CEPC顶点探测器风振分析与减振优化

顶点探测器是中国科学院高能所提出的首次应用于环形正负电子对撞机(CEPC)中的重要探测设备,基于顶点探测器探测精度与工作可靠性要求,顶点探测器的最大振幅需小于1µm,不满足要求将导致探测失效。采用了理论与数值模拟相结合的分析方法,利用梁的挠度计算公式分析了影响探测器刚性的主要因素,通过Fluent与瞬态结构耦合模拟计算危险工况下,空气流体激励中断再恢复时结构关键部位的振动响应,并对计算结果使用Origin可视化处理,结果表明流体流速为2 m/s时结构的最大振幅为1.29µm。通过对结构进行尺寸、形状和拓扑优化,并结合敏感性分析法分析优化措施效果,计算数据表明结构的刚度对增加两侧支撑厚度不敏感,增加支架高度对结构的刚度影响较大,形状和材料分布对结构稳定性具有决定性影响。

Simulation and reconstruction of particle trajectories in the CEPC drift chamber

The circular electron-positron collider(CEPC)is designed to precisely measure the properties of the Higgs boson,study electroweak interactions at the Z-boson peak,and search for new physics beyond the Standard Model.As a component of the 4th conceptual CEPC detector,the drift chamber facilitates the measurement of charged particles.This study implemented a Geant4-based simulation and track reconstruction for the drift chamber.For the simulation,detector construction and response were implemented and added to the CEPC simulation chain.The development of track reconstruction involves track finding using the combinatorial Kalman filter method and track fitting using the tool of GenFit.Using the simulated data,the tracking performance was studied.The results showed that both the reconstruction resolution and tracking efficiency satisfied the requirements of the CEPC experiment.

Development of short prototype of dual aperture quadrupole magnet for CEPC ring

Main quadrupole magnets are critical for the Circular Electron and Positron Collider(CEPC)and are specifically designed as dual aperture quadrupole(DAQ)magnets.However,the field crosstalk between the two apertures presents challenges.As the CEPC will work at four beam energies of Z,W,Higgs and ttbar mode,the DAQ magnets will operate at four field gradients spanning from 3.18 to 12.63 T/m.The first short quadrupole magnet prototype with the bore diameter of 76 mm and magnetic length of 1.0 m revealed the problems of large magnetic field harmonics and a magnetic center shift within the beam energy range.Accordingly,a compensation method was proposed in this work to solve the field crosstalk effect.By adjusting the gap height at the middle of the two apertures,the field harmonics and magnetic center shift are significantly reduced.After optimization,the short prototype was modified using a new scheme.The field simulations are validated from the magnetic measurement results.Further,the multipole field meets the requirements of the four beam energies.The detailed magnetic field optimization,field harmonics adjustment,and measurement results are presented herein.

Design and high-power test of 800-kW UHF klystron for CEPC

To reduce the energy demand and operation cost for circular electron positron collider(CEPC), the high efficiency klystrons are being developed at Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. A 800-k W continuous wave(CW) klystron operating at frequency of 650-MHz has been designed. The results of beam–wave interaction simulation with several different codes are presented. The efficiency is optimized to be 65% with a second harmonic cavity in three-dimensional(3D) particle-in-cell code CST. The effect of cavity frequency error and mismatch load on efficiency of klystron have been investigated. The design and cold test of reentrant cavities are described, which meet the requirements of RF section design. So far, the manufacturing and high-power test of the first klystron prototype have been completed.When the gun operated at DC voltage of 80 k V and current of 15.4 A, the klystron peak power reached 804 k W with output efficiency of about 65.3% at 40% duty cycle. The 1-d B bandwidth is ±0.8 MHZ. Due to the crack of ceramic window, the CW power achieved about 700 kW. The high-power test results are in good agreement with 3D simulation.

