Assessment of spermatogenesis in camels via seminiferous tubule staging and testosterone profiling

Objective:To investigate the successive morphological stages of spermatogenesis,hormonal regulation,and testosterone profile in dromedary camel reproduction.Methods:Testicular tissue samples were obtained from 12 dromedary bull camels aged 7 to 8 at a local abattoir.The histological assessment involved tissue processing,hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining,and examination under a microscope.Stereological analysis,germ cell identification,and assessment of seminiferous tubules and maturation were conducted.Testosterone assay was performed by radioimmunoassay using blood samples collected at regular intervals.Results:The study revealed 12 phases of the dromedary camel's seminiferous epithelium cycle,highlighting distinct morphological characteristics and cellular processes.Acrosomal migration,maturation,cap formation,and the Golgi-mediated synthesis of proacrosomal vesicles were also explained in dimension,as were the steps of acrosome biogenesis.Spermatids and mature sperm cells were present when spermatogenesis phases were examined.An analysis of the dimensions of seminiferous tubules revealed specific measures for diameter,area,and epithelial height about luminal characteristics.Moreover,there were noticeable variations in the serum testosterone concentrations during the study period,indicating temporal dynamics.Conclusions:This study outlines the spermatogenesis process in dromedary camels across 12 stages,emphasizing cellular dynamics and acrosomal biogenesis.It also provides seminiferous tubule measurements and observes seasonal testosterone fluctuations,offering insights into reproductive regulation and potential strategies for camel breeding conservation.

Effect of Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Seed Powder on the Chemical and Rheological Properties of Stirred Cultured Camel Milk and Yoghurt

Research shows that producing fermented camel milk is hard because of the milk’s inability to form a firm coagulum, attributed to low levels of κ-casein and ꞵ-lactoglobulin and the large casein micelle size, leading to a weak network of casein formation. In an effort to address this issue, researchers turned to corn starch as a thickening agent, discovering that a concentration of 2.0% effectively improved the viscosity and significantly reduced syneresis in stirred camel milk yoghurt and cultured camel milk. This study explores alternatives to corn starch, focusing on butternut squash seeds as a promising substitute due to their hydrocolloid composition. By incorporating butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) seed powder (BSSP) as a thickening agent, this study aimed at enhancing the chemical and rheological properties of stirred camel milk yoghurt and cultured camel milk. Fermented camel milk was prepared using 4 litres of camel milk, 2% starter cultures (thermophilic culture for yoghurt and mesophilic aromatic culture for stirred cultured camel milk) and BSSP 0.0% (negative control), 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6%, 2.0% mixed with 0.4% gelatin. 2.0% corn starch mixed with 0.4% gelatin was used as a standard for comparison. Results showed that increasing the BSSP level significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the moisture content while increasing the total solid content of stirred fermented camel milk products. There was an increase in ash content with an increase in BSSP levels. There was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the pH, with an increase in BSSP levels in stirred fermented camel milk samples. Increasing the concentration of BSSP from 0.4% to 2.0% resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in viscosity and a reduction in syneresis of stirred camel milk yoghurt and stirred cultured camel milk samples. This study demonstrated that BSSP effectively enhances the viscosity, reduces syneresis and increases acidity in stirred fermented camel milk products during storage.

Prevalence of Mastitis and Associated Risk Factors in Lactating Camels (Camelus Dromedarius) on Dairy Farms in Benadir Region, Somalia

The study took a comprehensive approach to understanding mastitis in lactating camels, a disease that significantly impacts milk quantity and quality. This complex and multifactorial disease poses a significant challenge to dairy camel farming, particularly in Somalia. The studys objective was to determine the prevalence of mastitis and the risk factors associated with it among lactating camels on dairy farms in Benadir, Somalia. To achieve this, a cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2022 in the Benadir region of Somalia. A total of 96 lactating camels underwent examination using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) to identify clinical and subclinical mastitis cases. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 20 farm employees/owners to gather information on hygiene practices, parity, lactation stage, tick infestation, and the presence of udder/teat lesions. Data regarding parity and lactation stage were obtained through owner interviews. The data collected on specifically designed forms were recorded and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for analysis using SPSS version 20 statistical software, ensuring a comprehensive and reliable analysis of the data. The studys findings revealed a significant prevalence of camel mastitis, with 34.4% (33/96) of lactating camels affected and clinical and subclinical cases constituting 5.2% and 29.2%, respectively. Quarter-level prevalence was 46.3%, with clinical and subclinical mastitis at 4.7% and 41.6%, respectively. The study also identified significant associations (P < 0.05) among risk factors such as stage of lactation, parity, and age, indicating a higher susceptibility to mastitis in older camels during early lactation compared to those in late lactation and younger camels. These findings underscore the crucial role of inadequate hygienic conditions on camel farms and udder tick infestations in driving the elevated prevalence of mastitis, highlighting the need for improved management practices in dairy farming in Benadir, Somalia. Effective interventions, including improved management practices and extension services, are essential to reduce the burden of mastitis in dairy camels.

