Geant4 simulation of fast-electron bremsstrahlung imaging at the HL-3 tokamak

To further research on high-parameter plasma,we plan to develop a two-dimensional hard X-ray(HXR)imaging system at the HL-3 tokamak to measure HXRs with energies ranging from 20 to 300 keV.The application of an array-structured detector ensures that this system can measure HXR-radiation spectra from the entire plasma cross section.Therefore,it is suitable for the study of fast-electron physics,such as radio-frequency wave current drives,fast electrons driving instabilities,and plasma disruptions in fusion research.In this study,we develop a simulation for calculating fast-electron bremsstrahlung in the HL-3 tokamak based on the Monte Carlo simulation code Geant4,in which the plasma geometry and forward scattering of fast-electron bremsstrahlung are considered.The preliminary calculation results indicate that the HXR energy deposi-tion on the detector is symmetrically distributed,even though the plasma distribution is asymmetric owing to the toroidal effect.These simulation results are helpful in constructing the relationship between the energy deposition on the detector and parameter distribution on the plasma cross section during HL-3 experiments.This is beneficial for the reconstruction of the fast-electron-distribution function and for optimizing the design of the HXR-imaging system.

A Parallel Discrete Event Simulation Engine for the Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Constellation Networks

Low-Earth-Orbit satellite constellation networks(LEO-SCN)can provide low-cost,largescale,flexible coverage wireless communication services.High dynamics and large topological sizes characterize LEO-SCN.Protocol development and application testing of LEO-SCN are challenging to carry out in a natural environment.Simulation platforms are a more effective means of technology demonstration.Currently available simulators have a single function and limited simulation scale.There needs to be a simulator for full-featured simulation.In this paper,we apply the parallel discrete-event simulation technique to the simulation of LEO-SCN to support large-scale complex system simulation at the packet level.To solve the problem that single-process programs cannot cope with complex simulations containing numerous entities,we propose a parallel mechanism and algorithms LP-NM and LP-YAWNS for synchronization.In the experiment,we use ns-3 to verify the acceleration ratio and efficiency of the above algorithms.The results show that our proposed mechanism can provide parallel simulation engine support for the LEO-SCN.

Hydrogen-bond mediated and concentrate-dependent NaHCO_(3) crystal morphology in NaHCO3–Na2CO3 aqueous solution: Experiments and computer simulations

Adding Na_(2)CO_(3) to the NaHCO_(3) cooling crystallizer, using the common ion effect to promote crystallization and improve product morphology, is a new process recently proposed in the literature. However, the mechanism of the impact of Na_(2)CO_(3)on the crystal morphology is still indeterminate. In this work, the crystallization of NaHCO_(3)in water and Na_(2)CO_(3)–NaHCO_(3) aqueous solution was investigated by experiments and molecular dynamics simulations(MD). The crystallization results demonstrate that the morphology of NaHCO_(3) crystal changed gradually from needle-like to flake structure with the addition of Na_(2)CO_(3). The simulation results indicate that the layer docking model and the modified attachment energy formula without considering the roughness of crystal surface can obtain the crystal morphology in agreement with the experimental results, but the lower molecules of the crystal layer have to be fixed during MD. Thermodynamic calculation of the NaHCO_(3) crystallization process verifies that the common ion effect from Na^(+)and the ionization equilibrium transformation from CO_(3)^(2-) jointly promote the precipitation of NaHCO_(3) crystal. The radial distribution function analysis indicates that the oxygen atoms of Na_(2)CO_(3) formed strong hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen atoms of the(0 1 1) face, which weakened the hydration of water molecules at the crystal surface, resulting in a significant change in the attachment energy of this crystal surface. In addition, Na+and CO_(3)^(2-) are more likely to accumulate on the(011) face,resulting in the fastest growth rate on this crystal surface, which eventually leads to a change in crystal morphology from needle-like to flake-like.

Evaluation of the Arctic Sea-Ice Simulation on SODA3 Datasets

This study evaluates the Arctic sea-ice simulation of the SODA3 dataset driven by different atmospheric forcing fields and explores the errors of the Arctic sea-ice simulation caused by the forcing field.We find that the SODA3 data driven by different forcing fields represent a significant systematical error in the simulation of Arctic sea-ice concentration,showing a low concentration of thick ice and a high concentration of thin ice.In terms of sea-ice extent,the SODA3 data from different versions well characterize the interannual variability and declining trend in the observed data,but they overestimate the overall Arctic sea-ice extent,which is related to excessive simulation of ice in the sea-ice margin.Compared to observations,all the chosen SODA3 reanalysis versions driven by different atmospheric forcing generally tend to underestimate the Arctic sea-ice thickness,especially for thick ice in the multi-year sea-ice regions.Inaccurate simulations of Arctic sea-ice transport may partly explain the error in SODA3 sea-ice thickness in multi-year sea-ice areas.The results of different SDOA3 versions differ greatly in the Beaufort Sea,the Fram Strait,and the Central Arctic Sea.The difference in sea-ice thickness among different SODA3 versions is primarily due to the thermodynamic contribution,which may come from the diversity of atmospheric forcing fields.Our work provides a reference for using SODA3 data to study Arctic sea ice.

