Characteristics of Staring Imaging Spectrometer and Its Application Prospect in Asteroid Exploration

Compared with traditional ground asteroid obsen/ations,deep space exploration is an important way to explore and comprehensively understand the characteristics of asteroids.Imaging spectrometer integrates morphological measurement and spectral measurement,and has the ability to acquire image and spectral data simultaneously.By combining morphometry and spectrometry,it is possible to achieve efficient identification and quantitative analysis of the chemical comp orients of the explorati on target,and has the strong advantage in the field of asteroid exploration.This paper analyzes the principle of the staring imaging spectrometer and the technological progress in various countries.Based on the requirements of light,small payloads and the space characteristics of spectroscopic devices,the application of staring imaging spectrometer is discussed.Then,this paper introduces the conceptual design of an acousto-optic staring imaging spectrometer,combined with the technical characteristics of its area array stare frame imaging and fast electronic control spectrum selection.An experimental verification is carried out,which provides a reference for the feasibility of this type of instrument in asteroid exploration.

Performance Comparison of Long-Wave Infrared Imaging Spectrometer Between Dyson Form and Offner Form

In view of the difficulties in traditional long-wave infrared imaging spectrometer which is hard to realize a high signal-to-noise ratio and miniaturization as well under the weak remote sensing signal,Offner convex grating spectrometer and Dyson concave grating spectrometer,both having concentric structure,are designed and analyzed in the band of 8-12 μm. The diffraction angle expressions of the two spectrometers are obtained and the diffraction characteristics are acquired. Both of the spectrometers are designed in Zemax environment under different F-numbers and different grating constants with the same slit,spatial resolution,spectral resolution and detector. The results show that Dyson grating spectrometer possesses the advantages of higher throughput and smaller volume, and Offner grating spectrometer possesses the advantage of more accessible material and the absence of chromatic aberration. The differences between Dyson form and Offner form show that the former is a better choice in the long-wave infrared imaging spectrometer.

An Operational Method for Fast Detecting Abnormal Channels in Imaging Spectrometers

Data from abnormal channels in an imaging spectrometer almost always exerts an undesired impact on spectrum matching,classification,pattern recognition and other applications in hyperspectral remote sensing.To solve this problem,researchers should get rid of the data acquired by these channels.Selecting abnormal channels just in the way of visually examining each band image in a imaging data set is a conceivably hard and boring job.To relieve the burden,this paper proposes a method which exploits the spatial and spectral autocorrelations inherent in imaging spectrometer data,and can be used to speed up and,to a great degree,automate the detection of abnormal channels in an imaging spectrometer.This method is applied easily and successfully to one PHI data set and one Hymap data set,and can be applied to remotely sensed data from other hyperspectral sensors.

A New Method for Measurements of the Poloidal Rotation Velocities and Wavelength Calibration of X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectrometer in Magnetic Fusion Devices

A new simple method is presented for the wavelength calibration and measurement of poloidal rotation velocities with X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer(XICS)in magnetic fusion devices.In this method,the toroidal rotation of plasma is applied for high precise alignment and wavelength calibration of the poloidal XICS.The measurement threshold of poloidal rotation velocity can be lowered to 1-3 km/s with this method.

Spectroscopic measurements and terahertz imaging of the cornea using a rapid scanning terahertz time domain spectrometer

Spectroscopic measurements and terahertz imaging of the cornea are carried out by using a rapid scanning terahertz time domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS) system.A voice coil motor stage based optical delay line(VCM-ODL) is developed to provide a rather simple and robust structure with both the high scanning speed and the large delay length.The developed system is used for THz spectroscopic measurements and imaging of the corneal tissue with different amounts of water content,and the measurement results show the consistence with the reported results,in which the measurement time using VCM-ODL is a factor of 360 shorter than the traditional motorized optical delay line(MDL).With reducing the water content a monotonic decrease of the complex permittivity of the cornea is observed.The two-term Debye relaxation model is employed to explain our experimental results,revealing that the fast relaxation time of a dehydrated cornea is much larger than that of a hydrated cornea and its dielectric behavior can be affected by the presence of the biological macromolecules.These results demonstrate that our THz spectrometer may be a promising candidate for tissue hydration sensing and practical application of THz technology.

