Integration of Multiple Spectral Data via a Logistic Regression Algorithm for Detection of Crop Residue Burned Areas:A Case Study of Songnen Plain,Northeast China

The burning of crop residues in fields is a significant global biomass burning activity which is a key element of the terrestrial carbon cycle,and an important source of atmospheric trace gasses and aerosols.Accurate estimation of cropland burned area is both crucial and challenging,especially for the small and fragmented burned scars in China.Here we developed an automated burned area mapping algorithm that was implemented using Sentinel-2 Multi Spectral Instrument(MSI)data and its effectiveness was tested taking Songnen Plain,Northeast China as a case using satellite image of 2020.We employed a logistic regression method for integrating multiple spectral data into a synthetic indicator,and compared the results with manually interpreted burned area reference maps and the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)MCD64A1 burned area product.The overall accuracy of the single variable logistic regression was 77.38%to 86.90%and 73.47%to 97.14%for the 52TCQ and 51TYM cases,respectively.In comparison,the accuracy of the burned area map was improved to 87.14%and 98.33%for the 52TCQ and 51TYM cases,respectively by multiple variable logistic regression of Sentind-2 images.The balance of omission error and commission error was also improved.The integration of multiple spectral data combined with a logistic regression method proves to be effective for burned area detection,offering a highly automated process with an automatic threshold determination mechanism.This method exhibits excellent extensibility and flexibility taking the image tile as the operating unit.It is suitable for burned area detection at a regional scale and can also be implemented with other satellite data.

Detection of Burned Areas through Spectral Indices Analysis of Sentinel-2A Satellite Images in the Abokouamékro Wildlife Reserve (Central, Côte D’Ivoire)

In Côte d’Ivoire, the recurring and unregulated use of bushfires, which cause ecological damage, presents a pressing concern for the custodians of protected areas. This study aims to enhance our comprehension of the dynamics of burnt areas within the Abokouamékro Wildlife Reserve (AWR) by employing the analysis of spectral indices derived from satellite imagery. The research methodology began with the calculation of mean indices and their corresponding spectral sub-indices, including NDVI, SAVI, NDWI, NDMI, BAI, NBR, TCW, TCG, and TCB, utilizing data from the Sentinel-2A satellite image dated January 17, 2022. Subsequently, a fuzzy classification model was applied to these various indices and sub-indices, guided by the degree of membership α, with the goal of effectively distinguishing between burned and unburned areas. Following the classification, the accuracies of the classified indices and sub-indices were validated using the coordinates of 100 data points collected within the AWR through GPS technology. The results revealed that the overall accuracy of all indices and sub-indices declines as the degree of membership α decreases from 1 to 0. Among the mean spectral indices, NDVI-mean, SAVI-mean, NDMI-mean exhibited the highest overall accuracies, achieving 97%, 95%, and 90%, respectively. These results closely mirrored those obtained by sub-indices using band 8 (NDVI-B8, SAVI-B8, and NDMI-B8), which yield respective overall accuracies of 93%, 92%, and 89%. At a degree of membership α = 1, the estimated burned areas for the most effective indices encompassed 2144.38 hectares for NDVI-mean, 1932.14 hectares for mean SAVI-mean, and 4947.13 hectares for mean NDMI-mean. A prospective approach involving the amalgamation of these three indices could have the potential to yield improved outcomes. This study could be a substantial contribution to the discrimination of bushfires in Côte d’Ivoire.

Object-Based Burned Area Mapping with Extreme Gradient Boosting Using Sentinel-2 Imagery

The Sentinel-2 satellites are providing an unparalleled wealth of high-resolution remotely sensed information with a short revisit cycle, which is ideal for mapping burned areas both accurately and timely. This paper proposes an automated methodology for mapping burn scars using pairs of Sentinel-2 imagery, exploiting the state-of-the-art eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) machine learning framework. A large database of 64 reference wildfire perimeters in Greece from 2016 to 2019 is used to train the classifier. An empirical methodology for appropriately sampling the training patterns from this database is formulated, which guarantees the effectiveness of the approach and its computational efficiency. A difference (pre-fire minus post-fire) spectral index is used for this purpose, upon which we appropriately identify the clear and fuzzy value ranges. To reduce the data volume, a super-pixel segmentation of the images is also employed, implemented via the QuickShift algorithm. The cross-validation results showcase the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, with the average commission and omission errors being 9% and 2%, respectively, and the average Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) equal to 0.93.

