Controlling roof with potential rock burst risk through different pre-crack length:Mechanism and effect research

Roof pre-splitting is an effective method to control the roof with potential rock burst risk.In this study,three-point bending tests were carried out by using fine sandstone specimens with different pre-cracked lengths as test objects,and digital speckle correlation method(DSCM)and acoustic emission(AE)technology were used to track the entire process of crack propagation.The effect of pre-cracks on the fracture of rock beams was evaluated,and the mechanical mechanism of the rock beam fracture process was analyzed.The rock beam pre-splitting design method was developed,and the application effect of the method was proved by the microseismic monitoring data obtained from the 10303 working face of Jining No.2 coal mine in China.The results show that the loading time history curve of pre-cracked beams exhibits obvious residual characteristics.Compared with the intact rock beam,the tensile strength,and maximum tensile strain of 35 mm pre-cracked rock beam are decreased by 32.4% and 33.1%,respectively and the acoustic emission b value is increased by 30.2%.According to the pre-splitting design method of rock beam,the maximum and average microseismic energy of the 10303 working face after pre-splitting construction are reduced by 25.6% and 6.4%,respectively,with excellent prevention and control effect of thick roof.

Prediction and control of rock burst of coal seam contacting gas in deep mining

By analyzing the characteristics and the production mechanism of rock burstthat goes with abnormal gas emission in deep coal seams,the essential method of eliminatingabnormal gas emission by eliminating the occurrence of rock burst or depressingthe magnitude of rock burst was considered.The No.237 working face was selected asthe typical working face contacting gas in deep mining;aimed at this working face,a systemof rock burst prediction and control for coal seam contacting gas in deep mining wasestablished.This system includes three parts:① regional prediction of rock burst hazardbefore mining,② local prediction of rock burst hazard during mining,and ③ rock burstcontrol.

Bursting-like motion induced by time-varying delay in an internet congestion control model

Time delay is an problem of intemet congestion important parameter in the control. According to some researches, time delay is not always constant and can be viewed as a periodic function of time for some cases. In this work, an internet congestion control model is consid- ered to study the time-varying delay induced bursting-like motion, which consists of a rapid oscillation burst and quies- cent steady state. Then, for the system with periodic delay of small amplitude and low frequency, the method of multiple scales is employed to obtain the amplitude of the oscillation. Based on the expression of the asymptotic solution, it can be found that the relative length of the steady state increases with amplitude of the variation of time delay and decreases with frequency of the variation of time delay. Finally, an effective method to control the bursting-like motion is pro- posed by introducing a periodic gain parameter with appropriate amplitude. Theoretical results are in agreement with that from numerical method.

一种基于Burst-PWM混合控制的LLC谐振变换器宽电压范围输出策略

LLC谐振变换器一般采用脉冲频率调节(PFM)方式控制输出电压,因此在最大开关频率受限的情况下输出电压范围同样会受到限制。该文提出一种基于突发控制-变占空比控制(Burst-PWM)的混合控制模式以实现LLC变换器的宽电压范围输出。首先分析Burst控制与PWM控制应用在LLC变换器中的特性及其不足之处。采用Burst-PWM混合控制时,PWM控制能够减小Burst开通(Burst-on)时段内谐振腔电流峰值,而Burst控制能够在Burst-on时段内为PWM控制下的开关管提供足够的零电压开通(ZVS)电流。这种方式能够保证变换器在宽电压范围内的特性和稳定性。然后采用状态空间轨迹法给出了谐振腔参数优化设计方法以及确定PWM控制下的最小占空比。最终实验证明了分析的正确性以及所述方法的有效性。

大规模Burst Mode异步控制电路分解与综合

对于现有的Burst Mode异步控制电路综合方法而言,由于在状态归约与赋值阶段需要进行完备的状态空间搜索,面临状态空间爆炸问题,因此仅仅适用于中小规模控制电路。为了提高电路的综合规模,使得Burst Mode异步控制电路走向实用化,提出了一种新的大规模Burst Mode异步控制电路的综合方法:利用Burs tMode状态机所对应有向图的有向回路集合对状态机进行分解,得到相互独立的子状态机;对各子状态机进行调整,采用请求/应答信号实现相应子状态机之间的四段握手通信;设计接口状态机解决相应子状态机之间的仲裁问题。通过实例比较可知,该方法可以大幅度地提高综合规模,降低综合复杂度,减少综合时间。

Selected elements of rock burst state assessment in case studies from the Silesian hard coal mines