Calibration and data restoration of light field modulated imaging spectrometer

A light field modulated imaging spectrometer(LFMIS) can acquire the spatial-spectral datacube of targets of interest or a scene in a single shot. The spectral information of a point target is imaged on the pixels covered by a microlens.The pixels receive spectral information from different spectral filters to the diffraction and misalignments of the optical components. In this paper, we present a linear spectral multiplexing model of the acquired target spectrum. A calibration method is proposed for calibrating the center wavelengths and bandwidths of channels of an LFMIS system based on the liner-variable filter(LVF) and for determining the spectral multiplexing matrix. In order to improve the accuracy of the restored spectral data, we introduce a reconstruction algorithm based on the total least square(TLS) approach. Simulation and experimental results confirm the performance of the spectrum reconstruction algorithm and validate the feasibility of the proposed calibrating scheme.

Early detection of pine wilt disease in Pinus tabuliformis in North China using a field portable spectrometer and UAV-based hyperspectral imagery

Background:Pine wilt disease(PWD)is a major ecological concern in China that has caused severe damage to millions of Chinese pines(Pinus tabulaeformis).To control the spread of PWD,it is necessary to develop an effective approach to detect its presence in the early stage of infection.One potential solution is the use of Unmanned Airborne Vehicle(UAV)based hyperspectral images(HIs).UAV-based HIs have high spatial and spectral resolution and can gather data rapidly,potentially enabling the effective monitoring of large forests.Despite this,few studies examine the feasibility of HI data use in assessing the stage and severity of PWD infection in Chinese pine.Method:To fill this gap,we used a Random Forest(RF)algorithm to estimate the stage of PWD infection of trees sampled using UAV-based HI data and ground-based data(data directly collected from trees in the field).We compared relative accuracy of each of these data collection methods.We built our RF model using vegetation indices(VIs),red edge parameters(REPs),moisture indices(MIs),and their combination.Results:We report several key results.For ground data,the model that combined all parameters(OA:80.17%,Kappa:0.73)performed better than VIs(OA:75.21%,Kappa:0.66),REPs(OA:79.34%,Kappa:0.67),and MIs(OA:74.38%,Kappa:0.65)in predicting the PWD stage of individual pine tree infection.REPs had the highest accuracy(OA:80.33%,Kappa:0.58)in distinguishing trees at the early stage of PWD from healthy trees.UAV-based HI data yielded similar results:the model combined VIs,REPs and MIs(OA:74.38%,Kappa:0.66)exhibited the highest accuracy in estimating the PWD stage of sampled trees,and REPs performed best in distinguishing healthy trees from trees at early stage of PWD(OA:71.67%,Kappa:0.40).Conclusion:Overall,our results confirm the validity of using HI data to identify pine trees infected with PWD in its early stage,although its accuracy must be improved before widespread use is practical.We also show UAV-based data PWD classifications are less accurate but comparable to those of ground-based data.We believe that these results can be used to improve preventative measures in the control of PWD.

Spectrometer of hard X-ray imager payload onboard the ASO-S mission

A spaceborne hard X-ray spectrometer, composed of an array of 99 scintillation detectors and associated readout electronics, has been developed for the hard X-ray imager(HXI). The HXI is one of the three payloads onboard the advanced space-based solar observatory(ASO-S), which is scheduled to be launched in early 2022 as the first Chinese solar satellite. LaBr3 scintillators and photomultiplier tubes with a super bialkali cathode are used to achieve an energy resolution better than 20% at 30 keV.Further, a new multi-channel charge-sensitive readout application-specific integrated circuit guarantees high-frequency data acquisition with low power consumption. This paper presents a detailed design of the spectrometer for the engineering model of the HXI and discusses its noise and linearity performance.