基于CAMELS评级分析硅谷银行破产事件

2023年3月硅谷银行因遭到挤兑,陷入流动性危机,随后在不到两天的时间内宣布破产。本文选取硅谷银行披露的近五年(2018—2022)年报数据,基于CAMELS评级体系对硅谷银行的运营绩效进行分析,与官方给出的评级进行比较,分析近期评级变化原因,发现其内部问题。结果发现硅谷银行的资产负债管理、流动性管理、监管、内部收益率模型等都存在一定问题。最后阐述了本次事件对中小商业银行引发的一系列启示。

Portrayal of Camel Production in The Desert Ecosystem of Pakistan

Camel plays a pivotal role in the subsistence pastoral economy of diverse ecozones extending from Gobi Desert and India in central Asia to Somalia and Ethiopia in the horn of Africa.Camel has special attributes including its appearance and ability to survive in hot,harsh and versatile arid environments.Camel has fascinated mankind as it can tolerate many stresses like heat;scarcity of water;water with high salinity and shortage of feed.Camel can digest dry matter and coarse crude fiber better than any other ruminants.Among domestic animals,the dromedary is most important animal being survive in hot,arid and semi-arid regions and has potential to produce higher quality foods(meat and milk)under extreme environments at lower costs.Camel can tolerate solar radiations,higher temperatures and water scarcity.Camel consume those feed materials which remain un-utilized by other domestic animals,thus thrive well on sandy deserts with poor vegetation.Adaptation of Camelids in Pakistan is very well to their native environment as they are performing and well sustaining a life in hostile deserts.The dromedaries provide milk and meat to the pastorals and herders in those areas where the survival of other livestock species is very tough.So,camels equilibrate the food security chain in the deep deserts and provide nourishment to its keepers;proving it to be a good candidate of food security and sovereignty in the desert ecosystem.

Preservation of Raw Camel Milk by Lactoperoxidase System Using Hydrogen Peroxide Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) activated lactoperoxidase system (LPs) on keeping quality of raw camel milk at room temperature. Camel milk samples were collected from Errer valley, Babile district of eastern Ethiopia. The level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for activation of LPs was optimized using different levels of exogenous H2O2. Strains of LAB (Lactococcus lactis 22333, Weissella confusa 22308, W. confusa 22282, W. confusa 22296, S. Infatarius 22279 and S. lutetiensis 22319) with H2O2 producing properties were evaluated, and W. confusa 22282 was selected as the best strain to produce H2O2. Storage stability of the milk samples was evaluated through the acidification curves, titratable acidity (TA), total bacterial count (TBC) and coliform counts (CC) at storage times of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 hours. The LP activity and the inhibitory effect of activated LPs were evaluated by growing E. coli in pasteurized and boiled camel milk samples as contaminating agent. Results indicated that the W. confusa 22282 activated LPs generally showed significantly (P < 0.05) slower rates of acidification, lactic acid production and lower TBC and CC during the storage time compared to the non-activated sample. The H2O2 producing LAB and exogenous H2O2 activated LPs in pasteurized camel milk significantly reduced the growth of E. coli population compared to non-activated pasteurized milk. Overall, the result of acid production and microbial analysis indicated that the activation of LPs by H2O2 producing LAB (i.e. W. confusa 22282) maintained the storage stability of raw camel milk. Therefore, it can be concluded that the activation of LPs by biological method using H2O2 producing LAB can substitute the chemical activation method of LPs in camel milk.

Selected Aspects of Camel Immune System and Immune Responses

The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid countries. In the last decade, studies about camel immune system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV;brucellosis. New findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and peyer’s patches have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as LPAM-I, MAdCAM-1 and CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel in comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.

基于商业银行“三性”、杜邦模型和CAMEL体系的业绩评价——来自2004年我国商业银行财务数据的实证分析

从商业银行经营的基本理念———“三性”分析入手,以突出财务指标之间协调性的杜邦模型弥补“三性”指标的内在冲突,同时引进对银行财务风险的有效分析工具———骆驼评价体系。基于这三个理论分析,构建起评价我国商业银行经营业绩的多元指标,并运用科学、客观的统计工具———因子分析,对我国商业银行2004年年度报告的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量进行分析,从横向和纵向对我国商业银行经营业绩进行综合评价。

中国商业银行成本效率分析——基于DEA模型和CAMEL评级体系

基于CAMEL评级体系选取用于测算银行成本效率的投入、产出指标,利用DEA方法测算了2008—2014年中国65家商业银行的成本效率,分析了3个投入分解项的实际投入量与理想投入量的差异,并根据DEA方法中的规模报酬判断定理分析了样本银行的规模经济情况。结果表明:中国商业银行的成本效率相对较高;从投入分解项看,成本效率低下主要源于中间业务收入投入无效,其次是利息支出过度消耗;2008—2014年期间国有商业银行的成本效率年均值最高,其次是全国性股份制商业银行,城市商业银行最低;成本效率高的商业银行多处于规模报酬不变状态,成本效率较低的商业银行多处于规模报酬递增状态,成本效率介于两者之间的商业银行多处于规模报酬递减阶段。