System design and measurements of flux concentrator and its solid-state modulator for CEPC positron source

Positron sources are one of the most important components of the injector of a circular electron positron collector(CEPC).The CEPC is designed as an e^(+)e^(−)collider for a Higgs factory.Its accelerator system is composed of 100-km-long storage rings and an injector.The design goal of the positron source is to obtain positron beams with a bunch charge of 3 nC.The flux concentrator(FC)is one of the cores of the positron source.This paper reports the design,development,and measurements of an FC prototype system.The prototype includes an FC and an all-solid-state high-current pulse modulator.Preliminary tests show that the peak current on the FC can reach 15.5 kA,and the peak magnetic field can reach 6.2 T.The test results are consistent with the theoretical simulation.The FC system fulfills the requirements of the CEPC positron source as well as provides a reference for the development of similar devices both domestically and abroad.

基于波形采样的CEPC电磁量能器读出单元测试系统

随着环形正负电子对撞机(Circular Electron Positron Collider,CEPC)方案的提出,由硅光电倍增管(Silicon Photomultiplier,SiPM)和塑料闪烁体组成的读出单元作为电磁量能器的预研方案之一,逐渐成为研究热点。在探测器预研阶段需要对读出单元性能进行充分研究,因此我们设计了一套自动化测试系统用于对读出单元进行测试、分析并改善其性能。利用DT5751波形采样插件、SiPM驱动电路板、步进电机、低压电源、继电器等完成硬件搭建,以LabVIEW为开发平台完成了软件的串行协议接口之间的通信,实现了读出单元的自动化测试,编写了相应的数据处理程序。在此基础上进行了SiPM刻度、闪烁体发光均匀性以及反射材料对光输出影响的研究。测试结果表明,ESR反射膜包裹的塑闪条具有最高的光输出,塑闪条耦合10μm像素SiPM的光输出为耦合25μm像素SiPM的三分之一。

CEPC直线加速器束流垃圾桶初步设计

束流垃圾桶的材料、结构、尺寸的正确设计对于确保高能环形对撞机(Circular Electron Positron Collider,CEPC)直线加速器的安全运行有重要意义。采用蒙特卡罗程序FLUKA,研究了概念设计阶段的CEPC直线加速器束流垃圾桶的初步设计方案,给出了作为吸收体设计依据的射程的不同计算方法及验证过程,以及屏蔽体部分的材料选择与总体屏蔽厚度的关系;计算过程中引入减方差技巧提高了计算结果的精确程度。

Testing Bell inequality through h→ττ at CEPC

The decay of Higgs boson into two spin-1/2 particles provides an ideal system to reveal quantum entanglement and Bell-nonlocality.Future e^(+)e^(-) colliders can improve the measurement accuracy of the spin correlation of tau lepton pairs from Higgs boson decay.We show the testability of Bell inequality through h→ττ at Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC).Two realistic methods of testing Bell inequality are investigated,i.e.,Törnqvist's method and Clauser-Home-Shimony-Holt(CHSH)inequality.In the simulation,we consider the detector effects of CEPC including uncertainties for tracks and jets from Z boson in the production of e^(+)e^(-)→Zh.Necessary reconstruction approaches are described to measure quantum entanglement between τ^(+) and τ^(-).Finally,we show the sensitivity of CEPC to Bell inequality violation for the two methods.

Suppression of longitudinal coupled-bunch instabilities with RF feedback systems in CEPC main ring

