Experimental Study on Friction Characteristics of Caragana korshinskii Kom

Caragana korshinskii Kom, which is a kind of excellent shrubs, has strong resistance to windstorms, and it is also a kind of forage that is of high nutritional value as well as a forming fuel conversion resource that is of high caloric. Caragana korshinskii Kom is of high lignifications after growing for a few years and the toughness of it is considerably high. Currently in China, equipments of harvesting and processing for ripe crops can hardly finish the mechanized production for Caragana korshinskii Kom. Friction characteristics of woody material for Caragana korshinskii Kom under different conditions should be given when the relevant operation machinery is designed, which can provide physical parameters for transportation of Caragana korshinskii Kom as well as the designing of relevant machinery. The paper bases on the research of friction characteristics between Caragana korshinskii Kom whose diameter of 7, 10, and 13 mm under sampling directions of 0°, 45°,and 90° and machinery materials that are commonly used such as steel plate, rubber sheet and so on, and meanwhile the test considers factors such as different conditions of Caragana korshinskii Kom, different materials of machines, different angles and so on. The data strongly suggests that the average static, dynamic friction coefficient between Caragana korshinskii Kom and steel plate is 0.399 711 and0.353 022, respectively; The average static and dynamic friction coefficient between Caragana korshinskii Kom and rubber sheet is 0.965 178 and 0.883 667, respectively. The maximum of static and dynamic friction coefficients is when the angle between the direction of sampling and the direction of movement is vertical. As the angle increased, the dynamic and static friction coefficient decreased. The friction coefficient between Caragana korshinskii Kom and steel plate were increased with the increase of the diameter of Caragana korshinskii Kom, but the diameter have no effect on the dynamic friction coefficient between Caragana korshinskii Kom and rubber plate. The conclusion of this paper can provide references for research on machines that are relevant to transportation and particle forming of Caragana korshinskii Kom.

Interspecific Transition Among Caragana microphylla, C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii Along Geographic Gradient. Ⅰ. Ecological and RAPD Evidence

The former plant population survey has shown that three genetically-related species, Caraganamicrophylla Lam., C. davazamcii Sancz. and C. korshinskii Kom., form a geographical replacement series inNei Mongol Plateau. The present study on population distribution, taxonomy, morphology, development andgenetic structure demonstrated that the geographical distribution of these three species was successiveand in gradual change, thus forming a geographical cline which extended from the east to the west of NeiMongol Plateau. With an analysis of climate change over time, it was considered that the formation of thisgeographical cline was a result of plant adaptation to its natural environment.

Interspecific Transition Among Caragana microphylla, C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii Along Geographic Gradient. Ⅱ. Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Water Metabolism

The characteristics of photosynthesis and water metabolism of Caragana microphylla Lam.,C. davazamcii Sancz. and C. korshinskii Kom. populations in different sites (117.6o-105.7o E, 44.6o-38.8o N)were studied. (1) From the east to the west, the responses of the three species to photosyntheticallyavailable radiation (PAR) in net photosynthesis rate increased, the relative humidity of the air whichcorresponded to the occurrence of maximum photosynthesis rate decreased, and the corresponding airtemperature increased. Along the same gradient, the before-noon superiority of the photosynthesis be-came evident, and the photosynthesis rate and the light use efficiency (LUE ) increased, while the transp-iration rate decreased, thus the water use efficiency (WUE ) increased notably, and the leaf water contentdecreased gradually. From the east to the west, the plants took a water-saving strategy step by step withhigher photosynthesis rate and lower transpiration rate. These physiological changes in the plants wereadaptable to the conditions of light, temperature and humidity in the habitat of the plants, and might be thebiological foundation for the geographical transition among C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii.(2) The adaptation of photosynthetic system of C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C. korshinskii to PAR, airhumidity and temperature exhibited the interspecific continuity, which was consistent with theenvironmental gradient. In different species and different sites, the diurnal changes of net photosynthesisrate, the daily cumulative value of net photosynthesis, the diurnal changes of transpiration rate, the dailycumulative value of transpiration, the water use efficiency and the diurnal changes of leaf water contentvaried with longitudinal descent (from the east to the west). The characteristics of photosynthesis andwater metabolism indicated that the geographical transition among C. microphylla , C. davazamcii and C.korshinskii was in gradual change, and these three species formed a geographical cline.

