperature and moisture and ground-based weather data.It is hoped that identifying successful sensors and detectors will be beneficial to national and international agencies that are involved in forensic as well as humanitarian investigations that require the detection of deliberately concealed gravesites.

Effect of burial depth of a new tunnel on the seismic response of an existing tunnel

Burial depth is a crucial factor affecting the forces and deformation of tunnels during earthquakes.One key issue is a lack of understanding of the effect of a change in the buried depth of a single-side tunnel on the seismic response of a double-tunnel system.In this study,shaking table tests were designed and performed based on a tunnel under construction in Dalian,China.Numerical models were established using the equivalent linear method combined with ABAQUS finite element software to analyze the seismic response of the interacting system.The results showed that the amplification coefficient of the soil acceleration did not change evidently with the burial depth of the new tunnel but decreased as the seismic amplitude increased.In addition,the existing tunnel acceleration,earth pressure,and internal force were hardly affected by the change in the burial depth;for the new tunnel,the acceleration and internal force decreased as the burial depth increased,while the earth pressure increased.This shows that the earth pressure distribution in a double-tunnel system is relatively complex and mainly concentrated on the arch spandrel and arch springing of the relative area.Overall,when the horizontal clearance between the center of the two tunnels was more than twice the sum of the radius of the outer edges of the two tunnels,the change in the burial depth of the new tunnel had little effect on the existing one,and the tunnel structure was deemed safe.These results provide a preliminary understanding and reference for the seismic performance of a double-tunnel system.

Morphometric Attributes of Two Native Forage Species According to Water Source Distance in Semiarid Central Grasslands of Argentina

The semiarid grasslands of Argentina’s central region have been modified by domestic livestock grazing,both in their composition and structure.The increase in the proportion of woody and non-forage species and the decrease in forage species are some of the most evident results of this process.There is limited available information about the effect of differential grazing pressures on morphometric attributes of native species,and it also depends on the life histories of the species in this grassland.The objective of this work was to evaluate some morphometric aspects in the grasses Poa ligularis Nees ex Steud and Piptochaetium napostaense(Speg.).Hack according to distance from the water source in communities in the central semiarid region of Argentina.The study area included areas of low grassland,golden forests,and secondary forests in grasslands(6 fields with 9 paddocks).Grazing pressure was established based on the distance to the water source,so sampling areas were designated near the water source(grazing pressure is greater)and far from the water source(grazing pressure light)in each of the pastures.In both species,specimens were selected at random,and the following attributes were measured:crown diameter at ground level(cm),burial depth(cm),average tiller weight per plant(g.Marcello^(−1)),and the density of tillers per unit of crown surface(tillers.cm^(−2)crown).The morphometric attributes evaluated showed differences according to the distance to the watering hole and in the different pastures.Both species presented similar behaviors for the attributes.There were significant differences in the depth of burial and the average weight of tillers per plant,being greater in the areas close to the water source.Regarding the distance to the watering hole,there were no significant differences in crown diameter and tiller density,but the highest values were recorded for the former near the watering hole and for the second far from the watering hole.In pastures with low grassland or secondary forest on the plain,the greatest depth of burial and weight of tillers was recorded closer to the water.In forest areas,the highest density of tillers was found far from the water.For crown diameter,although there was no interaction,the largest diameters were found in plain grassland areas near the waterhole.In general,both species had a differential behavior depending on the grazing pressure that was evident along the physiognomic gradient from plain grassland to forest and that could be interpreted as a strategy to perpetuate themselves against herbivory.