Background Circular electron positron collider(CEPC)is a 100-km electron positron collider proposed by IHEP.The longitudinal coupled-bunch instability(LCBI)of CEPC main ring operating to study the Z particle(Z machine)may be a limiting factor of CEPC and needs to be considered seriously.Purpose The purposes of this paper are to calculate the LCBI caused by the fundamental mode of superconducting RF cavities in CEPC main ring,which is the most critical impedance,and to complete the design of the RF feedback systems suitable for CEPC,whose specifications can suppress the LCBI to a manageable level.Methods The LCBI growth rate in the CEPC main ring is calculated in the frequency domain.Two kinds of RF feedback,i.e.,direct feedback and one-turn delay feedback,are simulated with the program to suppress the LCBI.And according to the suppression effect of LCBI growth rate after adding RF feedback,the required design parameters are given.Results Two operation conditions of Z machine have severe LCBI without suppression,and dozens of longitudinal modes are unstable.Only the direct RF feedback is needed to suppress LCBI in the case of Z-30 MW,while both the direct RF feedback with maximum gain and one-turn feedback are needed in the case of Z-50 MW.The LCBI growth rates can be reduced to the order of half frequency of the synchronous oscillation.Conclusion The LCBI of CEPC Z machine has been studied.Selecting appropriate feedback RF feedback can reduce the LCBI to an acceptable value that bunch by bunch feedback can suppress.

Expected measurement precision of the branching ratio of the Higgs boson decaying to the di-photon at the CEPC

This paper presents the prospects of measuring σ(e^(+)e^(-)→ZH)× Br(H→γγ) in three Z decay channels Z→qq/μ^(+)μ^(-)/vv using the baseline detector with √s=240GeV at the Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC).Simulated Monte Carlo events were generated and scaled to an integrated luminosity of 5.6 ab^(-1) to mimic the data.Extrapolated results to 20 ab^(-1) are also reported.The expected statistical precision of these measurements after combining three channels of Z boson decay was 7.7%.With some preliminary estimation on the systematical uncertainties,the total precision is 7.9%.The performance of the CEPC electro-magnetic calorimeter(ECAL) was studied by smearing the photon energy resolution in simulated events in the e^(+)e^(-)→ZH→qqγγ channel.In the present ECAL design,the stochastic term in resolution plays the dominant role in the precision of Higgs measurements in the H→γγ channel.The impact of the resolution on the measured precision of σ(ZH)×Br(ZH→qqγγ) as well as the optimization of the ECAL constant and stochastic terms were studied for further detector design.

Conceptual design of the CEPC dumping system

Background The circular electron–positron collider(CEPC)is a double-ring collider proposed by Chinese scientists.It will be operated at centre-of-mass energy of 240,90,160 GeV and maybe also 360 GeV.Purpose The total energy stored in the collider is up to 20 MJ.It is important to extract beams safely and not to damage the dump.In this paper,a dumping system including dilution kickers and absorber core with iron shielding is discussed.Methods The Monte Carlo code FLUKA is used to obtain the deposited energy and dose-equivalent distributions.The temperature rises are calculated assuming no heat conduction.Results Compared with the melting point and upper limit of dose equivalent,the magnets parameters are determined and the dimensions of the core and shielding are optimized.Conclusion The design of the dumping system meets the requirement that the energy stored in the collider can be absorbed safely.

Implementation and verification of the CEPC baseline tracker using a modern track reconstruction software

Purpose A high-performance tracking system will be crucial for the realization of the full physics potential of the Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC)project.Abaseline tracker has been proposed in the Conceptual Design Report and requires detailed studies of the layout geometry and comprehensive understanding of its tracking performance.Methods A Common Tracking Software(ACTS)is an experiment-independent software package and introduced for the track reconstruction for particle and nuclear physics experiments.The CEPC baseline tracker geometry has been implemented in ACTS,and its tracking performance has been evaluated with the provided track finding and fitting algorithms based on the truth tracking method.Results and Conclusion The tracking geometry implemented in ACTS,including the sensitive elements and simplified material distribution,has been validated.The track parameter resolutions obtained with ACTS are consistent with the full simulation results over the momentum range under investigation.ACTS has proven to be an excellent platform for the tracking performance evaluation and the tracker layout optimization.

