The commercially available inbred obesity-prone C57BL/6J （B6） and outbred stock ICR mice （3-week old） purchased from a breeder of Beijing were weaned onto high-fat diet （HFD）, HFD-3% fructose water （HFDF） and ...The commercially available inbred obesity-prone C57BL/6J （B6） and outbred stock ICR mice （3-week old） purchased from a breeder of Beijing were weaned onto high-fat diet （HFD）, HFD-3% fructose water （HFDF） and standard rodent chow, respectively. After exposure to the diets for six weeks, HFD and HFDF fed mice were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin （STZ, 100mg/kg body weight） and kept on the same diet for next four weeks. Body weight was recorded weekly. Non-fasting blood glucose levels of HFD and HFDF fed mice were measured before and after STZ injections. The body weight of HFD-fed and HFDF-fed B6 mice were significantly lower than that of the control, but body weight of HFD-fed and HFDF-fed ICR mice were significantly higher than that of the control. After injection of STZ, blood glucose levels were above the stardardized criterion （11 mmol/L） for the diabetes mouse model in both HFD and HFDF fed ICR mice, but reverse in B6 mice. The type 2 diabetes model was generated successfully in ICR but not in B6 mice, regardless of whether fructose was supplied. The current results indicated that ICR mouse is still a useful and economical strain for HFD-induced/STZ-treated type 2 diabetes model, and that some variation may occur in the genetic composition among B6 mice bred by different breeders.展开更多
Epidermal-type transglutaminase 3 (TGM3) is involved in the cross-linking of structural proteins to form the cornifiedenvelope in the epidermis. In the present study, we detected the expression of TGM3 in the mouse em...Epidermal-type transglutaminase 3 (TGM3) is involved in the cross-linking of structural proteins to form the cornifiedenvelope in the epidermis. In the present study, we detected the expression of TGM3 in the mouse embryo using RT-PCR.TGM3 mRNA is weakly presented from E11.5 to E14.5 and increases significantly from E15.5 to birth. Then wedetermined the spatial and temporal expression pattern of TGM3 in the skin and other organs by in situ hybridization. Wefound a deprivation of TGM3 in skin at E11.5, while a rich supply in periderm cells and a weak expression in basal cellsfrom E12.5 to E14.5. From the period of E15.5 to E16.5, after keratinization in the epidermis, TGM3 was expressed inthe granular and cornified layers. The electron microscopic observation of the C57BL/6J mouse limb bud skin develop-ment provided several morphological evidences for the epidermal differentiation. The above findings suggest that theexpression of TGM3 plays a important role in the epidermis differentiation in embryogenesis.展开更多
The present study established a chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in C57BL/6 mice induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides and complete Freund＇s adjuvant. Onset latency was 12 day...The present study established a chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in C57BL/6 mice induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides and complete Freund＇s adjuvant. Onset latency was 12 days, with an incidence rate of 100%. Neuropathological characteristics included perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration, demyelination, neuronal degeneration, and axonal damage within cerebral and myelic white matter. Electron microscopy revealed swollen mitochondria, complete organ disappearance, and fused or broken myelin sheath structure, which were accompanied by myelin sheath reconstruction. Moreover, axonal damage was not consistent with demyelination distribution, and severity of axonal damage did not correlate with demyelination. Results suggested that axonal damage in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model is not secondary to inflammatory demyelination.展开更多
AIM: To study the distributions and frequencies of intestinal endocrine cells in the C57BL/6 mouse with immunohistochemical method using seven types of specific antisera against chromogranin A (CGA), serotonin,somatos...AIM: To study the distributions and frequencies of intestinal endocrine cells in the C57BL/6 mouse with immunohistochemical method using seven types of specific antisera against chromogranin A (CGA), serotonin,somatostatin, glucagons, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 and human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) after abdominal subcutaneous implantation of murine lung carcinoma (3LL).METHODS: The experimental animals were divided into two groups, one is non-implanted Sham and the other is 3LL-implanted group. Samples were collected from six regions of intestinal tract at 28th d after implantation of 3LL cells (1×105 cell/mouse).RESULTS: In this study, five types of immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified except for gastrin and hPP. The regional distributions of the intestinal endocrine cells in the 3LL-implanted group were similar to those of the non-implanted Sham. However, significant decreases