内蒙古高原小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)中间锦鸡儿(C．davazamcii)和柠条锦鸡儿(C．korshinskii)的遗传多样性及遗传关系

采用RAPD技术对10个具较大地理跨度的小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿种群的遗传多样性和遗传关系进行了研究。共检测到678个位点,多态条带比率(PPB)为100%;特有位点41个,占6.05%。总体上3种锦鸡儿的遗传多样性表现出自东向西递减的趋势,分析表明其与生长地点年均气温呈显著负相关。AMOVA表明:3种锦鸡儿种间变异只占总体变异的6.08%,且显著性检验表明这种变异不显著;种内种群间的变异占总变异的11.90%;总变异的主要部分来自种群内部(82.02%)。3种锦鸡儿各种群总体分析结果表明:种群内变异比率Hpop/Hsp为0.8013,基因分化系数Gst为0.1603,种群每代迁移数Nm为2.6192,显示种群间存在一定强度的基因流,3种锦鸡儿间表现为异交性。3种锦鸡儿多样性高低及种群聚类分布格局都表现出一定的地理连续性。

Differential response of radial growth and δ^(13)C in Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia) to climate change on the southern and northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains in Northwest China

Tree radial growth can have significantly differ-ent responses to climate change depending on the environ-ment.To elucidate the effects of climate on radial growth and stable carbon isotope(δ^(13)C)fractionation of Qing-hai spruce(Picea crassifolia),a widely distributed native conifer in northwestern China in different environments,we developed chronologies for tree-ring widths and δ^(13)C in trees on the southern and northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains,and analysed the relationship between these tree-ring variables and major climatic factors.Tree-ring widths were strongly influenced by climatic factors early in the growing season,and the radial growth in trees on the northern slopes was more sensitive to climate than in trees on the southern.Tree-ring δ^(13)C was more sensitive to climate than radial growth.δ^(13)C fractionation was mainly influenced by summer temperature and precipitation early in the growing season.Stomatal conductance more strongly limited stable carbon isotope fractionation in tree rings than photosynthetic rate did.The response between tree rings and climate in mountains gradually weakened as climate warmed.Changes in radial growth and stable carbon isotope fractionation of P.crassifolia in response to climate in the Qilian Mountains may be further complicated by continued climate change.

一株柠条内生解磷菌的分离鉴定及实时荧光定量PCR检测

结合形态观察与16S rDNA序列测定对柠条根系内分离筛选得到的解磷细菌C9进行鉴定,Blast比对结果表明C9为泛菌(Pantoea vagans)。在无机磷液体培养基培养条件下,用钼锑抗比色法研究它的解磷能力。结果表明,随着时间的延长,培养液中速效磷含量逐渐增加到4.45mg/L,溶液pH可降至4.2。进一步利用实时荧光定量PCR检测柠条根系中、柠条根际土壤与柠条根围土壤中该细菌存在的相对基因拷贝数,结果发现该基因在3种样品中的数量为:柠条根系>柠条根际土壤>柠条根围土壤,表明泛菌解磷细菌能聚集生长在柠条根系内,随着与根系接触距离的增加而呈逐级递减趋势。

柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA4基因克隆及表达分析

LEA蛋白是一种与植物抗逆相关的胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白。该研究从已构建的柠条锦鸡儿干旱胁迫抑制削减杂交文库中筛选到1条LEA蛋白编码基因的部分序列,用RACE技术扩增得到该基因cDNA全长并对其进行了克隆。测序表明该基因cDNA长870bp,其中开放阅读框长510bp,编码169个氨基酸,推测蛋白分子量为17.03kD,等电点为9.3,是一种亲水蛋白。序列比对和系统进化分析表明,该基因属于LEA4基因家族成员,命名为CkLEA4。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,CkLEA4基因在干旱、ABA和NaCl处理下均受到不同程度的诱导,说明CkLEA4基因可能与柠条锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫有关。