中美商业银行竞争力比较研究——基于改进后的CAMEL框架

在CAMEL框架基础上引入创新能力因子,并运用超效率DEA方法量化商业银行管理质量,通过因子分析得出各类别得分,然后分配权重求得中美商业银行竞争力排名,并进行差距分析。结果显示,中国商业银行2011年在流动性、盈利能力上优于美国商业银行,管理水平上趋同于美国商业银行,在资本充足性、资产质量上稍劣于美国商业银行,但在创新能力上与美国商业银行有较大差距。我国商业银行应大力发展中间业务,达到品牌化、规模化,同时实施客户价值链管理以及全面风险管理战略,切实提高我国商业银行的持续国际竞争力。

基于CAMEL2的SCP过载控制研究

设计了基于CAMEL2的SCP的过载控制模型,并提出了一种自适应窗口控制算法,该算法与Callgap和Percent算法比较具有更好的健壮性。最后,仿真结果表明该算法具有较好的有效性和公平性。

从CAMEL指标看中东欧五国银行体系的稳定性

衡量一国金融体制改革成效,很重要的一条,就是看其银行体系稳定与否。用CAMEL指标对中东欧五国银行体系稳定性状况进行的实证分析表明,经过 10多年金融体制的改革,五国银行部门基本稳定,银行体系稳定性微观审慎指标趋好。同时也说明了:良好的宏观经济环境对于银行业的发展产生较大影响;外资银行的进入对银行部门的稳定性起着重要作用;良好的监管体系是银行体系稳定性的重要保证。

基于CAMEL3的短消息应用研究

首先分析了现网基于短消息点对点(SMPP)协议的短消息业务(SMS)方案的不足,在此基础上,阐述了基于CAMEL3的SMS方案,并给出了基于CAMEL3的SMS业务流程,最后提出了基于CAMEL3的SMS方案在应用中可能存在的若干重要问题,以及相应的解决方案。

中美商业银行竞争力比较研究——基于改进后的CAMEL框架

本文在CAMEL框架基础上引入创新能力因子,并运用超效率DEA方法量化商业银行管理质量,通过因子分析得出各类别得分,然后分配权重求得中美商业银行竞争力排名,并进行差距分析。结果显示,中国商业银行2011年在流动性、盈利能力上优于美国商业银行,管理水平上趋同于美国商业银行,在资本充足率、资产质量上稍劣于美国商业银行,但在创新能力上与美国商业银行有较大差距。我国商业银行应大力发展中间业务,达到品牌化、规模化,同时实施客户价值链管理以及全面风险管理战略,切实提高我国商业银行的持续国际竞争力。

SMS与基于CAMEL3移动智能网互联中的计费问题

本文简要描述了SMS与CAMEL3互联的体系结构及消息流程。详细阐述了SMS与CAMEL3互联中计费流程 ,并且讨论了由此产生的计费中的难点。

CAMEL3业务控制点(SCP)设备技术规范简介

介绍了CAMEL3阶段对业务控制点(SCP)设备的包括功能、计费、性能和可靠性、接口、硬件和软件、统计和操作维护管理等几个方面。

商业银行风险控制评价研究——基于CAMEL模型

本文以骆驼评价体系中所关注的五大方面为基础，在此基础之上选取了具有代表性的5个评价指标构建了关于商业银行风险控制水平的评价模型。结合所提出的评价模型，本文以中国建设银行J分行为实证研究的对象，对其2006年至2010年风险控制水平进行了分析，得出了相关结论。

ITU-TH.323及CAMEL控制VoIP业务方案

移动通信从第二代(2G)网络向第三代(3G)演进,必须满足用户在2G与3G之间漫游,并保证对现有2G补充业务和智能业务的兼容性。文章介绍在3G移动网络中,基于ITU-TH.323协议的CAMEL控制VoIP业务方案,并详细论述该方案可行的3G核心网络结构及其处理流程。

基于CAMEL2协议的移动智能网中SIB的设计

SIB是实现智能网业务的基本要素,是确保在智能网中能快速提供新业务的关键,论文就如何设计移动智能网中的SIB进行了分析。

基于CAMEL体系的吉林省农村商业银行绩效研究

自2003年改革之后,农村商业银行经历了突飞猛进的发展。随着发展规模的不断壮大,其发展质量与绩效也逐渐受到大众的关注。本文利用骆驼评价体系,从五个方面对吉林省8家农商行进行绩效评价,并划分为较大规模和小微规模两类进行对比分析,同时结合"去杠杆"等宏观政策的影响,探究不同规模农村商业银行的各方面效率差异以及风险应对能力,进而帮助吉林省农商行在发展过程中寻求最优的规模、提高经营效率、降低经营风险,对于中国其它地区农商行也具有一定参考意义。