Measurement of the effective weak mixing angle at the CEPC

We present a study of the measurement of the effective weak mixing angle parameter(sin^(2)θ^(l)_(eff))at the Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC).As a fundamental physics parameter,sin^(2)θ_(eff)^(l) plays a key role not only in the global test of the standard model electroweak sector,but also in constraining the potential beyond standard model new physics at the high energy frontier.CEPC proposes a two year running period around the Z boson mass pole at high instataneous luminosity,providing a large data sample with 4 × 10^(12)Z candidates generated in total.It allows a high precision measurement of sin^(2)θ^(l)_(eff) both in the lepton and quark final states,where the uncertainty can be one order of magnitude lower than any previous measurement at the LEP,SLC,Tevatron,and LHC.It will improve the overall precision of the sin^(2)θ^(l)_(eff) experimental determination to be comparable to the preicision of the theoretical calculation with two-loop radiative corrections,and it will also provide direct comparisons between different final states.In this paper,we also study the measurement of sin^(2)θ^(l)_(eff) in the high mass region.Taking data for one month,the precision of sin^(2)θ^(l)_(eff) measured at 130 GeV from b quark final state is 0.00010,which will be an important experimental observation on the energy-running effect of sin^(2)θ^(l)_(eff).

3D-SOI像素芯片逻辑层的设计与实现

环形正负电子对撞机(CEPC)实验对顶点探测器的空间分辨率提出了极为苛刻的要求。SOI像素传感器芯片CPV-4使用了3D堆叠技术来满足CEPC需要的高空间分辨率。本文主要研究在3DSOI技术下CPV-4的逻辑层电路设计与验证。逻辑层作为CPV-43D芯片的上层部分包含粒子击中信息的存储和读出功能,采用了紧凑的像素逻辑设计和高效的优先级编码读出逻辑设计。测试系统基于IPBUS协议实现了逻辑交互、数据传输和用户界面的软硬件功能,同时开发了模仿逻辑层功能和接口的仿真器模块。通过对仿真器模块、单独的上层芯片以及3D堆叠后的片上逻辑层进行对比测试,完整验证了片上逻辑层的电路功能,并证明了3D堆叠的键合、减薄和顶层金属化等工艺步骤对片上逻辑层没有不利影响。3D-SOI像素芯片的逻辑电路设计和3D堆叠技术研发取得了初步进展。

用于CEPC探测器超导磁体的液氮虹吸实验研究

概括了环形正负电子对撞机(CEPC)探测器超导磁体拟采用的虹吸冷却低温系统的研制背景,重点介绍了液氮虹吸实验平台的设计、组装及检漏。分别以氮气液化后的液氮填充相分离器的1/5和1/3体积的要求进行了两次实验,其常温常压下的体积分别为0.32m^3和0.47m^3。实验发现当充装量为0.32m^3时,蒸发侧加热功率达到10W后发生了烧干现象;充装量为0.47m^3时,蒸发侧加热功率达到20W后液氮回路仍循环良好,管路最大温差不到1K,管路温度分布均匀,未发生烧干现象。实验结果表明,氮气的充装量以及蒸发侧的加热功率是影响虹吸冷却效果的两个重要因素。

基于JavaFx的硅像素顶点探测器原型机数据获取软件的研制

在环形正负电子对撞机(CEPC)实验中,硅像素顶点探测器对空间位置分辨率有着极高的要求,这使得其芯片和探测器设计面临巨大挑战。太初系列硅像素探测器芯片(TaichuPix)是基于CMOS技术的一种重要尝试,其首款工程批芯片被应用于开发第一个全尺寸顶点探测器原型机。为满足顶点探测器原型机在实验中的特定需求,设计并实现了一套基于JavaFx框架的跨平台数据获取系统。该系统能够高效地进行探测器原型机的配置、数据采集、在线数据校验和实时监测,同时提供了一个用户友好的图形化界面。在实验室环境及德国电子同步加速器研究所(DESY)的束流实验中,数据获取系统的功能完善性和运行稳定性得到了验证,充分满足了硅像素顶点探测器原型机的实验需求。