Exploitation of coal seams in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin is conducted in complex and difficult conditions. These difficulties are connected with the occurrence of many natural mining hazards and limitations resulting from the existing in this area surface infrastructure. One of the most important problems of Polish mining is the rock burst hazard and reliable evaluation of its condition. During long-years’ mining practice in Poland a comprehensive system of evaluation and control of this hazard was developed. In the paper the main aspects of rock burst hazard state evaluation will be presented, comprising: 1) rock mass inclination for rock bursts, i.e., rock strength properties investigation, comprehensive parametric evaluation of rock mass inclination for rock bursts, prognosis of seismic events induced by mining operations, methods of computer-aided modelling of stress and rock mass deformation parameters distribution, strategic rock mass classification under rock burst degrees; 2) immediate seismic and rock burst hazard state evaluation, i.e., low diameter test drilling method, seismologic and seismoacoustic method, comprehensive method of rock burst hazard state evaluation, non-standard methods of evaluation; 3) legal aspects of rock burst hazard state evaluation. Selected elements of the hazard state evaluation system are illustrated with specific practical examples of their application.

Coal bursts that occur during development: A rock mechanics enigma

Coal bursts are typically associated with highly stressed coal.Most bursts occur during retreat mining(longwall mining or pillar recovery) in highly stressed locations like the tailgate corner of the longwall panel.Others are associated with multiple seam interactions.However, a small but significant percentage of coal bursts have occurred during development or in outby locations unaffected by active mining.Most development bursts have been relatively small, but some have been highly destructive.No theory of coal bursts can be complete if it does not account for this type of event.This paper focusses on the development mining coal burst experience in the US, putting it into the context of the entire US coal burst database.The first documented development coal burst occurred almost exactly 100 years ago during slope drivage at the Sunnyside Mine in Utah.Sunnyside subsequently had a long history of bursts, mainly during retreat mining but also during development.Several Colorado mines have also experienced multiple development bursts.Many, but by no means all, of the development bursts in these western US coalfields have been associated with known faults.In the Central Appalachian coalfields, most development bursts have occurred in multiple seam situations.In some of these cases, however, there was no retreat mining in either seam.The paper closes with some lessons from this history, with implications for preventing such events in the future.

宽输入范围DC/DC变换器Burst与双前馈复合控制策略

蓄电池储能是新能源发电及微电网的核心装备,高动态响应始终是双向DC/DC储能变换器的关键指标.在冲击性负载等大信号变化场景下蓄电池将高倍率放电,内阻因素导致其端电压大幅跌落,限制了后级DC/DC变换器的快速输出能力.为了提升DC/DC变换器在宽输入范围场景下的响应能力,在传统电压闭环基础上,提出了一种Burst模式与输入电压和输出负载前馈的复合控制策略.通过建立输入电压vin和负载电流iload对输出电压vo的扰动函数,分析扰动通道的作用机理和影响因素,快速估算跟踪变换器的稳态工作点,并建立扰动抑制前馈函数,对占空比d进行调节以提升系统的响应速度.进一步设计输出电压vo滞环,通过滞环调节使变换器进入Burst模式以限制大信号变化场景下电压vo的超调和振荡.最后搭建了一台功率为48 kW的实验样机,实验结果表明本文所提出的Burst与双前馈复合控制策略可有效提升大信号干扰下DC/DC变换器的响应速度,更适用于大功率、宽输入电压范围的应用场景.

Controlling a neuron by stimulating a coupled neuron

Despite the intensive studies on neurons, the control mechanism in real interactions of neurons is still unclear. This paper presents an understanding of this kind of control mechanism, controlling a neuron by stimulating another coupled neuron, with the uncertainties taken into consideration for both neurons. Two observers and a differentiator, which comprise the first-order low-pass filters, are first designed for estimating the uncertainties. Then, with the estimated values combined, a robust nonlinear controller with a saturation function is presented to track the desired membrane potential. Finally,two typical bursters of neurons with the desired membrane potentials are proposed in the simulation, and the numerical results show that they are tracked very well by the proposed controller.