Prediction of area burned under climatic change scenarios:A case study in the Great Xing'an Mountains boreal forest

Monthly projections of maximum temperature,relative humidity,precipitation,and wind speed were made based on the model of HadCM3 and the climatic change scenarios of IPCC SRES A2a and B2a for the future scenario periods of 2010–2039（referred to as 2020s）,2040–2069（referred to as 2050s）,and 2070–2099（referred to as 2080s）.The period 1961–1990 was chosen as the baseline period.The observed and projected weather data were downscaled using delta change methods and historical relationships between weather data,area burned,and the seasonal severity rating（SSR） code of the Canadian Fire Weather Index System were examined.The variations of area burned as influenced by climate change were assessed quantitative and qualitative for the study region,assuming that the fire regimes had the similar responses to the warming climate as during the 20th century.Our results indicated that a linear regression relationship existing between the historical area burned and the mean SSR values with regression coefficient in the significant range of 0.16 to 0.61.It was evident that the increased SSR values could result in more area burned;the area burned in the study region would have an increasing pattern during the 21st century under scenarios A2a and B2a scenarios and the area burned would be doubled.Also,the future area burned would have a strong seasonal pattern that more fires would occur in summer and autumn fire season,especially in summer.The area burned in summer fire season would increase by 1.5 times compared to that in the baseline period in 2080s under A2a scenarios.

Research advance in forest restoration on the burned blanks

How to restore the destroyed forest after forest fire is a key question that man must face. This paper reviewed the research situation and history on the forest restoration burned blanks and summed up the research methods used into four scales: seed-bank scale, community scale, ecosystem scale and landscape scale. The new technologies such as GIS & Remote Sensing used to vegetation restoration were also summarized. The strategies and developing trend of vegetation restoration research on burned blanks were discussed.

Landscape change on burned blanks in Daxing'an Mountains

Daxing抋n Mountains was one of the most important forest areas in China, but it was also an area which was prone to suffering forest fire. The catastrophic forest fire that occurred in Daxing抋n Mountains on May 6, 1987 devastated more than 1.33?06 hm2 of natural forests, which leaded to the formation of some mosaic areas with different burn intensities. Two forest farms of Tuqiang Forest Bureau (124?5-122?8E, 53?4-52?5N) were chosen as a typical area to analyze the post-fire landscape change by drawing and comparing the two digital forest stand maps of 1987 and 2000. The landscape lands of forest were classi-fied into 12 types: coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, needle-broadleaf mixed forest, shrub, nursery, harvested area, burned blanks, agricultural land, swamp, water, built-up, grass. The results showed that: 1) The burned blanks was almost restored, some of them mainly converted into broadleaf forest land during the process of natural restoration, and coniferous forest land by the artificial re-forestation, and the others almost changed into swamp or grass land; 2) The proportion of forest area increased from 47.6% in 1987 to 81.3% in 2002. Therefore, a few management countermeasures, such as the enhancing peoples consciousness of fire-proofing and constructing species diversity, were put forward for forest sustainable development.

A MODIS Time Series Data Based Algorithm for Mapping Forest Fire Burned Area

Burned area mapping is an essential step in the forest fire research to investigate the relationship between forest fire and cli- mate change and the effect of forest fire on carbon budgets. This study proposed an algorithm to map forest fire burned area using the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiameter （MODIS） time series data in Heilongjiang Province, China. The algorithm is divided into two steps： Firstly, the ＇core＇ pixels were extracted to represent the most possible burned pixels based on the comparison of the tem- poral change of Global Environmental Monitoring Index （GEMI）, Burned Area Index （BAI） and MODIS active fire products between pre- and post-fires. Secondly, a 15-km distance was set to extract the entire burned areas near the ＇core＇ pixels as more relaxed conditions were used to identify the fire pixels for reducing the omission error as much as possible. The algorithm comprehensively considered the thermal characteristics and the spectral change between pre- and post-fires, which are represented by the MODIS fire products and the spectral index, respectively. Tahe, Mohe and Huma counties of Heilongjiang Province, China were chosen as the study area for burned area mapping and a time series of burned maps were produced from 2000 to 2011. The results show that the algorithm can extract burned areas more accurately with the hiehest accuracy of 96.61%.