Influences of burial process on diagenesis and high-quality reservoir development of deep-ultra-deep clastic rocks:A case study of Lower Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation in southern margin of Junggar Basin,NW China

Taking the Lower Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation in the southern margin of Junggar Basin as an example,the influences of the burial process in a foreland basin on the diagenesis and the development of high-quality reservoirs of deep and ultra-deep clastic rocks were investigated using thin section,scanning electron microscope,electron probe,stable isotopic composition and fluid inclusion data.The Qingshuihe Formation went through four burial stages of slow shallow burial,tectonic uplift,progressive deep burial and rapid deep burial successively.The stages of slow shallow burial and tectonic uplift not only can alleviate the mechanical compaction of grains,but also can maintain an open diagenetic system in the reservoirs for a long time,which promotes the dissolution of soluble components by meteoric freshwater and inhibits the precipitation of dissolution products in the reservoirs.The late rapid deep burial process contributed to the development of fluid overpressure,which effectively inhibits the destruction of primary pores by compaction and cementation.The fluid overpressure promotes the development of microfractures in the reservoir,which enhances the dissolution effect of organic acids.Based on the quantitative reconstruction of porosity evolution history,it is found that the long-term slow shallow burial and tectonic uplift processes make the greatest contribution to the development of deep-ultra-deep high-quality clastic rock reservoirs,followed by the late rapid deep burial process,and the progressive deep burial process has little contribution.

Potential evaluation of saline aquifers for the geological storage of carbon dioxide: A case study of saline aquifers in the Qian-5 member in northeastern Ordos Basin

The well-developed coal electricity generation and coal chemical industries have led to huge carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions in the northeastern Ordos Basin.The geological storage of CO_(2) in saline aquifers is an effective backup way to achieve carbon neutrality.In this case,the potential of saline aquifers for CO_(2) storage serves as a critical basis for subsequent geological storage project.This study calculated the technical control capacities of CO_(2) of the saline aquifers in the fifth member of the Shiqianfeng Formation(the Qian-5 member)based on the statistical analysis of the logging and the drilling and core data from more than 200 wells in the northeastern Ordos Basin,as well as the sedimentary facies,formation lithology,and saline aquifer development patterns of the Qian-5 member.The results show that(1)the reservoirs of saline aquifers in the Qian-5 member,which comprise distributary channel sand bodies of deltaic plains,feature low porosities and permeabilities;(2)The study area hosts three NNE-directed saline aquifer zones,where saline aquifers generally have a single-layer thickness of 3‒8 m and a cumulative thickness of 8‒24 m;(3)The saline aquifers of the Qian-5 member have a total technical control capacity of CO_(2) of 119.25×10^(6) t.With the largest scale and the highest technical control capacity(accounting for 61%of the total technical control capacity),the Jinjie-Yulin saline aquifer zone is an important prospect area for the geological storage of CO_(2) in the saline aquifers of the Qian-5 member in the study area.

A Study of Burial Patterns and Symbolism With Reference to Harappan Sites in India

Since time and beyond, when humans first developed the understanding of staying in communities, a sense of affection and adoration grew towards fellow beings. The law of nature of the cycle of life gave rise to the belief in life after death and a sense of intimidation for the same, gave way to supernatural beliefs. Such beliefs gave rise to multifarious customary activities. A study to understand them on the basis of symbolism has paved the way for simplification of the complex rituals, and hence, perceive the prevalent socio-cultural aspects of those times.

Effects of Sand Burial on the Survival, Growth, and Biomass Allocation in Semi-shrub Hedysarum laeve Seedlings

Hedysarum laeve Maxim. (Leguminosae) is one of the major species used frequently in revegetation of dune_field in the sandlands of the northern part of China by means of aerial sowing. Seedlings of the species after emergence above the sand surface may be buried in sand to various depths during its establishment in late spring and early summer. A study was made to examine the effects of sand burial at different levels of 0 (control), 33%, 67%, 100% and 133% of their shoot height, on the survivorship, growth, and biomass allocation pattern of H. laeve seedlings (one and two weeks old after emergence). When burial depth was up to 100% of their shoot height, about 70% seedlings died; and the burial at depth of 133% of their shoot height led to death of all seedlings. When seedlings was buried at depth of 33% and 67% of their shoot height, respectively, after six_week growth, their biomass of whole plant, blade, and root and relative growth rate were higher than the unburied counterparts. The seedlings in both 33% and 67% sand burial treatments did not significantly change their biomass allocation pattern comparing with the unburied ones. Furthermore, the number of leaves and shoot height of the seedlings in both 33% and 67% sand burial treatments were not significantly different from those of unburied individuals, respectively. The newly born leaves of the surviving seedlings, in 33%, 67%, and 100% burial treatments, during the period of experiment, were significantly more than those in control.