Modeling and analysis for the image mapping spectrometer

The snapshot image mapping spectrometer(IMS) has advantages such as high temporal resolution,high throughput,compact structure and simple reconstructed algorithm.In recent years,it has been utilized in biomedicine,remote sensing,etc.However,the system errors and various factors can cause cross talk,image degradation and spectral distortion in the system.In this research,a theoretical model is presented along with the point response function(PRF) for the IMS,and the influence of the mirror tilt angle error of the image mapper and the prism apex angle error are analyzed based on the model.The results indicate that the tilt angle error causes loss of light throughput and the prism apex angle error causes spectral mixing between adjacent sub-images.The light intensity on the image plane is reduced to 95%when the mirror tilt angle error is increased to ±100 "(≈ 0.028°).The prism apex error should be controlled within the range of 0-36"(0.01°)to ensure the designed number of spectral bands,and avoid spectral mixing between adjacent images.

New Imaging Spectrometric Method for Rotary Object

A new technique for imaging spectrometer for rotary object based on computed-tomography is proposed. A discrete model of this imaging spectrometric system is established, which is accordant to actual measurements and convenient for computation. In computer simulations with this method, projections of the object are detected by CCD while the object is rotating, and the original spectral images are numerically reconstructed from them by using the algorithm of computed-tomography. Simulation results indicate that the principle of the method is correct and it performs well for both broadband and narrow-band spectral objects.

Symmetrical Processing of Interferogram and Spectrum Reconstruction in Interference Spectrometer

Because of its all-reflective layout based on the Fresnel double-mirror interference system, the newly developed Fourier transform imaging spectrometer has a very large spectral bandwidth ranged from a cut-off wavelength (related to the cut-off wave number σ max ) to far infrared. According to the signal’s symmetry and wide-band characteristics, a simple method that can efficiently weaken the low frequency noise in the reconstructed spectrum is presented. Also, according to the symmetry, the eigenvector method is applied to the reconstruction of the spectrum.

A cross-type imaging electron spectrometer

Energetic electron measurement is of great significance to theoretical space physics research and space weather applications.Current energetic electron detectors must cooperate with a spin-stabilized satellite platform to achieve high angular resolution in pitch angle distribution and three-dimensional(3D)imaging measurement of energetic electrons.This article introduces a cross-type quasi-3D imaging electron spectrometer(IES)based on pinhole imaging technology developed in the laboratory.The imager is composed of five imaging units,including a nine-pixel area array Si-PIN detector imaging unit in the middle and four three-pixel linear array Si-PIN detector imaging units placed in a cross-shape around it.The combination of five imaging units forms two orthogonal nine-pixel linear array detectors(with a common pixel in the middle).There are four pixels with a view angle of 20°×20°in the 45°oblique directions of the cross-type detection array.There are 21 imaging pixels in the entire crosstype sensor head,corresponding to 21 directions.Two multichannel integrated preamplifier ASICs are integrated in the sensor head to realize particle signal readout from 21 pixels.With a back-end electronics system,each pixel can achieve high energy resolution detection of 50–600 keV electrons.Radioactive sources and electron accelerators are used to calibrate the cross-type imaging sensor head,and the results demonstrate its good energy and directional detection characteristics(the energy resolution reaches 6.9 keV for the incident 200 keV electron beam).We performed simulations on the imaging sensor head’s ability to measure the electron pitch angle distribution on the three-axis stabilized platform,and the results show that the sensor head can perform quasi-three-dimensional detection of electrons incident within 2πsolid angles on the three-axis stabilized satellite platform,with an average angular resolution of the electron pitch angle distribution of less than 6°.

紫外小F数高变倍高光谱成像仪设计

常规成像光谱仪一般变倍比较低,不利于大视场长狭缝多通道光学系统的扩展应用,此外,空间遥感中紫外波段的辐射能量较低,需要成像光谱仪具有更小的F数。针对高光谱分辨率成像光谱仪小F数的探测需求,本文设计了一种具有高变倍的高光谱分辨率Offner紫外成像光谱仪。该成像光谱仪的后置分光系统采用了具有轻小型特点的改进型Offner结构。结合成像光谱仪对变倍比和小F数的需求,通过理论推导得到Offner初始结构参数。在像面前插入一块弯月透镜,增加系统的优化自由度,进而提升系统的成像质量。最终得到的成像光谱仪工作在270~300 nm波段时,具有40 mm的长狭缝,光谱分辨率优于0.6 nm,系统变倍比小于0.22,F数小于2,在截止频率为14 lp/mm时,系统调制传递函数(MTF)均优于0.9,系统各波段各视场均方根半径(RMS)均小于12μm。本文的研究对紫外波段高光谱探测成像光谱仪实现小F数、高变倍设计提供了一种设计方案。