Spatiotemporal changes in forest loss and its linkage to burned areas in China

Fire-induced forest loss has substantially increased worldwide over the last decade.In China,the connection between forest loss and frequent fi res on a national scale remains largely unexplored.In this study,we used a data set for a time-series of forest loss from the Global Forest Watch and for a MODIS-derived burned area for 2003–2015 to ascertain variations in forest loss and to explore its relationship with forest fi res(represented by burned areas)at the country-and forest-zone levels.We quantifi ed trends in forest loss during 2003–2015 using linear regression analysis and assessed the relation between forest loss and burned areas using Spearman’s correlation.Forest loss increased signifi cantly(264.8 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.54,p<0.01)throughout China,with an average annual increase of 11.4%during 2003–2015.However,the forest loss trend had extensive spatial heterogeneity.Forest loss increased mainly in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest zone(315.0 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.69,p<0.01)and tropical rainforest zone(38.8 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.66,p<0.01),but the loss of forest decreased in the cold temperate deciduous coniferous forest zone(−70.8 km 2 year−1;R 2=0.75,p<0.01)and the temperate deciduous mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest zone(−14.4 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.45,p<0.05).We found that 1.0%of China’s area had a signifi cant positive correlation(r≥0.55,p<0.05)with burned areas and 0.3%had a signifi cant negative correlation(r≤−0.55,p<0.05).In particular,forest loss had a signifi cant positive relationship with the burned area in the cold temperate deciduous coniferous forest zone(16.9% of the lands)and the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest zone(7.8%).These results provide a basis for future predictions of fi re-induced forest loss in China.

Marjolin's ulcers in the post-burned lesions and scars

Marjolin's ulcer(MU) represents malignant degeneration that typically ensues over a period of time in the post-burned lesions and scars or any other chronic wound. This review highlights various facets of the presentation and management of MUs that originate from post-burned lesions. The incidence of MUs in such lesions is reported to be 0.77%-2%. This malignancy characteristically develops in the areas of full thickness skin burns that had been allowed for weeks to months to heal spontaneously by secondary intention, or burn wounds which never healed completely over years and the unstable post-burned scars. In the majority of cases, the MU is a squamous cell carcinoma(SCC). The MUs contribute to an overall 2% of all SCCs and 0.03% of all basal cell carcinomas of the skin. Clinically MUs present in two major morphologic forms. The commoner form is the flat, indurated, ulcerative variety while the less common form is the exophytic papillary variety. Lower limbs represent the most frequently affected body parts. Surgical resection of the primary tumor with 2-4 cm horizontal clearance margin, nodal clearance and radiotherapy constitute the cornerstones of effective oncologic management. Despite best efforts, the overall mortality is reported to be 21%.

Factorial analysis on forest canopy density restoration in the burned area of northern Great Xing＇an Mountains, China

The restoration of forest landscape has drawn much attention since thecatastrophic fire took place on the northern slope of Great Xing'an Mountains in 1987. Forest canopydensity, which has close relation to forest productivity, was selected as a key factor to find howmuch the forest quality was changed 13 years after fire, and how fire severity, regeneration way andterrain factors influenced the restoration of forest canopy density, based on forest inventory datain China, and using Kendall Bivariate Correlation Analysis, and Distances Correlation Analysis. Theresults showed that fire severity which was inversely correlated with forest canopy density gradewas an initial factor among all that selected. Regeneration way which did not remarkably affectforest canopy density restoration in short period, may shorten the cycle of forest succession andpromote the forest productivity of conophorium in the future. Among the three terrain factors, theeffect of slope was the strongest, the position on slope was the second and the aspect was the last.

Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the wound healing of alkali-burned corneas

AIM： To study the effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP） on wound healing in experimental alkali burns of the cornea. METHODS： Twenty-seven albino rabbits, weighing 3.2 -0.75 kg were used. Alkali burns were induced on corneas by applying 10 mm Whatman paper No：50 soaked in 1 mol/L NaOH. They have further classified into 5 groups as follows： 1） control group given no treatment （n=5）; 2） VIP given subconjunctivally （n=6）; 3） VIP injected into anterior chamber （n=6）; 4） NaCI 0.9% given subconjunctivally （n=5）; 5） NaCI 0.9% given into the anterior chamber （n=5）. All treatment protocols except control group were followed by topical eye drops composed of VIP at two hourly intervals for one week from 8 a.mo to 6 p.m, RESULTS： VIP treated groups of rabbits with alkali burns were found to have better wound healing findings histo-pathologically when compared to those of control group who have received no treatment on day 30. No differences were observed between groups in respect to degree of polymorphonuclear leukocytes （PMNL） infiltration and degree of loss of amorphous substrate on day 15. However, PMNL infiltration and degree of loss of amorphous substrate were lower in Groups 2 and 3 when compared to that of control group on day 30 （P〈0.05）. CONCLUSION： We have shown that VIP has positive effects on alkali induced corneal burns. VIP may inhibit PMNL migration to cornea through an immunomodulatory effect. Inhibition of PMNL migration might reduce the release of collagenaees and this might prevent the extracellular amorphous substance loss.