of IR cells were detected in 3LL-implanted group compared to those of non-implanted Sham. CGA- and serotonin-IR cells significantly decreased in 3LL-implanted groups compared to that of non-implanted Sham. Somatostatin-IR cells in the jejunum and ileum and CCK-8-IR cells in the jejunum of 3LL-implanted groups significantly decreased compared to that of non-implanted Sham. In addition,glucagon-IR cells were restricted to the ileum and colon of non-implanted Sham.CONCLUSION: Implantation of tumor cell mass (3LL)induced severe quantifiable changes of intestinal endocrine cell density and the abnormality in density of intestinal endocrine cells may contribute to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms such as anorexia and indigestion, frequently encountered in patients with cancer.展开更多
K^(+)cycling in the cochlea is critical to maintain hearing.Many sodium-potassium pumps are proved to participate in K^(+)cycling,such as Na/K-ATPase.Theα2-Na/K-ATPase is an important isoform of Na/K-ATPase.The expre...K^(+)cycling in the cochlea is critical to maintain hearing.Many sodium-potassium pumps are proved to participate in K^(+)cycling,such as Na/K-ATPase.Theα2-Na/K-ATPase is an important isoform of Na/K-ATPase.The expression ofα2-Na/K-ATPase in the cochlea is not clear.In this study,we used C57BL/6 mice as a model of presbycusis and implemented immunohistochemistry staining and quantitative real time-PCR,and theα2-Na/K-ATPase expression pattern was confirmed in the inner ear.It was foundα2-Na/K-ATPase was expressed widely in cochlea and its mRNA and protein expression was gradually reduced with aging(4-,14-,26-and 48-weeks old mice).We suspected that,the down-regulation ofα2-Na/K-ATPase expression might be associated with the remodeling of K^(+)cycling,degeneration of morphological structure and decrease of hearing function in aging C57 mice.In conclusion,we speculated that the reduction ofα2-Na/K-ATPase might play an important role in the pathogenesis of age-related hearing loss.展开更多
Background:Animal models are widely used in scientific research in order to obtain information from a whole organism under a specific set of experimental conditions.Various lineages of mice have been used to investiga...Background:Animal models are widely used in scientific research in order to obtain information from a whole organism under a specific set of experimental conditions.Various lineages of mice have been used to investigate diseases and new therapeutic strategies,and,consequently,hematological and biochemical tests in these laboratory animals are essential to validate scientific studies.Our study seeks to establish reference values for hematological and biochemical parameters of four lineages of mice.Methods:We evaluated the hematological and biochemical profiles of 20 males and 20 females from the lineages Swiss(heterogeneous),BALB/c and C57BL/6(isogenic),and B6D2F1(hybrid),totaling 160 mice.Analysis were standardized using the systems pocH-100iV Diff™for 19 hematological parameters and VITROS®350 for 12 biochemical parameters.Results:Results are shown as means and standard deviation,grouped by lineage and genre.Comparing the values obtained in this study with the values from previous studies,some variations were detected,which could be explained by differences in methodologies or individual variability.Conclusion:Thus our study shows that knowledge and disclosure of the values of physiological parameters of laboratory animals is necessary,and emphasises the importance of considering variations influenced by gender,lineage and genotype in the choice of the best experimental model.展开更多
本研究通过葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导小鼠结肠炎模型,观察了Lactobacillus plantarum YS-2(LP-YS2)对结肠炎抑制效果。将实验小鼠分为正常组、模型组、LP-YS2-L组、LP-YS2-H组和柳氮磺胺吡啶组,对除正常组外其余组小鼠诱导结肠炎,同时对LP-...本研究通过葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导小鼠结肠炎模型,观察了Lactobacillus plantarum YS-2(LP-YS2)对结肠炎抑制效果。将实验小鼠分为正常组、模型组、LP-YS2-L组、LP-YS2-H组和柳氮磺胺吡啶组,对除正常组外其余组小鼠诱导结肠炎,同时对LP-YS2-L组、LP-YS2-H组和柳氮磺胺吡啶组小鼠每日分别灌胃0.2 m L的1×108CFU/mL LP-YS2、1×10~9CFU/mL LP-YS2和20 mg/kg柳氮磺胺吡啶,持续5周。然后通过H&E切片观察小鼠结肠形态,通过内皮素(ET)、生长抑素(SS)、P物质(SP)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-10(IL-10)试剂盒检测小鼠的血清和结肠组织;同时,采用荧光定量PCR技术对小鼠结肠组织神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)、c-Kit、干细胞因子(SCF)、白介素-8(IL-8)、趋化因子受体2(CXCR2)的mRNA表达进行了检测,同时以药物柳氮磺胺吡啶为阳性对照比较LP-YS2的作用效果。实验结果显示相对于模型组,LP-YS2可以显著(p<0.05)增加结肠炎小鼠结肠长度和提高结肠质量/结肠长度的比值。对小鼠血清进行的检测表明LP-YS2能够显著(p<0.05)降低结肠炎小鼠(模型组)血清ET、SP、IL-10水平和显著(p<0.05)提高SS、VIP、IL-2水平。对小鼠结肠组织的检测显示LP-YS2可以显著(p<0.05)提高结肠炎小鼠(模型组)结肠中GSH含量、SOD活力和降低MPO活力、MDA含量;LP-YS2还能够显著(p<0.05)上调结肠炎小鼠(模型组)结肠中的n NOS、eNOS、c-Kit、SCF mRNA表达和显著(p<0.05)下调iNOS、IL-8、CXCR2表达。由此可以看出,LP-YS2具有结肠炎抑制效果。展开更多