亚角秒空间分辨的太阳极紫外宽波段成像光谱仪光学设计

狭缝式成像光谱仪是太阳极紫外光谱成像探测的重要工具之一,然而目前国内尚无该类载荷,导致太阳物理学和空间天气学等学科在极紫外光谱诊断研究方面主要依赖国外仪器数据,严重制约了相关学科的发展.国外已发射的成像光谱仪仅具有2"量级的空间分辨率,很难观测到日冕加热模型预测的等离子体核心特征.为了更好地理解太阳不同层次大气之间的耦合过程,需要更宽光谱覆盖的太阳观测数据.鉴于此,本文提出并设计了一款亚角秒空间分辨的太阳极紫外宽波段成像光谱仪,相比现有仪器,系统能够实现更高空间和光谱分辨率、更宽光谱范围覆盖的观测.性能评价结果表明,系统在62—80 nm,92—110 nm波段内的像元空间分辨率均优于0.4",光谱分辨率均优于0.007 nm,光谱成像质量接近衍射极限,对我国未来首台空间太阳极紫外成像光谱仪的研制具有重要参考价值.

基于PSIM机载大视场宽谱段偏振光谱成像系统光学设计

为满足偏振光谱成像探测中对于大视场、宽谱段技术要求,设计了一种基于偏振强度调制技术(PSIM)的宽谱段大视场偏振光谱成像仪。针对前置望远镜组,文中对现有国内玻璃材料消色差分析,优选了可见至短波红外的复消色差玻璃,通过控制镜组中PSIM模块光线角度,实现大视场内在PSIM模块上的入射角度需求。结合分析结果,采用光学设计软件优化设计。设计结果表明,前置望远系统能够实现波段为400~1 700 nm,视场角为72°,焦距为20 mm, F数为4的高质量成像,全谱段内探测器截止频率处传递函数优于0.4, PSIM模块上最大入射角度为±4.99°,有效保证了各视场内偏振调制的一致性。后置光谱分光系统采用基于Offner结构的凸面光栅,优化结果显示各波段点列图均小于一个像元,在探测器奈奎斯特频率处中心波长的MTF达到0.6,各项指标均满足设计要求。本文对于基于PSIM宽谱段偏振光谱成像仪器的工程化具有很重要的现实意义,对宽谱段光学系统消色差设计也具有一定指导意义。

机载光纤式成像差分吸收光谱仪测量区域大气污染应用研究

我国大气污染呈现出区域性和复杂性等特性,开展污染气体区域分布的立体监测,能够及时了解大气环境现状、研究分析影响大气质量的各种因素,指导大气污染控制措施。机载成像差分吸收光谱仪,是目前有效的污染气体区域分布遥感手段之一。该技术观测区域大,覆盖率高,最终可提供精细化的污染气体区域分布资料,实现污染分布及传输的可视化探测。以往机载成像差分吸收光谱仪采用整体式设计,需要占用飞机光学观察窗口,航空搭载需求苛刻、应用受限。为此提出了光纤式机载成像差分吸收光谱仪,采用光纤束传输方式,安装过程中对飞机改装需求小,极大的便利了机上安装和调试,适应了适航设备认证需求。该系统采用特制多芯光纤束结合Littow-offner结构光谱成像系统,具有光谱成像分辨率高、大视场、结构紧凑等优点。在此详细介绍了该设备性能参数,并利用该系统在芜湖市周边开展了区域污染遥感应用。应用过程中,针对光纤式成像差分吸收光谱仪,提出了数据处理算法。对采集到的太阳散射光谱进行反演得到污染气体的斜柱浓度,并利用大气传输模型计算大气质量因子,实现垂直柱浓度转化。最后结合飞机姿态位置信息,快速获取了芜湖市区及其周边上空的NO_(2)、SO_(2)的浓度分布,并进行了区域内污染源快速定位和传输过程分析。从反演结果来看,本次实验NO_(2)垂直柱浓度在实验区域存在4个高值点,SO_(2)垂直柱浓度在实验区域存在2个高值点,高值点附近均存在重工企业,结果与实际情况相符。并结合卫星数据评估二者交叉校验精度,二者呈现正相关,相关性系数为0.77。应用效果验证了光纤式成像差分吸收光谱仪的方案可行性,可为大气污染气体航空遥感技术推广提供参考,同时弥补了地面站点监测在空间尺度上以及卫星遥感在时间尺度上的不足。