The Higgs signatures at the CEPC CDR baseline

As a Higgs factory, the CEPC(Circular Electron-Positron Collider) project aims at precision measurements of the Higgs boson properties. A baseline detector concept, APODIS(A PFA Oriented Detector for the HIggS factory), has been proposed for the CEPC CDR(Conceptual Design Report) study. We explore the Higgs signatures for this baseline design with ■ Higgs events. The detector performance for reconstructing charged particles, photons and jets is quantified with H→μμ, γγ and jet final states, respectively. The resolutions of reconstructed Higgs boson mass are comparable for the different decay modes with jets in the final states. We also analyze the H→WW~* and ZZ* decay modes, where a clear separation between different decay cascades is observed.

Cross section and Higgs mass measurement with Higgsstrahlung at the CEPC

The Circular Electron Positron Collider（CEPC） is a future Higgs factory proposed by the Chinese high energy physics community. It will operate at a center-of-mass energy of 240–250 Ge V. The CEPC will accumulate an integrated luminosity of 5 ab-1over ten years of operation, producing one million Higgs bosons via the Higgsstrahlung and vector boson fusion processes. This sample allows a percent or even sub-percent level determination of the Higgs boson couplings. With GEANT4-based full simulation and a dedicated fast simulation tool, we have evaluated the statistical precisions of the Higgstrahlung cross section σZH and the Higgs mass m H measurement at the CEPC in the Z →μ~＋μ^-channel. The statistical precision of σZH（m_H） measurement could reach 0.97%（6.9 MeV） in the model-independent analysis which uses only the information from Z boson decays. For the standard model Higgs boson, the m H precision could be improved to 5.4 Me V by including the information from Higgs decays. The impact of the TPC size on these measurements is investigated. In addition, we studied the prospect of measuring the Higgs boson decaying into invisible final states at the CEPC. With the Standard Model ZH production rate, the upper limit of B（H → inv.） could reach 1.2% at 95% confidence level.

Precision Higgs physics at the CEPC

The discovery of the Higgs boson with its mass around 125 GeV by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations marked the beginning of a new era in high energy physics.The Higgs boson will be the subject of extensive studies of the ongoing LHC program.At the same time,lepton collider based Higgs factories have been proposed as a possible next step beyond the LHC,with its main goal to precisely measure the properties of the Higgs boson and probe potential new physics associated with the Higgs boson.The Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC)is one of such proposed Higgs factories.The CEPC is an e^+e^- circular collider proposed by and to be hosted in China.Located in a tunnel of approximately 100 km in circumference,it will operate at a center-of-mass energy of 240 GeV as the Higgs factory.In this paper,we present the first estimates on the precision of the Higgs boson property measurements achievable at the CEPC and discuss implications of these measurements.

Characterization of the first prototype CMOS pixel sensor developed for the CEPC vertex detector

Purpose CMOS pixel sensor has become extremely attractive for future high-performance tracking devices.It has been proposed for the vertex detector at the Circular Electron Positron Collider,which will allow precision measurements of the properties of the Higgs boson.To meet the stringent requirements for low power consumption,it is necessary to optimize the pixel sensor diode geometry to reach a high charge-over-capacitance ratio that allows reduction in analog power consumption.Methods Collection electrode size and footprint are two critical elements in sensor diode geometry and have deciding impacts on the charge collection performance.A prototype CMOS pixel sensor,named JadePix-1,has been developed with pixel sectors implemented with different electrode sizes and footprints,and its charge collection performance has been characterized with radioactive sources.Results Charge-to-voltage conversion gains for pixel sectors under test have been calibrated with low-energy X-rays.Characterization results have been obtained for equivalent noise charge(below 10e−),charge collection efficiency(around 40%),charge-over-capacitance ratio(above 0.015 V)and signal-to-noise ratio(higher than 55).Conclusion Small collection electrode size and large footprint are preferred to achieve high charge-over-capacitance ratio that promises low analog power consumption.Ongoing studies on sensor performance before and after irradiation,combined with this work,will conclude the diode geometry optimization.