Organic carbon source and burial during the past one hundred years in Jiaozhou Bay,North China

Organic carbon （OC）, total nitrogen （TN）, and ^210Pb in core sediment were measured to quantify the burial of organic carbon and the relative importance of allochthonous and autochthonous contributions during the past one hundred years in Jiaozhou Bay, North China. The core sediment was dated using ^210Pb chronology, which is the most promising method for estimation of sedimentation rate on a time scale of 100-150 years. The variation of the burial flux of organic carbon in the past one hundred years can be divided into the following three stages： （1） relatively steady before 1980s; （2） increasing rapidly from the 1980s to a peak in the 1990s, and （3） decreasing from the 1990s to the present. The change is consistent with the amount of solid waste and sewage emptied into the bay. The OC：TN ratio was used to evaluate the source of organic carbon in the Jiaozhou Bay sediment. In the inner bay and bay mouth, the organic carbon was the main contributor from terrestrial sources, whereas only about half of organic carbon was contributed from terrestrial source in the outer bay. In the inner bay, the terrestrial source of organic carbon showed a steady change with an increase in the range of 69%-77% before 1990 to 93% in 2000, and then decreased from 2000 because of the decrease in the terrestrial input. In the bay mouth, the percentage of organic carbon from land reached the highest value with 94% in 1994. In the outer bay, the sediment source maintained steady for the past one hundred years.

Ground stability of underground gateroad with 1 km burial depth： A case study from Xingdong coal mine, China

This paper presents an integrated investigation of the ground stability of a deep gateroad with a 1 km burial depth based on a field test, case studies, and numerical modelling. In situ stress measurements and mechanical properties tests were first conducted in the test site. Then, the deformation behavior, stress and yield zone distributions, as well as the bolts load of the gateroad, were simulated using FLAC3D software. The model results demonstrated that the soft rock properties and high in situ stress were the main factors for the deep gateroad instability, and the shear slip failure induced by the high stress was the primary failure model for the deep rock mass. In addition, the unsuitable support patterns, especially the relatively short bolts/cables with low pre-tensions, the lack of high-strengthen secondary supports and the unsupported floor strata, also contributed to the gateroad instability. Subsequently, a new combined supporting strategy, incorporating longer bolts/cables, yielding ring supports, and grouting measures, was proposed for the deep gateroad, and its validity was verified via field monitoring. All these could be a reference for understanding the failure mechanism of the gateroad with 1 km burial depth.

Burial Dissolution of Ordovician Granule Limestone in the Tahe Oilfield of the Tarim Basin,NW China,and Its Geological Significance

With a comprehensive study on the petrology, geology and geochemistry of some Ordovician granule limestone samples in the Tahe Oiifieid of the Tarim Basin, two stages of burial dissolution were put forward as an in-source dissolution and out-source dissolution based on macro-microcosmic petrology and geochemistry features. The main differences in the two stages are in the origin and moving pass of acid fluids. Geochemical evidence indicates that burial dissolution fluids might be ingredients of organic acids, CO2 and H2S associated with organic matter maturation and hydrocarbon decomposition, and the in-source fluid came from organic matter in the granule limestone itself, but the out-source was mainly from other argillaceous carbonate rocks far away. So, the forming of a burial dissolution reservoir resulted from both in-source and the out-source dissolutions. The granule limestone firstly formed unattached pinholes under in-source dissolution in situ, and afterwards suffered wider dissolution with out-source fluids moving along unconformities, seams, faults and associate fissures. The second stage was much more important, and the mineral composition in the stratum and heat convection of the fluid were also important in forming favorable reservoirs.