柠条锦鸡儿CkGR基因克隆及功能分析

通过RACE技术从柠条锦鸡儿中克隆得到一个新的GR基因,全长2 122 bp,包括5'非翻译区(5'-UTR)57 bp,3'非翻译区(3'-UTR)415 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1 650 bp,编码550个氨基酸,推测的蛋白质分子量为59.2k Da,理论等电点为8.2,命名为Ck GR。Ck GR与鹰嘴豆Ca GR的同源性较高,为90.1%。利用染色体步移法克隆得到Ck GR起始密码子ATG上游648 bp的启动子序列,Plant CARE软件分析表明,该序列具有启动子的基本元件CAAT-box和TATA-box以及多种与逆境胁迫相关的顺式调控元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,Ck GR在柠条锦鸡儿的根、茎和叶中均有表达,没有组织特异性;Ck GR的表达受低温、高盐和干旱胁迫的诱导,表明Ck GR在柠条锦鸡儿适应低温、高盐和干旱胁迫的过程中发挥作用。

甘肃锦鸡儿(Caragana kansuensis Pojark.)及其易混种的分类学探讨

对甘肃锦鸡儿(Caragana kansuensis Pojark.)及其易混种进行了探讨,认为甘肃锦鸡儿与短脚锦鸡儿(C.brachypoda Pojark.)是两个不同的物种。在陕西北部、山西西北部等地被鉴定为甘肃锦鸡儿的类群,实为错误鉴定,其与甘蒙锦鸡儿(C.opulens Kom.)相近,区别在于前者小叶较狭,两面被毛较密,背面干后常发红色,也与白毛锦鸡儿(C.licentiana Hand.-Mazz.)相近,区别在于前者叶柄较长,小叶较长而狭,荚果近光滑。同意赵一之教授的观点,将其作为C.opulens的一个变异类型处理,发表新变种狭叶甘蒙锦鸡儿(C.opulens Kom.var.angustifolia Y.Z.Zhaoex Zhao.Y.Chang et F.C.Shi)。

柠条锦鸡儿CkF5H基因及启动子的克隆

为了研究CkF5H基因在柠条锦鸡儿中木质素生物合成途径方面中的生物学功能,以我国西北干旱荒漠地区重要的豆科饲用灌木柠条锦鸡儿为材料,克隆了1个木质素合成相关的CkF5H基因,该基因c DNA全长1 679 bp,g DNA全长3 495 bp,具有2个外显子,1个内含子,编码520个氨基酸,Gen Bank登录号HQ829862。通过染色体步移的技术克隆了1 550 bp的启动子序列,对启动子序列上的响应元件进行了分析。结果显示,具有昼夜节律响应元件、防御与胁迫响应元件、赤霉素顺式作用元件和热响应元件等。CkF5H富含二级结构,其中α螺旋占39.81%,β折叠占15.96%,不规则卷曲占44.23%,并预测其三维结构。对CkF5H基因推导的氨基酸序列预测分析得出,CkF5H蛋白等电点为6.45,分子量为58.09 ku,不稳定系数45.72,是不稳定蛋白,总平均亲水性-0.143,属亲水性蛋白。因此,克隆柠条锦鸡儿的CkF5H基因并详细分析,可为进一步研究该基因提供理论依据。

