基于四种常用机器学习的梭梭(Haloxylon ammod-endron(C.A.Mey)Bunge)适宜生境分布研究

梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Mey) Bunge是适应中亚荒漠生境的耐寒、抗旱、耐盐碱C4植物,预测该物种地理分布范围以及未来不同气候变化情景下该物种适宜生境分布的变化,对于我国荒漠区生态环境保护具有重要意义。利用收集的梭梭分布数据与33个环境因子,基于四种常用的机器学习算法组成的组合模型对该物种适宜生境在我国西北干旱区的分布进行了预测。结果表明:(1)不同的模型算法的结果在空间上具有较高的一致性,但其分布细节具有一定的差异性。(2)梭梭在我国的适宜生境面积约为0.91×10^(6) km^(2),主要分布在新疆的准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地边缘,甘肃河西走廊地区,内蒙古巴丹吉林、乌兰布和、腾格里沙漠和库布齐沙漠的西部,青海省柴达木盆地等地区。(3)未来气候变化对该物种适宜生境分布的影响取决于升温幅度,但是在大部分的增温情景中,该物种的适宜生境变化较小。(4)高适宜生境面积为0.19×10^(6) km^(2),应该作为梭梭原生产地保护以及人工种植的重点区域。(5)集成多模型结果的组合物种分布模型能够在一定程度上减少模型的不确定性,增加模型的精度。在环境条件限制性较高的干旱区,加入土壤因素能够有效提高物种分布模型的建模科学性和合理性。

A new coumarin from Wikstroemia indica (L.) C.A.Mey

A new coumarin was obtained from the stems and roots of Wikstroemia indica （L.） C. A. Mey. Its structure was elucidated as methyl 3-（2-hydroxy-4-（7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yloxy） phenyl） propanoate by spectroscopic methods.

A new triterpene saponin from Panax japonicus C.A.Meyer var major(Burk.) C.Y.Wu et K.M.Feng

One new Iriterpene saponin was isolated from Panaxjaponicus C. A. Meyer var major （Burk.） C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng, and established as oleanolic acid 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-（1 →2）-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-6＇-O-n-butyl ester] which showed mod- erate antitumor activities against the A2780 cells and OVCAR-3 cells. Its structure was established by means of spectral data, particularly NMR, including HSQC and HMBC techniques.

Study on Surface Sterilization Method for Tissue Culture of Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.) Bunge Seeds

[ Objective ] The aim was to select appropriate sterilization methods and explants for tissue culture of Haloxylon ammodendron （ C. A. Mey. ）. [Method] H. ammodendron （C. A. Mey. ） seeds were used as experimental materials to investigate the sterilization results of different sterilization treatments and the effect of different seed sizes on the survival rate of aseptic seedlings. [ Result] Sterilization of H. ammodendron （ C.A. Mey. ） seeds achieved the best result by using 75% alcohol for 15 min and 0.1% mercuric chloride for 8 min. Seeds with diameter φ 〉 2.0 mm were used as explants and achieved relatively high surviv- al rate of aseptic seedlings, which reached above 65%. [ Conclusion] This study established a surface sterilization method for tissue culture of H. ammodendron （ C. A. Mey. ） Bunge seeds.

人参根际土壤微生物PCR-DGGE反应体系优化

[目的]优选人参根际土壤微生物的PCR-DGGE反应体系。[方法]以种植1年的人参土壤为材料,利用PCR-DGGE技术,对反应体系中的几种重要参数不同梯度进行了优化研究,包括模板、dNTPs、引物及Mg2+的用量。[结果]最适宜的反应体系为:模板DNA浓度为0.8μg/μl,dNTPs浓度为0.2 mmol/L,引物浓度为0.4μmol/L,Mg2+浓度为1.5 mmol/L。[结论]该方法简便快捷,为进一步研究人参根际土壤微生物多样性奠定了基础。

Ginsenoside-Rg_6, a Novel Triterpenoid Saponin from the Stem-Leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

A novel dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, named ginsenoside-Rg6 3, was isolated from the stem-leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., together with two known ones, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg2 1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg2 2. On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence , the structure of ginsenoside-Rg6 have been elucidated as 6-O-(-L-rhamnosyl-(1?2)-(-D-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22), 24-diene-3(, 6(, 12(-triol.