文摘The commercially available inbred obesity-prone C57BL/6J （B6） and outbred stock ICR mice （3-week old） purchased from a breeder of Beijing were weaned onto high-fat diet （HFD）, HFD-3% fructose water （HFDF） and standard rodent chow, respectively. After exposure to the diets for six weeks, HFD and HFDF fed mice were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin （STZ, 100mg/kg body weight） and kept on the same diet for next four weeks. Body weight was recorded weekly. Non-fasting blood glucose levels of HFD and HFDF fed mice were measured before and after STZ injections. The body weight of HFD-fed and HFDF-fed B6 mice were significantly lower than that of the control, but body weight of HFD-fed and HFDF-fed ICR mice were significantly higher than that of the control. After injection of STZ, blood glucose levels were above the stardardized criterion （11 mmol/L） for the diabetes mouse model in both HFD and HFDF fed ICR mice, but reverse in B6 mice. The type 2 diabetes model was generated successfully in ICR but not in B6 mice, regardless of whether fructose was supplied. The current results indicated that ICR mouse is still a useful and economical strain for HFD-induced/STZ-treated type 2 diabetes model, and that some variation may occur in the genetic composition among B6 mice bred by different breeders.
基金This work was supported by Major State Basic Research Development program of China(2004CB518604)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2004AA231041)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30425027).
文摘Epidermal-type transglutaminase 3 (TGM3) is involved in the cross-linking of structural proteins to form the cornifiedenvelope in the epidermis. In the present study, we detected the expression of TGM3 in the mouse embryo using RT-PCR.TGM3 mRNA is weakly presented from E11.5 to E14.5 and increases significantly from E15.5 to birth. Then wedetermined the spatial and temporal expression pattern of TGM3 in the skin and other organs by in situ hybridization. Wefound a deprivation of TGM3 in skin at E11.5, while a rich supply in periderm cells and a weak expression in basal cellsfrom E12.5 to E14.5. From the period of E15.5 to E16.5, after keratinization in the epidermis, TGM3 was expressed inthe granular and cornified layers. The electron microscopic observation of the C57BL/6J mouse limb bud skin develop-ment provided several morphological evidences for the epidermal differentiation. The above findings suggest that theexpression of TGM3 plays a important role in the epidermis differentiation in embryogenesis.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Ministry of Science and Technology of China,No.30230140a grant from Merck Serono (China)
文摘The present study established a chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in C57BL/6 mice induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides and complete Freund＇s adjuvant. Onset latency was 12 days, with an incidence rate of 100%. Neuropathological characteristics included perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration, demyelination, neuronal degeneration, and axonal damage within cerebral and myelic white matter. Electron microscopy revealed swollen mitochondria, complete organ disappearance, and fused or broken myelin sheath structure, which were accompanied by myelin sheath reconstruction. Moreover, axonal damage was not consistent with demyelination distribution, and severity of axonal damage did not correlate with demyelination. Results suggested that axonal damage in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model is not secondary to inflammatory demyelination.
文摘AIM: To study the distributions and frequencies of intestinal endocrine cells in the C57BL/6 mouse with immunohistochemical method using seven types of specific antisera against chromogranin A (CGA), serotonin,somatostatin, glucagons, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 and human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) after abdominal subcutaneous implantation of murine lung carcinoma (3LL).METHODS: The experimental animals were divided into two groups, one is non-implanted Sham and the other is 3LL-implanted group. Samples were collected from six regions of intestinal tract at 28th d after implantation of 3LL cells (1×105 cell/mouse).RESULTS: In this study, five types of immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified except for gastrin and hPP. The regional distributions of the intestinal endocrine cells in the 3LL-implanted group were similar to those of the non-implanted Sham. However, significant decreases of IR cells were detected in 3LL-implanted group compared to those of non-implanted Sham. CGA- and serotonin-IR cells significantly decreased in 3LL-implanted groups compared to that of non-implanted Sham. Somatostatin-IR cells in the jejunum and ileum and CCK-8-IR cells in the jejunum of 3LL-implanted groups significantly decreased compared to that of non-implanted Sham. In addition,glucagon-IR cells were restricted to the ileum and colon of non-implanted Sham.CONCLUSION: Implantation of tumor cell mass (3LL)induced severe quantifiable changes of intestinal endocrine cell density and the abnormality in density of intestinal endocrine cells may contribute to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms such as anorexia and indigestion, frequently encountered in patients with cancer.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81771004,81271078,81500791,81500794 and 81300827).