柠条的纤维特性及其双螺杆CMP制浆性能研究

以柠条为原料,分析了其化学组分和纤维形态,并探讨了柠条双螺杆CMP法的制浆工艺以及浆料的纤维形态和成纸的物理性能。研究结果表明:与针、阔叶木相比,柠条原料中纤维素和综纤维素质量分数较低,苯醇抽出物和热水抽出物质量分数较高,柠条纤维长度总体偏短,木质部和皮部的纤维质量平均长度分别为0.621和0.819 mm,还存在部分杂细胞。采用3.5%Na2SO3和1.5%NaOH常温预浸12 h、90℃汽蒸1 h后再用双螺杆挤浆机在质量分数35%下进行搓丝,并结合高浓盘磨机磨浆,所得CMP浆得率可达73%。柠条CMP浆基本保持了纤维原有的长度,质量平均长度达0.650 mm,长宽比为32.7,纤维解离较好,但分丝帚化情况不理想,含有部分纤维束和杂细胞。当加拿大游离度为300 mL时,柠条CMP浆成纸的环压强度指数和松厚度较高,分别为8.67(N·m)/g和2.56 cm^3/g,抗张指数为19.6(N·m)/g,本色浆白度较高,达50%(ISO)。柠条CMP浆适合配抄瓦楞原纸等包装用纸,漂白后可配抄新闻纸和白板纸。

叶脉分化发育关键基因COV1在柠条锦鸡儿中的克隆和表达分析

COV1是植物叶脉发育中的关键基因。为探究随着干旱加剧COV1在调控柠条锦鸡儿维管系统尤其是叶脉分化发育中是否起关键作用,从非模式植物柠条锦鸡儿叶样转录组测序数据库中筛选到一条COV1序列,通过与NCBI数据库中已知序列Blast比对,设计克隆和定量引物,并通过生物信息学方法分析克隆得到的基因序列。克隆基因长为946 bp的序列,其中开放阅读框为777 bp,编码258个氨基酸,推测该蛋白分子量为28.84 KD,等电点为5.46,是一种疏水蛋白。MEGA 5生物信息学软件构建聚类树发现,柠条锦鸡儿中COV1与豆科植物中的模式植物蒺藜苜蓿COV1亲缘关系最近。利用RTq PCR方法对柠条叶样干旱胁迫下该基因表达水平进行定量分析,结果表明,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,该基因在柠条锦鸡儿叶样中锦鸡儿的表达量呈下降趋势,说明柠条锦鸡儿在干旱胁迫加剧下,COV1基因的表达抑制可能与维管系统发育相关。本研究结果为进一步明确干旱胁迫下促进柠条锦鸡儿维管系统发育的分子机制提供了理论依据。

应用霍普金森压杆试验分析柠条动态力学特性

为研究柠条的动态力学特性,采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置对柠条的横纹、顺纹试件进行动态压缩试验。通过改变驱动气压,使撞击杆分别以12、19、26 m·s^(-1)的初速度对入射杆撞击,比较不同应变率时,柠条试件的应力表现、破坏形态。结果表明:在相同的冲击能作用时,柠条顺纹试件的动态屈服应力强于横纹试件;随着应变率的提升,顺纹试件的动态屈服强度变化程度高于横纹试件,且应变率效应亦强于横纹试件。由动态应力-应变特性可知,柠条横纹试件经历弹性变形和弱强化两个阶段,顺纹试件经历弹性变形和压溃两个阶段。对柠条横纹试件动态屈服点后的应力-应变特性曲线,采用修正后的Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构模型进行拟合,获得良好的拟合度。

内蒙古和林格尔地区柠条锦鸡儿生化成分分析

本文对内蒙古和林格尔地区柠条锦鸡儿中常量、微量金属元素,氨基酸,全氮,有机质及其生长土壤含水量,有机质,全氮等进行了详细的测试分析。结果表明:柠条锦鸡儿中常量元素含量:根、老枝、新枝中为Ca>K>Al>Na>Mg型,侧枝为Ca>K>Al>Mg>Na型。Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu等微量元素在植物体不同器官中含量顺序不同;各部分的氨基酸含量顺序为:侧枝>根>老枝>新枝,其中侧枝氨基酸含量最高,为7.476 mg/100 mg;植物含水量顺序:侧枝>根>老枝>新枝;新枝、根、老枝、侧枝C/N比分别是31.16、23.48、23.38和22.79。土壤含水量:20-30cm土层>40-50cm土层>表层土;土壤C/N在20-30cm土层最大。对柠条锦鸡儿及其生长土壤的生化成分分析结果,为改善西部地区生态环境,选择优良的防风固沙树种提供可靠依据。