DISCUSSIONS ON FOREST RECOVERY IN THE BURNED AREA IN DAXING'ANLING FOREST REGION

The disastrous fire occurred in northern area of Daxing’anling forest region on May 6, 1987, destroyed a large area of forests. The broad-leaved tree species, such as poplar,birch had regenerated in a great quantity after the fire, but the coniferous species such as larch and scotch pine had difficult to regenerate naturally, This paper put forward that the coniferous forest could be recovered by the planting method of effect strip and effect islet based on the principle of borderline effects and by making full use of the condition of broad-leaved trees.

An Insight into Spatial-Temporal Trends of Fire Ignitions and Burned Areas in the European Mediterranean Countries

This paper presents an analysis of the fire trends in southern European countries, where forest fires are a major hazard. Data on number of fires and burned area size from 1985 until 2009 were retrieved from the European Fire Database in the European Forest Fire Information System and used to study the temporal and spatial variability of fire occurrence at three different spatial scales： the whole European Mediterranean region, country level and province level （NUTS3）. The temporal trends were assessed with the Mann-Kendall test and Sen＇s slope in the period 1985-2009. At regional （supranational） level, our results suggest a significant decreasing trend in the burned area for the whole study period. At country level, the trends vary by country, although there is a general increase in number of fires, mainly in Portugal, and a decrease in bumed areas, as is the case of Spain. A similar behavior was found at NUTS3 level, with an increase of number of fires in the Spanish and Portuguese provinces and a generalized decrease of the burned area in most provinces of the region. These results provide an important insight into the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of fires, a crucial step to investigate the underlying causes and impacts of fire occurrence in this region.

Burned Microporous Alumina-Graphite Brick

1 Scope This standard specifies the definition, classifica- tion, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, marking, packing, transportation and quality certificate of burned microporous alumina - graphite brick..

Automated Burned Scar Mapping Using Sentinel-2 Imagery

The Sentinel-2 satellites are providing an unparalleled wealth of high-resolution remotely sensed information with a short revisit cycle, which is ideal for mapping burned areas both accurately and timely. However, the high detail and volume of information provided actually encumbers the automation of the mapping process, at least for the level of automation required to map systematically wildfires on a national level. This paper proposes a fully automated methodology for mapping burn scars using Sentinel-2 data. Information extracted from a pair of Sentinel-2 images, one pre-fire and one post-fire, is jointly used to automatically label a set of training patterns via two empirical rules. An initial pixel-based classification is derived using this training set by means of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The latter is subsequently smoothed following a multiple spectral-spatial classification (MSSC) approach, which increases the mapping accuracy and thematic consistency of the final burned area delineation. The proposed methodology was tested on six recent wildfire events in Greece, selected to cover representative cases of the Greek ecosystems and to present challenges in burned area mapping. The lowest classification accuracy achieved was 92%, whereas Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) was greater or equal to 0.85.

Pozzolanic Activity of Burned Coal Gangue and Its Effects on Structure of Cement Mortar

The pozzolanic activity of coal gangue burned at different burning temperatures was investigated. The burned coal gangue was mixed with portland cement in different proportions （ 20% - 60% ）. The pozzolanic activity of coal gangue burned and the hydration products were examined, the compressive strengths of the pastes of the mixtures were tested, and the mechanism of the reaction was discussed. The experimental results slum, that the coal gangue burned at 750 ℃ has the optimum pozzolanic activity, and the burned coal ganguc with SiO2 and Al2 O3 is in an active form. When the coal gangue burned at 750℃ is mixed into portland cement, the content of calcium hydroxide in paste is significantly reduced, while the contents of hydrated calcium silk.ate and hydrated calcium aluminate are increased accordingly, hence resulting in the improvement of the microstructure of mortar. The compressive strength of cement paste decreases with increasing the content of burncd coal gangue. The decease in strength is small in the range of 20% - 30% coal gangue substitution and significant in 30%- 60% substitution.