Structure Analysis of Pectin SB_(1-1) from the Root of Panax ginseng

A water-soluble pectin SB_~1-1 was isolated and purified from the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. The HPLC analysis indicates that SB_~1-1 is homogenous. Its molecular weight was estimated via gel filtration to be 10000. The GC analysis indicated that it contains the monosaccharides of GalA, Gal, Ara and Rha. Their molar ratio is 2.10∶1.00∶0.12∶0.13. Partial hydrolysis with acid, pectinase treatment, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analyses, GC/MS analyses and NMR analyses were used for the structure analyses of SB_~1-1 . The results reveal that SB_~1-1 has a lower branched structure. The main chain is composed of GalA and Gal; the inner part is α-1,4-linked-GalA; the border is 1,4-linked-Gal. Some of the 1,4-linked-GalA and 1,4-linked-Gal residues are substituted at O6. On an average, there is one branch for every ten hexose residues. The side chain is composed of 1,6-linked-Gal and 1,3,6-linked-Gal. The nonreduced end is composed of Rha, Ara and Gal. The main glycosidic link of SB_~1-1 has an α configuration.

Identification of HPLC Characteristic Chromatograms of Phenylethanoid Glycosides and Iridoid Glycosides in Herba Cistanche of Different Origins

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a quality evaluation method for Herba Cistanche based on the HPLC characteristic chromatograms of the phenylethanoid glycosides and iridoid glycosides,and compare the HPLC characteristic chromatograms of different origins of Herba Cistanche.[Methods]The chromatographic conditions used were as follows:column,Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);gradient elution,acetonitrile-0.1%phosphoric acid aqueous solution;flow rate,1.0 mL/min;detection wavelength,240 nm;column temperature,30℃.[Results]Cistanche tubulosa(Schenk)Wight showed 9 characteristic peaks,Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma showed 10 characteristic peaks,Cistanche salsa(C.A.Mey.)G.Beck showed 7 characteristic peaks,and Cistanche sinensis G.Beck showed 4 characteristic peaks.Peak 6 was echinacoside,peak 7 was verbascoside,peak 8 was tubuloside A,peak 9 was isoacteoside and peak 10 was cistanoside A.The characteristic chromatograms of the four different origins of Herba Cistanche were significantly different.[Conclusions]This characteristic chromatogram method has good reproducibility and can be used to distinguish 4 different origins of Herba Cistanche,C.deserticola Y.C.Ma,C.tubulosa(Schenk)Wight,C.sinensis G.Beck and C.salsa(C.A.Mey.)G.Beck.

Determination of Saponins in Leaf of Panax Ginseng C. A. Mey. by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） with UV detection was established for simultaneous determination of saponins in the leaf of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Nine ginsenosides（Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, F1, F2, F3, F5） and notoginsenoside Fe（NFe） were studied. Among the saponins, the ginsenosides F1, F2, F3, F5 and NFe were determined by HPLC-UV method for the first time. The determination of the ginsenosides via the HPLC-UV method was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with gradient elution in 40 min. The linearity, precision, accuracy, and detection limit for determining the saponins were studied and the samples from different areas in China were analyzed. The HPLC-ESI-MS was used to identify the saponins. The results indicate that the HPLC-UV provided a good accuracy, reproducibility and sensitivity for the determination of the ten saponins.