毛乌素沙地2种锦鸡儿属植物的光合生理特性

本研究比较了生长于毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的光合特性、叶片同位素组成以及元素含量等生理生态特征,探讨2种锦鸡儿对毛乌素沙地区域环境的适应性差异。结果表明:中间锦鸡儿的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著高于柠条锦鸡儿,但是瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)和叶片稳定碳同位素(δ13C)显著低于柠条锦鸡儿;柠条锦鸡儿的PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv'/Fm')、电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭系数(q P)在高光强下显著高于中间锦鸡儿;中间锦鸡儿的叶片氮含量(N%)显著高于柠条锦鸡儿,但是稳定氮同位素(δ15N)却显著低于柠条锦鸡儿。结果说明在毛乌素沙地环境下2种锦鸡儿的主要叶片性状存在明显差异,中间锦鸡儿通过较高的Gs、Tr和Ci以及较高的固氮能力维持更高的光合速率,表现出较强的适应性,而柠条锦鸡儿较高的水分利用效率及较强的光能利用能力,有助于其适应更为干旱的生存环境,在一定程度上为理解2种锦鸡儿的地理替代分布机制提供了数据支持。

柠条粉作基质对西瓜幼苗生长发育及干物质积累的影响

研究柠条粉作为育苗基质对西瓜幼苗生长发育及干物质积累的影响,确定柠条粉作为育苗基质的可行性,进而为柠条资源后续产业的开发提供理论基础。以"壮苗二号"育苗基质为对照,通过基质理化性状、幼苗生长发育、干物质积累及叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线参数等指标,比较分析柠条粉基质育苗效果。结果表明:柠条粉基质与壮苗二号基质在物理性状方面基本一致,柠条粉基质速效养分含量显著高于壮苗二号基质;在育苗方面,两种基质幼苗株高、茎粗、根长、叶片数、地上部鲜质量、地下部鲜质量、全株鲜质量、地上部干质量、地下部干质量、全株干质量和根冠比等生长发育指标上均趋于一致,且柠条粉基质幼苗壮苗指数高于壮苗二号基质幼苗壮苗指数9.76%,同时柠条粉基质幼苗光能利用效率略高于壮苗二号基质幼苗。柠条粉基质完全具备取代以草炭为原料的现有育苗基质的潜能,可作为西北干旱地区设施瓜菜工厂化育苗基质进行开发、利用。

不同温度下PEG-6000模拟干旱对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发的胁迫效应

在人工气候箱控制的不同温度(10、15、20、25℃和30℃)下,设置聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)质量百分比浓度分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和30%的7个模拟干旱胁迫处理,研究了柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种子的萌发特性。结果表明:(1)温度和PEG模拟干旱胁迫及二者的交互作用对柠条锦鸡儿种子的萌发率、萌发速率系数、萌发值、萌发指数和活力指数均具有极显著影响(P<0.01)。(2)种子萌发率在15℃下最大,显著大于10℃下的(P<0.01),随着温度的继续升高逐渐减小;萌发速率系数随着温度的升高有减小的趋势,30℃下又显著增大;萌发值和萌发指数分别在25℃和20℃下最大,但均随温度的继续升高而显著减小(P<0.05);活力指数随着温度的升高而减小,除在10℃和20℃间无显著差异外,其他温度间均差异显著(P<0.05)。(3)种子萌发率、萌发值和萌发指数在15℃下与PEG浓度呈不显著的负相关关系,而在其他温度下均与PEG胁迫浓度显著负相关(P<0.05),且相关系数均在25℃或30℃下最大;萌发速率系数在各温度下均与PEG胁迫浓度显著正相关;活力指数与PEG胁迫浓度呈显著负相关,相关系数随着温度的升高逐渐增大。(4)萌发参数与PEG胁迫浓度间的回归模型表现为三次曲线、二次曲线和直线模型3种类型,其中以三次曲线模型为主,全部回归模型均达到显著性水平(P<0.05);在20℃以下的温度条件下,较低浓度PEG处理对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发具有一定的促进作用,在15℃下种子萌发对PEG模拟干旱胁迫的耐受性最强;柠条锦鸡儿种子在不同温度和干旱胁迫下的萌发模式是对其分布区生境长期适应和进化的结果。