Stability control of multi-parameter adaptive wireless communication systems based on multi-Lyapunov function

With the occurrence of burst interference,bit error rate( BER) stability of the wireless communication system( WCS) always degrades significantly. To cope with it,a stability control algorithm is proposed,utilizing the stability theory of switched systems,which is specifically applicable for multi-parameter adaptive WCS with spectrum sensing ability,and it is capable of stabilizing BER within a reasonable range. Firstly,WCS is modeled as a switched system. Then,based on the multi-Lyapunov function,controlling rules are presented to enable the switched system to satisfy stable condition asymptotically. Finally,analysis and numerical simulation results demonstrate that the switched WCS with the proposed controlling rules is superior to conventional power-controlled WCS with or without state feedback control in terms of stability performance.

基于简化状态轨迹的半桥LCC谐振变换器无噪声Burst模式控制策略

半桥LCC谐振变换器在轻载工作模式下,其高开关频率和谐振腔中较大的无功电流会显著降低变换器的工作效率。Burst模式是一种可有效提高变换器轻载效率的方法。但传统Burst模式会造成谐振腔电压电流剧烈振荡进而增加损耗,甚至引发变压器饱和。该文推导半桥LCC变换器不同模态的简化状态子轨迹。在此基础上,提出半桥LCC变换器的Burst模式简化状态轨迹控制策略。该策略通过控制半桥开关管的开关时间,保证半桥LCC变换器谐振腔无振荡,使变换器稳定可靠地工作在高效率状态。此外,针对极轻载条件下Burst模式的噪声污染问题,该文基于半桥LCC变换器Burst模式的简化状态轨迹,进行能量求解和改进控制,保证半桥LCC变换器Burst模式工作频率在人耳敏感的频带以外,抑制噪声的产生。最后,搭建实验装置对所提出的半桥LCC变换器Burst模式进行实验验证。实验结果证明,上述方法显著提高了半桥LCC变换器的轻载工作效率,消除了谐振腔的剧烈振荡和噪声污染。

冲击地压主控因素及孕灾机制

随着我国煤矿逐步向深部开采转移,冲击地压灾害日趋严重。在冲击地压从机理认知走向防冲工程进程中,首要的任务是厘清冲击地压孕灾主控因素,并进行风险程度判识。在上百个冲击地压矿井致灾评价分析基础上,提出了导致冲击地压发生的4类客观主控因素:煤岩冲击倾向性、开采深度、坚硬顶板、地质构造,以及3类人为主控因素:煤柱、采空区及采掘卸荷,并对各主控因素对冲击地压孕灾的力学机制进行了分析讨论。在客观主控因素方面,煤岩冲击倾向性是煤岩积聚变形能进而诱发冲击破坏的自身属性;开采深度与巷道围岩内积聚的变形能呈正相关关系,是冲击地压发生的必要条件;坚硬顶板大尺度周期断裂形成的冲击动载及动能是诱发冲击地压的“导火索”;地质构造对冲击地压的影响显著,对于断层构造而言,断层两盘将在开采扰动造成的突发卸荷影响下产生相对“回弹”;煤层变薄区等效弹性模量变大,超前支承压力呈“双峰值”分布,使得冲击影响范围扩大。在人为主控因素方面,煤柱作为高应力集中区,其尺寸、倾角及相对位置等将直接影响冲击地压发生的概率和强度;采空区会诱发超前支承压力集中区内围岩积聚弹性能的突然释放,尤其是在采高较大、顶板垮落不充分的情况下;采掘卸荷会导致应力集中区快速“迁移”,引发煤体内弹性应变能的大量释放,是造成冲击地压的重要外因条件。在此基础上,对山东新汶、山东鲁西、内蒙古鄂尔多斯、陕西彬长、新疆和甘肃等矿区冲击地压孕灾主控因素差异性,进行了对比分析,强调按层次对矿井、采区和工作面进行冲击地压主控因素及其影响程度判识重要性,构建了从降能、释能、阻能到抗能的冲击地压治理工程路径。