Assessment on Redox Conditions and Organic Burial of Siliciferous Sediments at the Latest Permian Dalong Formation in Shangsi,Sichuan,South China

The redox sensitive elements, molybdenum （Mo） and uranium （U）, in marine sediments from the latest Permian Dalong （大隆） Formation at the Shangsi （上寺） Section, Northeast Sichnan （四川）, South China, were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） to determine their response to a range of redox conditions, and to estimate the organic carbon burial rate. On the basis of the correlation between anthigenic Mo abundance and organic carbon content in modern oceans, the organic carbon burial rates were calculated for the rocks at Dalong Formation, ranging from 0.48-125.83 mmol/（m^2.d）, which shows a larger range than the mineralization rate of organic carbon at the continental margins （1.6-4.23 mmol/（m^2-d））. The Zr-normalized Mo and U abundances show large fluctuations in the entire section. The maxima of Zr-normalized Mo abundance and thus the maxima of the organic carbon burial rates were observed at the interval between the 155th and 156th beds （404-407 m above the base of Middle Permian）. A decrease （the minimum） in U/Mo ratios is present in this interval. It is speculated that the oxygen-limited conditions and ultimately anoxia or euxinia may develop within this depth interval. In contrast, an enhanced enrichment of Zr-normalized U abundance is found, in association with less enrichment in Zr-normalized Mo abundance in the interval from the 151st to 154th beds （395-404 m above the base of Middle Permian）, inferring the dominance of a suboxic/anoxic depositional condition （denitrifying condition）, or without free H2S. The presence of small quantities of dissolved oxygen may have caused the solubilization and loss of Mo from sediments. It is proposed that the multiple cycles of abrupt oxidation and reduction due to the upwelling at this interval lead to the enhanced accumulation of authigenic U, but less enrichment of Mo. A decrease in the contents of U, Mo, and TOC is found above the 157th bed （407 m above the base of Middle Permian）, in association with the enhanced U/Mo ratio, suggesting the overall oxic conditions at the end of the Dalong Formation.

Neogene Paleoseismic Events and the Shanwang Biota's Burial in the Linqu Area,Shandong Province,China

Several paleoseismic events are recorded in the Neogene Linqu Group, exposed in the Linqu area, Shandong Province, China. The events were interpreted on the basis of fleldwork and laboratory analysis, which showed the presence of seismites with plastically deformed soft-sediment deformation structures in the Shanwang Formation, and of seismic volcanic rocks in the Yaoshan Formation which show brittle deformation. The earthquake-triggered soft-sediment deformations in the seismites include load structures, ball-and-pillow structures, flame structures, piUow-like beds, boudinage structures, slump folds, syn-depositional faults, veins of liquefied sand, and dikes of liquefied sandy lime-mud. The seismic activity is also reflected in what might be called ＇brittle seismites＇; these originated when, under the influence of seismic vibrations, semi-consolidated conglomerate was shattered. Moreover, volcanic activity is related to intense earthquakes that affected basalts intercalated with sand layers; these successions are known as ＇seismic volcanic rocks＇, which are characterized by veins of liquefied sand intruding the basalts. AH above traces of paleoseismic activity were left from one single time span of 4 Ma with active seismicity that took place 14-10 Ma. This time span is known as ＇the Linqu Neogene Paleoseismic Active Period＇, which is divided into four paleoseismic episodes, which were responses to tectonic extension and basin rifting in this area. It even includes the activity of the Yishu Fault Zone during the Miocene and the Neogene. The ratios of trace elements in the seismites, w（La）/w（Sc） and w （La）/w（Th） are higher than the average value of the upper crust, but w（Th）/w（Sc） is lower; this is geochemical evidence for the basin rifting that resulted in a high sedimentation rate. The intense and frequent paleo-earthquakes are held responsible for the rapid burial of the Shanwang Biota. Secondary earthquake-induced processes （e.g. slumping of a lake shore and the strongly increased lacustrine sedimentation rate） contributed to the rapid burial of the biota.