荒漠柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌多样性

为了阐明荒漠柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)根围AM真菌群落组成及其分布特点,2010年7月从河北省与内蒙古交界荒漠带选择多伦湖、黑城子和二羊点3个样地,按0—10、10—20、20—30、30—40、40—50 cm 5个土层采集柠条根围土壤样品,研究了柠条根围AM真菌物种组成、生态分布及与土壤因子的相关性。共分离鉴定出4属24种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)16种,是3个样地共同优势属;无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)5种,是3个样地共有属;盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)2种;多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)1种;网状球囊霉(G.reticulatum)是黑城子和多伦湖样地优势种,二羊点亚优势种;黑球囊霉(G.melanosporum)是黑城子和二羊点样地优势种,多伦湖亚优势种;二羊点的AM真菌种类和孢子密度最高;黑城子和多伦湖样地无明显差异。AM真菌孢子密度与土壤碱解N、有机质和速效P含量极显著正相关,其中土壤碱解N影响最大。结果表明,柠条根围AM真菌物种多样性丰富,具有明显空间异质性,并与土壤因子关系密切,这为进一步分离筛选优势AM真菌菌种,充分利用AM真菌资源促进荒漠柠条生长提供了依据。

混配柠条复合基质对茄子幼苗生长发育的影响

以发酵柠条粉、珍珠岩和蛭石为材料,按照不同比例混配形成柠条粉复合基质,以普通商品育苗基质为对照(CK),通过基质理化性状、幼苗生长发育、根系活力、壮苗指数等指标,比较分析混配基质育苗效果,研究其理化性状和在茄子育苗中的应用效果。结果表明,添加发酵柠条粉基质,提高混配基质的总孔隙度和通气孔隙,降低基质的持水孔隙,部分复合基质完全符合育苗基质要求,且育苗效果明显优于CK;发酵柠条粉体积分数在50%～60%,总孔隙度为70%～90%,通气孔隙在9.5%～11.5%时育苗效果更佳;通过茄子幼苗根系活力和壮苗指数的生理指标确定茄子最佳育苗基质配比为V(柠条粉)∶V(珍珠岩)∶V(蛭石)=3∶1∶1或3∶1∶2。

昆虫寄生对柠条种子命运的影响

在腾格里沙漠东南缘荒漠草原区研究了昆虫寄生对柠条种子命运的影响,结果表明:①种子库的虫寄生率高达69.7%,寄生性昆虫为柠条豆象(Kytorrhinus immxitusMotschulsky),柠条坚荚螟(Etiella zinckenellaTreitschke),柠条种子小蜂(Bruchophagus neocaragaeLiao),刺槐种子小蜂(Bruchophagus philorobinaeSphov);②整个种子库的发芽率为38.35%,无虫寄生的种子的发芽率为88.6%,柠条豆象寄生完全阻断种子的发芽率;种子小蜂类和柠条坚荚螟取食寄生的种子发芽率分别为19.2%和5.3%。③完好的种子和不同昆虫寄生的种子之间长度、宽度和重量之间有显著的差异。和正常种子相比较,柠条豆象寄生引起种子体积增大;柠条坚荚螟和种子小蜂寄生均使种子体积减小;柠条豆象、柠条坚荚螟和种子小蜂寄生引起种子的重量损耗分别为57.64%,49.13%和39.30%。结果证明昆虫寄生对种子的命运有重要影响,是影响种群更新的关键因素之一。