Simulation of optical and electrical synaptic functions in MoS_(2)/α-In_(2)Se_(3) heterojunction memtransistors

Memtransistors combine memristors and field-effect transistors, which can introduce multi-port control and have significant applications for enriching storage methods. In this paper, multilayer α-In2Se3and MoS2were transferred to the substrate by the mechanical exfoliation method, then a heterojunction MoS_(2)/α-In_(2)Se_(3) memtransistor was prepared. Neural synaptic simulations were performed using electrical and optical pulses as input signals. Through measurements, such as excitatory/inhibitory post-synaptic current(EPSC/IPSC), long-term potentiation/depression(LTP/LTD), and paired-pulse facilitation/depression(PPF/PPD), it can be found that the fabricated device could simulate various functions of neural synapses well, and could work as an electronic synapse in artificial neural networks, proposing a possible solution for neuromorphic storage and computation.

Research on the Application of Virtual Simulation and 3D Animation Technology in the Teaching of Road and Bridge Majors in Higher Vocational Colleges

The informatization of higher vocational education is the future development trend,and it is also encouraged and promoted by the Ministry of Education.This article focuses on the road and bridge major,combined with the author’s experience in introducing virtual simulation and three-dimensional(3D)animation technology into relevant course teaching in recent years,discusses the application of virtual simulation and 3D animation technology in higher vocational education and promotes classroom revolution,to obtain better teaching effect.

Molecular dynamics simulation of relationship between local structure and dynamics during glass transition of Mg_7Zn_3 alloy

The rapid solidification process of Mg7Zn3 alloy was simulated by the molecular dynamics method. The relationship between the local structure and the dynamics during the liquid-glass transition was deeply investigated. It was found that the Mg-centered FK polyhedron and the Zn-centered icosahedron play a critical role in the formation of Mg7Zn3 metallic glass. The self-diffusion coefficients of Mg and Zn atoms deviate from the Arrhenius law near the melting temperature and then satisfy the power law. According to the time correlation functions of mean-square displacement, incoherent intermediate scattering function and non-Gaussian parameter, it was found that the β-relaxation in Mg7Zn3 supercooled liquid becomes more and more evident with decreasing temperature, and the α-relaxation time rapidly increases in the VFT law. Moreover, the smaller Zn atom has a faster relaxation behavior than the Mg atom. Some local atomic structures with short-range order have lower mobility, and they play a critical role in the appearance of cage effect in theβ-relaxation regime. The dynamics deviates from the Arrhenius law just at the temperature as the number of local atomic structures begins to rapidly increase. The dynamic glass transition temperature （Tc） is close to the glass transition point in structure （TgStr）.

Material driven workability simulation by FEM including 3D processing maps for magnesium alloy

The three-dimensional （3D） processing maps considering strain based on the two-dimensional （2D） processing maps proposed by PRASAD can describe the distribution of the efficiency of power dissipation and flow instability regions at various temperatures, strain rates and strains, which exhibit intrinsic workability related to material itself. Finite element （FE） simulation can obtain the distribution of strain, strain rate, temperature and die filling status, which indicates state-of-stress （SOS） workability decided by die shape and different processing conditions. On the basis of this, a new material driven analysis method for hot deformation was put forward by the combination of FE simulation with 3D processing maps, which can demonstrate material workability of the entire hot deformation process including SOS workability and intrinsic workability. The hot forging process for hard-to-work metal magnesium alloy was studied, and the 3D thermomechanical FE simulation including 3D processing maps of complex hot forging spur bevel gear was first conducted. The hot forging experiments were carried out. The results show that the new method is reasonable and suitable to determine the aoorooriate nrocess narameters.

3-D Simulation of FINFET

An SOI MOSFET with FINFET structure is simulated using a 3 D simulator. I V characteristics and sub threshold characteristics,as well as the short channel effect(SCE) are carefully investigated.SCE can be well controlled by reducing fin height.Good performance can be achieved with thin height,so fin height is considered as a key parameter in device design.Simulation results show that FINFETs present performance superior to conventional single gate devices.