Active compounds in RenShenJian decoction ameliorate insulin resistance in vitro

Background:RenShenJian decoction,a combination of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi and Panax ginseng C.A.Mey,has been used in China since the Song Dynasty(960-1279 C.E.)to relieve symptoms of diabetes mellitus.However,the key compounds in RenShenJian that ameliorate insulin resistance remain unclear.This study identified the anti-diabetic compounds in RenShenJian by rescuing the decreased function of adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK),sirtuin 3(SIRT3),or glucose transporter isoform 4(GLUT4).Methods:After streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were treated with RenShenJian,fasting blood glucose levels and protein expression of SIRT3,p-AMPK,and AMPK were determined.Compounds from RenShenJian in plasma were monitored using multiple responses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Additionally,two insulin-resistant cell models were incubated with compounds identified in RenShenJian in the blood.Glucose uptake was determined using the fluorescent analog 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-dia-xol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose.Protein expression levels of p-AMPK,AMPK,SIRT3,and GLUT4 were detected by western blotting.Results:RenShenJian decreased FBG levels and upregulated SIRT3 expression and AMPK phosphorylation in diabetic mice.Thirteen RenShenJian extracts were identified in the blood,11 of which increased the ratios of 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-dia-xol 4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose uptake in two insulin-resistant cell models.Nine extracts increased AMPK phosphorylation,nine increased SIRT3 expression,and six elevated GLUT4 expression in palmitate-induced HepG2 cells.Five extracts-puerarin,puerarin 6″-O-xyloside,genistein,ginsenoside Rb1,and ginsenoside Rd-simultaneously activated AMPK,SIRT3 and GLUT4.Conclusion:A series of compounds in RenShenJian that target AMPK,SIRT3,and/or GLUT4 was confirmed and indicate the chemical material basis of amelioration of insulin resistance by RenShenJian.

不同贮藏条件对梭梭种子萌发活力的影响

以吐鲁番梭梭[Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge]树体上的成熟种子为材料,研究贮藏时间、贮藏温度和贮藏种子含水量对梭梭种子萌发活力的影响。结果表明,室温和冰箱贮藏种子9个月,种子发芽率随着贮藏时间的延长呈下降趋势,下降幅度达46.50和35.50个百分点,各时期冰箱贮藏种子发芽率的下降幅度低于常温贮藏。不同温度下贮藏梭梭种子3个月的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和胚鲜重特征为-10℃>-18℃>-4℃>4℃>常温,且随着贮藏温度的降低呈先升高后降低,差异显著。不同梭梭种子含水量贮藏3个月的发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长和活力指数随着种子含水量的降低呈先升高后降低趋势,种子含水量为5.50%的降低幅度最小。贮藏温度与活力指数间呈极显著负相关,贮藏种子含水量与发芽指数和活力指数间呈极显著负相关,种子发芽率、活力指数与不同贮藏条件间的相关性高低顺序均为贮藏种子含水量>贮藏温度>贮藏时间,而发芽势、发芽指数与不同贮藏条件间的相关性高低顺序均为贮藏温度>贮藏种子含水量>贮藏时间。

中国碱蓬属植物修订

本文对《中国植物志》藜科(Chenopodiaceae)碱蓬属(Suaeda Forsk. ex Scop.)长期存在的分类错误进行了纠正。将其中的高碱蓬S. altissima (L.) Pall.合并入碱蓬S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge,纵翅碱蓬S. pterantha (Kar. et Kir.) Bunge合并入刺毛碱蓬S. acuminata (C.A. Mey.) Moq.,同时增加了垦利碱蓬(新种)S. kenliensis J. W. Xing sp. nov。由此将中国碱蓬属(Suaeda)植物从原来的20种,变更为19种。并重新修订了中国碱蓬属(Suaeda)植物的分种检索表,使中国碱蓬属(Suaeda)植物的系统分类更趋于完善,为《中国植物志》的修订和碱蓬属(Suaeda)植物分类及其深入研究与开发利用提供了依据。