急倾斜深埋巨厚煤层掘巷冲击地压前兆特征及其灾害防治

随着冲击地压矿井逐渐向深开采,其巷道掘进伴随的冲击显现愈发强烈。针对巷道掘进过程中的冲击地压有效防治问题,以新疆乌东煤矿急倾斜煤层矿井为例,运用微震监测对巷道掘进的冲击地压时空前兆特征加以分析。结合巷道掘进的应力与能量变化数值模拟分析,揭示巷道掘进的冲击地压发生机理,提出急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道冲击地压防治策略,并完成现场工程实践验证。研究结果表明:急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道掘进的冲击地压发生前第2~5天出现微震总能量极低值,或存在至少4 d的能量潜伏期;冲击地压发生前5 d普遍存在3 d以上的最大能量占比高频波动期。冲击地压发生前存在明显缺震现象,发生位置集中分布在距离掘进工作面较近的微震能量极小值区间范围内,或位于微震能量极值区间附近的微震频次极小值区间范围内,且冲击地压事件位于冲击变形能指数较高区域。急倾斜巨厚煤层水平分段综放开采的坚硬覆岩结构不易破断,使得巷道掘进存在上水平采空区两侧“双翼型”应力集中,掘进工作面前方与巷道底部受顶底板岩层相互挤压的应力集中分布且能量积聚显著,随着巷道掘进深度增加其应力集中与能量积聚进一步增强,容易诱发冲击地压等动力灾害。综合分析形成急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道掘进的工作面爆破卸压、巷道钻孔卸压与补强支护、复杂区域架蓬的冲击地压防治策略。结合冲击地压时空前兆异常为及时加强卸压力度提供时机。通过工作面与巷道卸压使得掘进期间未发生单日累计1×105 J以上微震能量,在对支护优化调整与复杂区域重点防护后,巷道掘进日均微震能量降至2.2 kJ,其1 kJ以上微震事件占比下降且巷道断面整体平整。研究结果为急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道安全掘进提供了科学依据。

大范围采动影响下特大断层构造区微震活动规律及调控方法

为大范围采动影响下特大断层构造区冲击地压防控提供参考,以济宁二号煤矿落差达百米级八里铺断层构造区为工程背景,研究了全矿井及八里铺断层上下盘采区的微震活动规律,基于微震累积能量分析了八里铺断层活动性,探讨了特大断层构造区微震活动调控方法,同时进行了工程实践。研究结果表明:大范围采动影响下,济宁二号煤矿微震事件以均匀分布于工作面及巷道区域的低能量量级事件为主,主要来源于顶板岩层运动;沿八里铺断层面没有产生集中、连续、大范围分布的微震事件,但微震事件随着工作面与断层距离减小而增加,即开采对断层具有明显扰动效应,但目前采动强度不足以造成八里铺断层活动;断层构造区微震最高累积能量整体呈稳定趋势,但集中位置随采掘状态改变而不断变化,尤其受工作面回采速度及强度影响较为明显;留设大宽度保护煤柱是调控特大断层构造区微震活动的有效方法,同时辅以顶板预裂和煤体卸压,能够实现特大断层构造区域煤层安全开采。基于不同类型断层在回采过程中的冲击地压防控思路,针对八里铺断层构造区103下03工作面进行了工程实践,发现回采过程中工作面微震活动强度明显减弱,单日微震总能量降低,而单日微震频次增加,即能量释放呈多次低能释放的特征。

基于冲能吸能平衡效应的冲击地压巷道分级支护研究

冲击地压是煤炭开采过程中发生的一种动力灾害,主要是由积聚在煤岩中的弹性变形能突然急剧释放造成的,约90%发生在巷道中。巷道冲击破坏不仅与冲击能量直接相关,还与冲击距离远近紧密相关,提出能距比的概念,即冲击震源释放能量与其至巷道距离的比值。根据冲击地压动静载叠加机制和冲能吸能平衡理论,综合考虑冲击震源能距比量级、巷道破坏程度、支护构件吸能、弱结构吸能等特性,建立了巷道围岩冲击矿震稳定性控制模型,分析了冲能、吸能的构成和计算过程,搭建了冲击地压能级与巷道支护强度之间的对应关系,确定了“四高锚网+”为主导技术的煤矿巷道防冲抗震支护体系。根据能距比量级大小,将冲击地压巷道支护安全可靠性分为P1~P4级别,分级对应采取不同支护强度的“四高锚网+”组合支护技术。“四高”锚网支护可对应能距比为102量级的无冲击巷道,“四高锚网+1”(O型钢棚、吸能防冲单元架、围岩弱结构)对应能距比为103量级的冲击地压,“四高锚网+2”对应能距比为104量级的冲击地压,“四高锚网+3”对应能距比为105量级的冲击地压,106及以上量级的冲击危险必须停产、撤人远场处理。结合工程实例进行了巷道防冲支护方案和参数设计,初步验证了理论研究成果的可行性和实用性。研究成果可为我国煤矿冲击地压巷道支护理论研究和工程实践提供一定的参考指导。