Using 3D TCAD Simulation to Study Charge Collection of a p-n Junction in a 0.18μm Bulk Process

Single event transient of a real p-n junction in a 0.18μm bulk process is studied by 3D TCAD simulation. The impact of voltage, temperature, substrate concentration, and LET on SET is studied. Our simulation results demonstrate that biases in the range 1.62 to 1.98V influence DSET current shape greatly and total collected charge weakly. Peak current and charge collection within 2ns decreases as temperature increases,and temperature has a stronger influence on SET currents than on total charge. Typical variation of substrate concentration in modern VDSM processes has a negligible effect on SEEs. Both peak current and total collection charge increases as LET increases.

基于SolidWorks Simulation的3D打印机机体静力学分析

近年来,3D打印机作为一种高效率的成型设备被广泛的使用,然而,其高速性、高精度与高可靠性与其机体的轻量化设计存在一定的矛盾关系。通过SolidWorks软件对3D打印机机体进行轻量化设计,并使用集成的Simulation仿真软件对设计模型进行快速静态力学分析,参照仿真结果对轻量化设计的模型进行验证与优化。通过集成化的三维建模软件和仿真软件,实现了3D打印机的模型设计和模型力学分析,验证了3D打印机设计的合理性和可靠性,为3D打印机的轻量化设计提供理论指导和修改建议,节省设备的研发周期和研发成本。

基于直观汉字构形原理的C^(3)-GAN字体生成优化方法

目的为了提升生成对抗网络汉字风格迁移的图像生成质量,实现汉字智能生成在字库产业中的实际应用,提出了一种基于直观汉字构形学的条件生成对抗网络字体生成优化方法(Optimizationof Conditional Fonts Generation with Chinese Character Configuration GANs,C^(3)-GAN)。方法建构了直观汉字构形模组(C^(3)Module),该模组包含了利于条件生成对抗网络进行汉字构形语义特征学习的全特征汉字字符集。C^(3)-GAN在条件生成对抗网络模型下进行字体生成训练,降低了必要训练样本数量,实现对字体生成效果的优化。结果使用C^(3)-GAN生成汉字图像的清晰度更高、字形更准确。在图像相似性定量评估中,使用C^(3)-GAN的实验组相比于其他模型,获得了更高的相似值和更小的误差值。结论使用C^(3)-GAN可以降低必要训练样本数量、提升汉字图像质量。在实际项目中具有一定的应用性和可操作性。

基于FASnI_(3)的钙钛矿太阳电池仿真研究

为提高电池的效率、减少环境污染,提出一种结构为FTO/Zn(O_(0.3),S_(0.7))/FASnI_(3)/NiO/Au的无铅钙钛矿太阳电池。该电池以FASnI_(3)为光活性层,Zn(O_(0.3),S_(0.7))和NiO分别为电子传输层和空穴传输层,FTO和Au为接触电极。在太阳电池电容模拟器(SCAPS)中构建模型并设置材料参数,通过控制变量法进行参数优化。结果表明,当FASnI_(3)厚度为500 nm时,器件对光子的吸收较充分,输出最高的功率转换效率(PCE);随着FASnI_(3)缺陷态密度的升高,器件内部载流子复合中心增多,提高了载流子复合率,控制FASnI_(3)缺陷态密度不超过10^(14) cm^(-3)可确保电池输出性能较佳;当Zn(O_(0.3),S_(0.7))的厚度和电子亲和势优化为30 nm和3.5 eV时,载流子运输更为有效,电池输出最高的PCE;增大Zn(O_(0.3),S_(0.7))与FASnI_(3)界面缺陷态密度,导致光生载流子在界面更容易被捕获,控制Zn(O_(0.3),S_(0.7))与FASnI_(3)界面缺陷态密度不超过10^(13) cm^(-3)有利于提高电池性能。

Fe-3%Si合金薄带连铸板热处理过程层状异构组织演变的相场模拟研究

本研究基于Fe-3%Si合金铸轧板材组织特征,构建了不同类型柱状晶/等轴晶层状异构组织相场模型,实现了界面曲率为驱动力的情况下层状异构组织的高温粗化过程模拟,量化分析了层状异构特征对铸轧组织演化过程的影响规律。研究表明,由于晶粒长径比对晶粒尖端曲率的影响,当初始状态下柱状晶长径比较高时,在界面曲率的驱动下最终会形成等轴化的多晶组织;反之则等轴化程度减小。明确了不同类型异构组织演化特征,相同退火时间下组织的等轴化程度受其层状异构特征的影响,这一现象的本质是等轴晶通过自身演化引起柱状晶两端曲率变化,诱发柱状晶间的相互“吞噬”并发生等轴化,柱状晶则在部分结构的组织中生长至带钢表面后停止生长,最终保持柱状特征。本研究进一步加深了对铸态薄带中初始凝固组织在后续热处理时演化过程的认识,对硅钢制备工艺优化具有重要的理论指导意义和实际应用价值。