非平行光束光栅照明C-T成像光谱仪消像散研究与设计

切尔尼-特纳(Czerny-Turner,C-T)光谱仪是光栅光谱仪中常用的光谱仪器。其结构紧凑,无非球面镜,常被用于单色仪和光谱辐射计中。对于成像光谱仪,像散是影响其空间分辨和光能利用的主要像差。就非平行光束光栅照明像散校正方法进行了理论分析和实验验证,提出会聚和发散光栅照明C-T成像光谱仪都可以进行像散校正,其根本取决于光栅入射角和衍射的余弦平方比大于或小于1,大于1对应发散照明消像散,小于1则对应会聚照明消像散。

基于成像光谱仪的光亮度精确测量方法研究

为了快速精确测量平板显示器的光亮度,采用基于线性渐变滤光片的成像光谱仪进行了理论分析和实验验证,讨论了以线性渐变滤光片为核心的成像光谱仪的原理、结构及应用特点,建立了光源光亮度-输出灰度值的数学转换模型,以及基于LED积分球光源和分光光谱辐射亮度计的成像光谱仪光谱定标与辐射定标装置,得到了目标的光谱立方体数据,并计算出目标各点的绝对光谱功率分布曲线。结果表明,测量显示屏的相对示值误差小于3%,达到了国标光亮度测量所规定的一级测量精度要求,实现了对面光源光亮度的快速精确测量。该研究为优化显示器行业的质量控制和产品调控提供了有利参考。

基于倾斜场镜的C-T成像光谱仪优化设计

残留谱线弯曲限制了切尔尼-特纳平面光栅光谱仪在成像光谱仪中的应用.本文不同于传统的基于棱镜的光栅谱线弯曲补偿方法,提出了基于倾斜场镜的补偿方法,即在校正场曲的同时对入射到场镜不同区域,不同波长的狭缝像分别进行谱线弯曲校正,且没有改变系统的其它光学特性.对狭缝大小为7.8mm×0.016mm、光谱范围0.31-0.5μm、光谱分辨率0.4nm、物方焦距70mm、1∶1放大倍率的切尔尼-特纳成像光谱仪进行了优化设计,结果全谱段、全视场MTF〉0.8,点列图RMS半径小于9μm,相对谱线弯曲小于0.2%,满足设计要求.实际设计表明该方法对于可选用光学玻璃有限,且能量较弱的紫外光学系统是一种可选的优化设计方法.

Absolute partial and total ionization cross sections of carbon monoxide with electron collision from 350 eV to 8000 eV

The absolute partial and total cross sections for electron impact ionization of carbon monoxide are reported for electron energies from 350 eV to 8000 eV.The product ions(CO^(+),C^(+),O^(+),CO^(2+),C^(2+),and O^(2+))are measured by employing an ion imaging mass spectrometer and two ion-pair dissociation channels(C^(+)+O^(+)and C^(2+)+O^(+))are identified.The absolute cross sections for producing individual ions and their total,as well as for the ion-pair dissociation channels are obtained by normalizing the data of CO^(+)to that of Ar^(+)from CO-Ar mixture target with a fixed 1:1 ratio.The overall errors are evaluated by considering various kinds of uncertainties.A comprehensive comparison is made with the available data,which shows a good agreement with each other over the energy ranges that are overlapped.This work presents new cross-section data with electron energies above 1000 eV.