错层位开采基础原理与灾害防治应用研究综述

为改善综放开采中存在的煤炭采出率低、围岩支护困难、瓦斯排放高和冲击地压频繁等问题,从错层位开采的基础原理、错层位开采灾害防治模型和工程应用等3个方面综述了错层位开采研究进展。总结了综放开采引发矿井灾害的原因为顶煤大范围、高强度垮落使得煤层和顶板中积聚的能量快速释放,连锁引发一系列围岩大变形、瓦斯超限和冲击地压等矿井灾害。阐述了3种基于错层位开采的矿井灾害防治模型,分别从围岩环境与塑性发育的角度阐述了错层位双巷联合支护机制;从孔隙率与流场浓度的角度阐述了错层位开采与综放开采的瓦斯浓度分布特性;从弹性应变能与耗散能的角度阐述了错层位开采与综放开采的能量分布特性。阐述了错层位开采技术实际工程应用,分别以华丰煤矿1411工作面、镇城底煤矿18111工作面和老公营子煤矿5(9)工作面为工程案例进行了分析,现场实测数据表明错层位开采技术能够明显降低工作面开采过程中的超前支承压力和上隅角瓦斯浓度,能够有效防止矿井灾害的发生。未来,基于错层位开采的矿井灾害防治还需要在基础理论方面进行深入研究,研究错层位采空区充填条件下岩层移动和能量演化规律,实现对地表沉陷灾害的治理,研发错层位工作面的全面智能化开采技术,达到安全开采、绿色开采和智能开采的目标。

鄂西磷矿岩爆现状及治理措施研究

针对鄂西磷矿,在深入调查苏家坡磷矿、麻坪磷矿、桃郁溪磷矿等矿山地质特征及岩爆现象的基础上,分析了鄂西磷矿岩爆灾害主要发生部位、埋深及岩性等影响因素,提出了适合鄂西磷矿岩爆的治理措施:对鄂西地下磷矿进行地应力测试,根据地应力测试结果,优化回采顺序,减少应力集中区域,并在局部区域开展卸压和支护措施,保障井下安全开采。

金属矿山锚杆锚固下深部岩爆倾向巷道防控技术分析

金属矿山深部岩爆对巷道安全构成严重威胁。防控措施分为主动和被动两方面:主动包括勘查评估、支护设计、监测预警、工艺优化;被动则涵盖应急支护、安全疏散、事故响应。两者相辅相成,形成完整防控体系,保障矿山生产安全。

褶曲翼部区煤层倾角变化诱发冲击地压机理及其防治研究

以宝积山煤矿七采区内褶曲翼部影响区为工程地质背景,采用现场调研统计、理论计算分析、数值模拟运算等方法,对开采煤层倾角变化诱冲机理进行研究,提出协同控制防治冲击地压方案并进行了现场工业性试验。结果表明:随着煤层倾角增大,煤柱侧内高集中静载呈现出逐渐增大的规律,实体煤侧内高集中静载呈现出逐渐减小的规律;在煤层倾角较小的条件下,厚硬关键层更容易在采空区两侧边界位置发生破断,诱使其悬空段中部区域瞬间发生破断进而形成扰动强度较大的远场应力扰动;关键块体B在煤层倾角较小且埋深较大的条件下极易发生回转失稳,进而形成扰动强度较小的近场应力扰动。该方法对于冲击地压的防治效果显著。

鲜水河构造带隧道高地应力区岩爆特性分析

研究目的:青藏高原持续隆升,导致鲜水河构造带及邻区高地应力特征突出,地应力场极其复杂,研究高地应力的孕灾特征有助于隧道岩爆的风险防控,特别是时滞型岩爆的孕灾和致灾机理的研究。本文阐述鲜水河构造带地貌、地层岩性、构造及地应力场特征的孕灾总体认识,通过对该区域隧道近10 km约1300次岩爆统计,从发生概率、等级、埋深、位置、时间、距离等多角度研究岩爆特征,对发生的5次时滞型岩爆和隧道时效性变化特征进行分析,展望后续岩爆研究的重点。研究结论:(1)鲜水河构造带及邻区受高地应力影响,隐伏小微构造发育且无规律,为岩爆创造了特殊的孕灾环境,岩爆发生的随机性大;(2)该区域隧洞岩爆等级以轻微岩爆为主,具有“分区破裂”和脆性变形特征,时滞型岩爆一定程度上具有“继承性”;(3)建议加强沟谷应力场低埋型岩爆和滞后型岩爆或硬岩潜在时效破坏的监测研究;(4)本文研究成果可为类似高地应力环境下岩爆预测和防控提供借鉴。