Phosphorus speciation and distribution in surface sediments of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea and potential impacts on ecosystem

For better understanding the phosphorus （P） cycle and its impacts on one of the most important fishing grounds and pressures on the marine ecosystem in the Yellow Sea （YS） and East China Sea （ECS）, it is essential to distinguish the contents of different P speciation in sediments and have the knowledge of its distribution and bioavailability. In this study, the modified SEDEX procedure was employed to quantify the different forms of P in sediments. The contents of phosphorus fractions in surface sediments were 0.20–0.89μmol/g for exchangeable-P （Exch-P）, 0.37–2.86μmol/g for Fe-bound P （Fe-P）, 0.61–3.07μmol/g for authigenic Ca-P （ACa-P）, 6.39–13.73μmol/g for detrital-P （DAP） and 0.54–10.06μmol/g for organic P （OP）. The distribution of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP seemed to be similar. The concentrations of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP were slightly higher in the Yellow Sea than that in the East China Sea, and low concentrations could be observed in the middle part of the ECS and southwest off Cheju Island. The distribution of ACa-P was different from those of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP. DAP was the major fraction of sedimentary P in the research region. The sum of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP may be thought to be potentially bioavailable P in the research region. The percentage of bioavailable P in TP ranged from 13%to 61%. Bioavailable P burial flux that appeared regional differences was affected by sedimentation rates, porosity and bioavailable P content, and the distribution of bioavailable P burial flux were almost the same as that of TP burial flux.

Features and origins of massive dolomite of Lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation in the northwest Tarim Basin:Evidence from petrography and geochemistry

An integrated petrographical and geochemical study of the massive dolomite of the lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation of the Tarim Basin,outcropping at Yonganba recognized three dolomite types:very finely to finely crystalline nonplanar-a to planar-s dolomite(D1);medium crystalline planar-s to planar-e dolomite(D2);and coarse crystalline nonplanar-a dolomite(D3).All have been affected by burial.D1 and D2 dolomites developed initially before or during shallow burial and later recrystallized,whereas D3 dolomite replaced the initial limestone entirely during burial.All three dolomites have similar geochemical features.The D2 dolomite tends to have more inter-crystalline pores(inherited from primary pores)and higher porosity due to its outstanding compaction resistance during shallow burial;whereas D3 dolomite does not retain appreciable primary pores due to strong cementation and pressure dissolution before dolomitization.This study provides a useful model for understanding the origin and porosity development of burial dolomite,in particular Paleozoic dolomite.

Distribution, sources and burial fl ux of sedimentary organic matter in the East China Sea

Distribution of total organic carbon(TOC),total nitrogen(TN),stable isotope ratio of organic carbon and nitrogen(δ13 C andδ15 N)in 31 surface sediments were examined to quantitatively discriminate the source and burial of sedimentary organic matter(SOM)in the East China Sea(ECS).Results show that high content of TOC and TN occurred in the southern inner shelf and the northeast area due to the transport of organic matter(OM)from the Changjiang(Yangtze)River southwards by the Zhejiang Fujian Coastal Current(ZFCC)and the delivery from the old Huanghe(Yellow)River estuary by the Subei Coastal Current(SbCC),respectively.The signifi cant relationship of TOC to clay provided evidence that the fi ne-grained sediment was the primary carrier for SOM from the inner shelf to open sea.The TN varied proportionally to the TOC with the neglected intercept,suggesting that most of nitrogen measured was related to the SOM and the infl uence of the sorption of inorganic nitrogen was insignifi cant.The seaward enrichment ofδ13 C and seaward depletion of C/N andδ15 N illustrated the decrease of terrestrial OM(TOM)and the increase of marine OM(MOM).The close of average C/N ratio to the Redfi eld ratio indicated the minor role of terrestrial plant debris in the SOM.Distribution of bulk OM properties was ascribed to the terrestrial and marine input by the shelf circulation and phytoplankton with the contributions of 76.1%MOM and 23.9%TOM to SOM,respectively.The burial fl ux of OC ranged within 0.34–7.56 mg/(cm 2∙a)(averaged 2.80 mg/(cm 2∙a))and enriched along the shore and in the fi ne-grained area,manifesting the signifi cant input of the land-based sources and the eff ect of shelf mud depositional process on the fate of SOM.The sharp seaward decrease of burial fl uxes of terrestrial and marine OC gave evidences that the majority of organic carbon were settled in the inner shelf with the small fraction of them further transported eastwards.