人参出苗期4种氧化还原酶的活力变化

[目的]研究5年生人参中4种氧化还原酶在出苗期的活力变化。[方法]采用中性磷酸缓冲溶液提取粗酶液,并应用紫外分光光度法分别测定过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活力。[结果]人参幼苗活性氧清除代谢水平高于根部。幼苗POD与PPO酶活力先下降后上升;根部POD酶活力变化呈缓慢上升趋势,PPO酶活力变化不明显;幼苗CAT酶活力在整个出苗期始终保持上升趋势;幼苗与根部APX活力以上下波动形式变化。[结论]人参出苗期的4种氧化还原酶活力变化不同,可作为人参出苗期幼苗形态建成不同阶段的生理指标。

准噶尔盆地梭梭个体种子产量预测

对准噶尔盆地6个不同生境梭梭[Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey)Bunge]种群植株生长状况与种子产量之间的关系进行了比较。结果表明,植株形态参数冠幅(C)、基径(D)、高度(H)与种子产量(M)之间存在紧密的相关关系。通径分析结果显示,冠幅对植株种子产量的影响最大,其后依次为高度、基径。试验建立的梭梭种子产量预测方程为:M=178.572+3.47×10-5 CH-1.106 H-0.007 C(R=0.830,P<0.01)。

楸树无性系生长和生理特性研究

通过对楸树(Catalpa bungei C.A.Mey)19个杂种无性系生长、生理指标进行比较分析,将为楸树优良无性系的选育提供科学依据。试验结果表明,不同楸树无性系的树高、叶长、叶宽、长宽比及叶柄长度差异极显著,胸径、叶绿素含量SPAD值差异显著;树高与叶绿素含量SPAD值和比叶重呈极显著正相关,胸径与叶长和叶宽呈显著正相关,与叶绿素含量SPAD值呈极显著正相关;根据树高、胸径和叶绿素含量SPAD值3个指标,对19个楸树无性系进行聚类分析,结果无性系9-1、07-5-8-17、07-Y27-4和07-5-8-20较为优良。

梭梭幼苗对光照的形态响应与适应

在控制试验条件下,以自然光为基础设置4种透光率(分别为全光照的100%、75%、35%和5%),进行为期1个生长季的观测及形态指标和存活率的测定,探讨梭梭[Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge]在幼苗发育阶段对遮阴的响应。结果表明,不同遮阴条件下梭梭幼苗的分枝角度远高于全光照条件下,前者为后者的1.60、1.77和1.89倍,说明遮阴条件下,幼苗具有更高的分枝角,这是梭梭幼苗对于不同的光照条件在分枝形态上做出的适应性调整;随着光照度的减弱,梭梭幼苗的根、茎、侧枝和总生物量都明显降低,且各光照条件下存在显著差异(P<0.05),但是梭梭幼苗生物量分配参数在各个光照度下变化规律不明显;梭梭幼苗的平均形态可塑性存在差异。随着光照度的减弱,形态可塑性指数存在减小的趋势,但梭梭在幼苗阶段的形态可塑性指标较小。梭梭幼苗可以通过形态上的一系列可塑性变化来适应不同的光环境以获取最大的碳收益。

Identification of anti-inflammatory components in Panax ginseng of Sijunzi Decoction based on spectrum-effect relationship

Objective: This study aimed to identify the main medicinal active components of Panax ginseng(P. ginseng) in the compatibility environment of clinical application. For this purpose, the anti-inflammatory ingredients of P. ginseng were investigated based on its therapeutic effect in Sijunzi Decoction(SJD) which is a widely used traditional Chinese formula.Methods: The fingerprints of 10 batches of SJD consisting of different sources of P. ginseng were established by UPLC technique to investigate the chemical components. At the same time, the antiinflammatory effects of these components were evaluated by dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model. Grey relational analysis was applied to explore the correlation degree between fingerprints and anti-inflammatory effects in SJD. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages were established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the screened effective substances of P. ginseng.Results: According to grey relational analysis, notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg2 and ginsenoside Rb3of P. ginseng were the major anti-inflammatory contributions in SJD. They had been proven to be closely associated with the anti-inflammatory process of SJD and displayed a close effect compared with SJD by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages.Conclusion: Our work provides a general strategy for exploring the pharmacological ingredients of P. ginseng in traditional Chinese formulas which is beneficial for establishing the quality standards of traditional herbs in traditional Chinese medicine prescription based on their clinical therapeutic effect.