文摘K^(+)cycling in the cochlea is critical to maintain hearing.Many sodium-potassium pumps are proved to participate in K^(+)cycling,such as Na/K-ATPase.Theα2-Na/K-ATPase is an important isoform of Na/K-ATPase.The expression ofα2-Na/K-ATPase in the cochlea is not clear.In this study,we used C57BL/6 mice as a model of presbycusis and implemented immunohistochemistry staining and quantitative real time-PCR,and theα2-Na/K-ATPase expression pattern was confirmed in the inner ear.It was foundα2-Na/K-ATPase was expressed widely in cochlea and its mRNA and protein expression was gradually reduced with aging(4-,14-,26-and 48-weeks old mice).We suspected that,the down-regulation ofα2-Na/K-ATPase expression might be associated with the remodeling of K^(+)cycling,degeneration of morphological structure and decrease of hearing function in aging C57 mice.In conclusion,we speculated that the reduction ofα2-Na/K-ATPase might play an important role in the pathogenesis of age-related hearing loss.
基金National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq)Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel,Brazil(CAPES)Research Support Foundation for the State of Rio de Janeiro,Brazil(FAPERJ)。
文摘Background:Animal models are widely used in scientific research in order to obtain information from a whole organism under a specific set of experimental conditions.Various lineages of mice have been used to investigate diseases and new therapeutic strategies,and,consequently,hematological and biochemical tests in these laboratory animals are essential to validate scientific studies.Our study seeks to establish reference values for hematological and biochemical parameters of four lineages of mice.Methods:We evaluated the hematological and biochemical profiles of 20 males and 20 females from the lineages Swiss(heterogeneous),BALB/c and C57BL/6(isogenic),and B6D2F1(hybrid),totaling 160 mice.Analysis were standardized using the systems pocH-100iV Diff™for 19 hematological parameters and VITROS®350 for 12 biochemical parameters.Results:Results are shown as means and standard deviation,grouped by lineage and genre.Comparing the values obtained in this study with the values from previous studies,some variations were detected,which could be explained by differences in methodologies or individual variability.Conclusion:Thus our study shows that knowledge and disclosure of the values of physiological parameters of laboratory animals is necessary,and emphasises the importance of considering variations influenced by gender,lineage and genotype in the choice of the best experimental model.
文摘本研究通过葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导小鼠结肠炎模型,观察了Lactobacillus plantarum YS-2(LP-YS2)对结肠炎抑制效果。将实验小鼠分为正常组、模型组、LP-YS2-L组、LP-YS2-H组和柳氮磺胺吡啶组,对除正常组外其余组小鼠诱导结肠炎,同时对LP-YS2-L组、LP-YS2-H组和柳氮磺胺吡啶组小鼠每日分别灌胃0.2 m L的1×108CFU/mL LP-YS2、1×10~9CFU/mL LP-YS2和20 mg/kg柳氮磺胺吡啶,持续5周。然后通过H&E切片观察小鼠结肠形态,通过内皮素(ET)、生长抑素(SS)、P物质(SP)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-10(IL-10)试剂盒检测小鼠的血清和结肠组织;同时,采用荧光定量PCR技术对小鼠结肠组织神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)、c-Kit、干细胞因子(SCF)、白介素-8(IL-8)、趋化因子受体2(CXCR2)的mRNA表达进行了检测,同时以药物柳氮磺胺吡啶为阳性对照比较LP-YS2的作用效果。实验结果显示相对于模型组,LP-YS2可以显著(p<0.05)增加结肠炎小鼠结肠长度和提高结肠质量/结肠长度的比值。对小鼠血清进行的检测表明LP-YS2能够显著(p<0.05)降低结肠炎小鼠(模型组)血清ET、SP、IL-10水平和显著(p<0.05)提高SS、VIP、IL-2水平。对小鼠结肠组织的检测显示LP-YS2可以显著(p<0.05)提高结肠炎小鼠(模型组)结肠中GSH含量、SOD活力和降低MPO活力、MDA含量;LP-YS2还能够显著(p<0.05)上调结肠炎小鼠(模型组)结肠中的n NOS、eNOS、c-Kit、SCF mRNA表达和显著(p<0.05)下调iNOS、IL-8、CXCR2表达。由此可以看出,LP-YS2具有结肠炎抑制效果。
基金Supported by The Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation,No.11ZR1405500the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission grant,No.13140902401
文摘AIM: To establish an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer that mimics the pathological features of exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