A clinical observation of early short-term use of potent antibiotics in severely burned patients

Objective:To evaluatetheeffectof earlyandshort-termuseof potentantibioticsfollowingextensivesevere burninjury.Methods:Seventeenseverelyburnedpatientshospitalizedin thesameperiod(Nov.,1998to Oct.,2000)were dividedinto2groups.PatientsinGroup1(n=9)receivedearlytreatmentwithimipenumandamikacinfor5d,andthe sametreatmentin Group2(n=8)was discontinueduntilday15postburn.Thesurvivalrate,bloodbacterialculture,body temperatureand whitebloodcellandplateletcountswerecomparedbetweenthe2groups.Results:Allthe17patients survivedandallbloodbacterialcultureswerenegative.No significantdifferenceof bodytemperatureandwhitebloodcell andplateletcountsbetweenthe2groupswasobserved(P>0.05).Conclusion:Earlyuseof high-potencyantibioticsatshort treatmentcourseafterextensivesevereburniseffectiveto preventinfectionandreducethecost.

Infection control in severely burned patients

In the last two decades, much progress has been made in the control of burn wound infection and nasocomial infections(NI) in severely burned patients. The continiually changing epidemiology is partially related to greater understanding of and improved techniques for burn patient management as well as effective hospital infection control measures. With the advent of antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents, infection of the wound site is now not as common as, for example, urinary and blood stream infections. Universal application of early excision of burned tissues has made a substantial improvement in the control of wound-related infections in burns. Additionally, the development of new technologies in wound care have helped to decrease morbidity and mortality in severe burn victims. Many examples can be given of the successful control of wound infection, such as the application of an appropriate antibiotic solution to invasive wound infection sites with simultaneous vacuum-assisted closure, optimal preservation of viable tissues with waterjet debridement systems, edema and exudate controlling dressings impregnated with Ag(Silvercel, Aquacell-Ag). The burned patient is at high risk for NI. Invasive interventions including intravenous and urinary chateterization, and entubation pose a further risk of NIs. The use of newly designed antimicrobial impregnated chateters or silicone devices may help thecontrol of infection in these immunocomprimised patients. Strict infection control practices(physical isolation in a private room, use of gloves and gowns during patient contact) and appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy guided by laboratory surveillance culture as well as routine microbial burn wound culture are essential to help reduce the incidance of infections due to antibiotic resistant microorganisms.

Crown Fuel Characteristics and Carbon Emission from Japanese Red Pine Stands Burned by Crown Fire in Mt. Palgong, South Korea

Carbon emissions from forest fires are considered an important factor of ecosystem carbon balance and global climate change. Carbon emissions from Japanese red pine stands （Pinus densiflora S. et Z.） burned by crown fire were estimated at Mt. Palgong in Daegu Metropolitan City, and crown fuel characteristics, including crown bulk density, crown base height, and fuel moisture content of Japanese red pine, were analyzed. Total biomass combusted was calculated by subtracting the biomass of burned stands from that of unburned stands exhibiting similar stand structures and site environments. Ten trees in the unburned area and five trees in the burned area were cut by using direct harvesting techniques to estimate crown layer biomass. All biomass sampled was oven-dried and weighed. The dry weight ratios of stems, branches, and needles were 7o%, 21%, and 9%, respectively. The available fuel load susceptible to combustion during the crown fire spread was equivalent to 55% of the crown layer biomass. The crown bulk density was 0.24 kg/m3 on average. The estimated amount of CO2 was 23,454 kg CO2/ha for the crown layer. These results will be useful for calculating the amount of CO2 emitted from forest fires and for developing a forest carbon model in P. densiflora forests.

REGULATION OF INTESTINAL DYSBACTERIOSIS OF BURNED RATS BY MICROECOSYSTEM REGULATORS

Objective To investigate the feasibility of using synbiotics and probiotics to prevent and cure in- testinal dysbacteriosis after burn. Methods Burned rats were fed with synbiotics and probiotics reagents. and the amounts of major intestinal florae in caecal contents were detected. Results The major physiological anaerobes were mostly stable, and the conditioned pathogens had no abnormal. Conclusion Tke micro-ecosystem regulator can quickly supplement the decreased physiological anaerobes caused by burning,and avoid the occurrence of dysbacterio- sis.