Identification of microRNA and analysis of target genes in Panax ginseng

Objective: Ginsenosides, polysaccharides and phenols, the main active ingredients in Panax ginseng, are not different significantly in content between 3 and 5 years old of ginsengs called Yuan ginseng and more than ten years old ones called Shizhu ginseng. The responsible chemical compounds cannot fully explain difference in efficacy between them. According to reports in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos(Jinyinhua in Chinese) and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma(Gancao in Chinese), microRNA may play a role in efficacy,so we identified microRNAs in P. ginseng at the different growth years and analyzed their target genes.Methods: Using high-throughput sequencing, the RNA-Seq, small RNA-Seq and degradome databases of P. ginseng were constructed. The differentially expressed microRNAs was identified by qRT-PCR.Results: A total of 63,875 unigenes and 24,154,579 small RNA clean reads were obtained from the roots of P. ginseng. From these small RNAs, 71 miRNA families were identified by bioinformatics target prediction software, including 34 conserved miRNAs, 37 non-conserved miRNA families, as well as 179 target genes of 17 known miRNAs. Through degradome sequencing and computation, we finally verified 13 targets of eight miRNAs involved in transcription, energy metabolism, biological stress and disease resistance, suggesting the significance of miRNAs in the development of P. ginseng. Consistently, major miRNA targets exhibited tissue specificity and complexity in expression patterns.Conclusion: Differential expression microRNAs were found in different growth years of ginsengs(Shizhu ginseng and Yuan ginseng), and the regulatory roles and functional annotations of miRNA targets in P. ginseng need further investigation.

Panax japonicus and chikusetsusaponins: A review of diverse biological activities and pharmacology mechanism

Panax japonicus, which in the Tujia dialect is known as "Baisan Qi" and "Zhujieshen", is a classic "qi" drug of Tujia ethnomedicine and it has unique effects on disease caused by "qi" stagnation and blood stasis.This paper serves as the basis of further scientific research and development of Panax japonicus. The pharmacology effects of molecular pharmacology were discussed and summarized. P. japonicus plays an important role on several diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular agents, and this review provides new insights into P. japonicus as promising agents to substitute ginseng and notoginseng.

Effects of Raphani Semen on anti-fatigue and pharmacokinetics of Panax ginseng

Objective: To explain the phenomenon that Panax ginseng is not compatible with Raphani Semen based on pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.Methods: The forced swimming time and biochemical parameters such as blood lactate(BLA), serum urea nitrogen(SUN), and hepatic glycogen(GLU) were determined for anti-fatigue experiment. The UPLCMS/MS was used to analyze the pharmacokinetics of Rg1, Re, Rb1, and Rd after orally administration of P. ginseng and P. ginseng combined with Raphani Semen to rats. Pharmacokinetic differences of four ginsenosides between single uses of P. ginseng and combined with Raphani Semen were investigated.Results: The results showed that Raphani Semen tended to significantly reduce the anti-fatigue activity of P. ginseng. Co-administration of P. ginseng and Raphani Semen had significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of the four ginsenosides in rats compared to that observed with P. ginseng extract alone. The AUC0–12 hvalues of the four ginsenosides in PG group were higher than the corresponding values in the PR group. It can be inferred that Raphani Semen decreased the blood exposure of the four ginsenosides in rats when it combined with P. ginseng.Conclusion: The anti-fatigue activity and pharmacokinetic results showed that Raphani Semen may reduce the pharmacological actions of P. ginseng.