纳米TiO_(2)对NH_(3)-H_(2)O-LiBr工质降膜吸收性能的影响

为了探讨纳米TiO_(2)对三元NH_(3)-H_(2)O-LiBr工质降膜吸收的影响,本文利用数值分析建立了三元工作流体薄膜吸收的连续方程、能量方程和组分质量平衡方程,采用Matlab软件进行编程和计算纳米流体的降膜吸收性能,将其与实验数据进行对比验证,并进一步分析了纳米TiO_(2)质量分数、初始氨浓度、初始温度、冷却水进口温度、吸收压力和下降薄膜管长度对薄膜吸收性能的影响。研究表明:添加纳米TiO_(2)可以增强降膜吸收的传质速率,主要原因为液膜中氨的扩散系数增加。当纳米TiO_(2)质量分数从0%增加到0.1%、0.3%和0.5%时,扩散系数分别增加了3.44倍、6.42倍和11.76倍。此外,增加初始氨浓度、降低初始温度、提高冷却水进口温度或降低吸收压力都可以提高最终溶液的饱和度。

一种基于Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC气凝胶的热防护系统隔热性能研究

飞行器再入大气层时,高速气流的冲刷作用会在其表面产生极高热流密度和压力,这种双重载荷可能对飞行器的结构材料造成严重的热损伤,甚至导致飞行事故。针对该问题,文章设计了以Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC复合气凝胶作为隔热层的轻质三明治结构热防护系统,并通过氧−乙炔烧蚀试验对典型高温条件下该热防护系统的隔热性能进行测试,结果显示:热防护系统的线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率随隔热层厚度的增加而逐渐减小,当系统厚度为14 mm时,线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别为0.0019 mm·s^(-1)和0.0031 g·s^(-1),且烧蚀形貌整体性较好,说明热防护系统具有优异的隔热及力学性能。同时,通过有限元仿真方法对热防护系统进行热力耦合分析,对烧蚀试验结果进行了验证。

Simulation of 1,3-Butadiene Production Process by Dimethylfomamide Extractive Distillation

Nowadays, extractive distillation is the main technique to produce 1,3-butadiene. This study simulated the 1,3-butadiene production process with DMF extractive distillation by Aspen Plus. The solvent ratio is the most important parameter to the extractive distillation process. The article has given out the proper solvent ratios, reflux ratios, distillate ratios, and bottom product ratios of the columns. It also discusses the thermal loads of several columns. The results of simulation are consequently compared with the plant data, which shows good accordance with each other.

Numerical simulation of 3D-microstructures in solidification processes based on the CAFE method

It was analyzed that the finite element-cellular automaton （CAFE） method was used to simulate 3D-microstructures in solidification processes. Based on this method, the 3D-microstructure of 9SMn28 free-cutting steel was simulated in solidification processes and the simulation results are consistent with the experimental ones. In addition, the effects of Gaussian distribution parameters were also studied. The simulation results show that the higher the mean undercooling, the larger the columnar dendrite zones, and the larger the maximum nucleation density, the smaller the size of grains. The larger the standard deviation, the less the number of minimum grains is. However, the uniformity degree decreases first, and then increases gradually.

Numerical simulation of a combined oxidation ditch flow using 3D k-ε turbulence model

The standard three dimensional（3D） k-ε turbulence model was applied to simulate the flow field of a small scale combined oxidation ditch. The moving mesh approach was used to model the rotor of the ditch. Comparison of the computed and the measured data is acceptable. A vertical reverse flow zone in the ditch was found, and it played a very important role in the ditch flow behavior. The flow pattern in the ditch is discussed in detail, and approaches are suggested to improve the hydrodynamic performance in the ditch.

Surface Air Temperature Simulations over China with CMIP5 and CMIP3

Historical simulations of annual mean surface air temperature over China with 25 CMIP5 models were assessed.The observational data from CRUT3v and CN05 were used and further compared with historical simulations of CMIP3.The results show that CMIP5 models were able to simulate the observed warming over China from 1906 to 2005(0.84 C per 100 years)with a warming rate of 0.77 C per 100 years based on the multi-model ensemble(MME).The simulations of surface air temperature in the late 20th century were much better than those in the early 20th century,when only two models could reproduce the extreme warming in the 1940s.The simulations for the spatial distribution of the 20-yearmean(1986–2005)surface air temperature over China fit relatively well with the observations.However,underestimations in surface air temperature climatology were still found almost all over China,and the largest cold bias and simulation uncertainty were found in western China.On sub-regional scale,northern China experienced stronger warming than southern China during 1961–1999,for which the CMIP5 MME provided better simulations.With CMIP5 the diference of warming trends in northern and southern China was underestimated.In general,the CMIP5 simulations are obviously improved in comparison with the CMIP3 simulations in terms of the variation in regional mean surface air temperature,the spatial distribution of surface air temperature climatology and the linear trends in surface air temperature all over China.