Growth and physiological responses of Agriophyllum squarrosum to sand burial stress

Agriophyllum squarrosum is an annual desert plant widely distributed on mobile and semi-mobile dunes in all the sandy deserts of China. We studied the growth and physiological properties of A. squarrosum seedlings under different sand burial depths in 2010 and 2011 at Horqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia to understand the ability and mechanism that A. squarrosum withstands sand burial. The results showed that A. squarrosum had a strong ability to withstand sand burial. Its survival rate, plant height and biomass increased significantly at a burial depth 25% of seedling height and decreased significantly only when the burial depth exceeded the height of the seedlings; some plants still survived even if the burial depth reached 266% of a seedling height. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content and membrane permeability of the plant did not change significantly as long as the burial depth was not greater than the seedling height; lipid peroxidation increased and cell membranes were damaged if the burial depth was increased further. When subjected to sand burial stress, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） activities and free proline content increased in the seedlings, while the catalase （CAT） activity and soluble sugar content decreased. Sand burial did not lead to water stress. Reductions in photosynthetic area and cell membrane damage caused by sand burial may be the major mechanisms increasing mortality and inhibiting growth of the seedling. But the increases in SOD and POD activities and proline content must play a certain role in reducing sand burial damage.

Estimation of the Shale Oil/Gas Potential of a Paleocene–Eocene Succession: A Case Study from the Meyal Area, Potwar Basin, Pakistan

The successful exploration and production of shale-gas resources in the United States and Canada sets a new possible solution towards the energy crisis presently affecting most countries of Asia. This study focuses on the use of well log and 2D seismic data for the characterization of the shale oil/gas potential of a Paleocene-Eocene succession -- the Meyal area in the Potwar Basin of Pakistan. Two shaly plays are identified in Paleocene-Eocene strata in well logs using ALogR and modified ALogR cross-plot techniques. The results indicate that Paleocene shale （the Patala Formation） and the lower shaly part of Eocene limestone （Sakesar Formation） can be potentially mature source rocks. However, the thermal maturity modelling proves that only the Paleocene shale is mature. Our results also suggest that the maturity responses on ALogR models for the lower shaly part of the Eocene limestone are due to trapped hydrocarbons in the intra-formational fractures. Petroelastic/petrophysical analysis of the Patala Formation reveals two potential shale oil/gas zones on the basis of Young＇s modulus, Poisson＇s ratio, Brittleness index and Total Organic Content at an exploitation depth of 3980-3988 m. This work can provide valuable insight for estimating shale oil/gas potential in highly deformed basins not only in Asia but in other parts of the world.

Using seismic surveys to investigate sediment distribution and to estimate burial fluxes of OC, N, and P in a canyon reservoir

As a high-precision survey method,seismic surveying has been increasingly applied to inland water research,although its application to artificial reservoirs has remained limited.As a special artificial water body,reservoirs have important effects on the fluvial transport of material from land to ocean,and inevitably have complex terrain which can complicate and distort the results of seismic surveys.Therefore,there are still some problems need to be resolved in the application of seismic surveys in reservoirs with complex terrain.For this study,the Dongfeng Reservoir located in the upper reaches of the Wujiang River was chosen as an example to test the seismic survey method.Our testing showed that(1)because of the complex underwater terrain,the signal-to-noise ratio of the echo signal in canyon reservoir is low,making it difficult to determine sediment layers thicknesses in some areas;and(2)due to the large spatial heterogeneity of sediment distribution,insufficient density of cross-sections can lead to inaccurate interpolation results.To improve the accuracy of calculations,a mathematical method was used.Ultimately,the total burial mass of sediment was estimated at 2.85 x 107 tons,and the average burial rates of total organic carbon,total phosphorus,and total nitrogen were estimated at 0.194,0.011,and 0.014 g cm-2 year-1,respectively.These values were close to the results of previous studies and hydrographic station data,indicating that seismic survey can be a reliable and efficient method for the mapping of reservoirs.