The effective ionization coefficients and electron drift velocities in gas mixtures of CF_3I with N_2 and CO_2 obtained from Boltzmann equation analysis

The electron swarm parameters including the density-normalized effective ionization coefficients（α-η）/N and the electron drift velocities V e are calculated for a gas mixture of CF3I with N2 and CO2 by solving the Boltzmann equation in the condition of a steady-state Townsend（SST） experiment.The overall density-reduced electric field strength is from 100 Td to 1000 Td（1 Td = 10-17V·cm2）,while the CF3I content k in the gas mixture can be varied over the range from 0% to 100%.From the variation of（αη）/N with the CF3I mixture ratio k,the limiting field strength（E/N） lim for each CF3I concentration is derived.It is found that for the mixtures with 70% CF3I,the values of（E/N） lim are essentially the same as that for pure SF 6.Additionally,the global warming potential（GWP） and the liquefaction temperature of the gas mixtures are also taken into account to evaluate the possibility of application in the gas insulation of power equipment.

Investigation of the performance of CF3I/c-C4F8/N2 and CF3I/c-C4F8/CO2 gas mixtures from electron transport parameters

CF3I gas mixtures have attracted considerable attention as potential environmentally-friendly alternatives to SF6 gas,owing to their excellent insulating performance.This paper attempts to study the CF3I ternary gas mixtures with c-C4F8 and buffer gases N2 and CO2 by considering dielectric strength from electron transport parameters based on the Boltzmann method and synergistic effect analysis,compared with SF6 gas mixtures.The results confirm that the critical electric field strength of CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2 is greater than that of 30%SF6/70%CO2 when the CF3I content is greater than 17%.Moreover,a higher content of c-C4F8 decreases the sensitivity of gas mixtures to an electric field,and this phenomenon is more obvious in CF3I/c-C4F8/CO2 gas mixtures.The synergistic effects for CF3I/c-C4F8/70%N2 were most obvious when the c-C4F8 content was approximately 20%,and for CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2 when the c-C4F8 content was approximately 10%.On the basis of this research,CF3I/c-C4F8/70%N2 shows better insulation performance when the c-C4F8 content is in the15%–20%range.For CF3I/c-C4F8/70%CO2,when the c-C4F8 content is in the 10%–15%range,the gas mixtures have excellent performance.Hence,these gas systems might be used as alternative gas mixtures to SF6 in high-voltage equipment.

Breakdown characteristics of CF_3I/N_2/CO_2 mixture in power frequency and lightning impulse voltages

Trifluoroiodomethane(CF_3I) and its mixtures are believed to be prospective alternatives to sulfur hexafluoride(SF6), which has been included as a greenhouse gas. In this paper, the breakdown properties of a CF_3I/N_2/CO_2 mixture with the volume fraction of CF_3I fixed at 10% are investigated under power frequency and lightning impulse voltages. The experimental result shows that N_2 possesses higher power frequency and negative lightning impulse breakdown voltages than CO_2, but the power frequency and more negative lightning impulse breakdown voltages of the CF_3I/N_2/CO_2 mixture do not increase with the content of N_2. For the purpose of explaining this abnormal phenomenon, the ionization energies and excitation energies of CF_3I,N_2and CO_2 are calculated. The computation results indicate that the ionization energy of CF_3I is lower than the first excitation energy of N_2, but higher than the lowest excitation energy of CO_2,which means that CF_3I molecules are easily ionized by metastable N_2 molecules. The first excitation energy of N_2 is too high, which hinders its application as the buffer gas of CF_3I.

Calculation and characteristic analysis on synergistic effect of CF3I gas mixtures

CF3I is a potential SF6 alternative gas.In order to study the insulation properties and synergistic effects of CF3I/N2 and CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures,two-term approximate Boltzmann equations were used to obtain the ionization coefficient α,attachment coefficient η and the critical equivalent electrical field strength（E/N）（cr）.The results show that the（E/N）（cr）of CF3I gas at 300 K is 1.2 times that of SF6 gas,and CF3I/N2 and CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures both have synergistic effect occurred.The synergistic effect coefficient of CF3I/CO2 gas mixture was higher than that of CF3I/N2 gas mixture.But the（E/N）（cr）of CF3I/N2 is higher than that of CF3I/CO2 under the same conditions.When the content of CF3I exceeds 20%,the （E/N）（cr） of CF3I/N2 and CF3I/CO2 gas mixture increase linearly with the increasing of CF3I gas content.The breakdown voltage of CF3I/N2 gas mixture is also higher than that of CF3I/CO2 gas mixture in slightly non-uniform electrical field under power frequency voltage,but the synergistic effect coefficients of the two gas mixtures are basically the same.

Breakdown Electric Field of Hot 30% CF_3I/CO_2 Mixtures at Temperature of 300–3500 K During Arc Extinction Process

We calculated the uniform dielectric breakdown field strength of residual 30% CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures during the arc extinction process over the temperature range 300-3500 K at 0.1 MPa. The limiting reduced field strengths are decided by a balance of electron generation and loss based on chemical reactions estimated by the electron energy distribution function （EEDF）, which employs the Boltzmann equation method with two-term expanding approximation in the steady-state Townsend （SST） condition. During the insulation recovery phase, the hot CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures have maximum dielectric strength at a temperature of about 1500 K. At room temperature 300 K, the electric strength after arc extinction （90.3 Td, 1 Td=10-21 V.m2） is only 38% of the original value before arc （234.9 Td）. The adverse insulation recovery ability of CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures in arc extinction hinders its application in electric circuit breakers and other switchgears as an arc quenching and insulating medium.

CF_3I-CO_2混合气体在针板电极下局部放电绝缘特性实验研究

由于SF6气体严重的温室效应影响,减少或杜绝SF6气体的使用已经达成共识,有关SF6替代气体的研究围绕一种电负性气体和缓冲气体的混合气体展开。本文在针板电极下通过工频实验同时测量了CF3I-CO2的局部放电起始电压和击穿电压,讨论了混合比、压强对混合气体局部放电性能的影响,并与SF6-CO2混合气体的局部放电起始电压进行比较。实验结果表明:一个大气压下,纯CF3I的击穿电压是SF6的1.2倍;CF3I-CO2的局部放电起始电压是SF6-CO2的0.9～1.1倍,同时,CF3I气体与CO2气体具有很好的协同效应,协同效应值为0.53;CF3I-CO2(30%-70%)混合气体的局部放电能力是纯SF6的0.74倍。因此,从局部放电性能的角度来看,CF3I-CO2(30%-70%)混合气体有可能替代SF6气体用在气体绝缘设备中。

300K下不同比例CF_3I-N_2和CF_3I-CO_2混合气体绝缘特性的计算分析

为研究不同比例CF3I-N2和CF3I-CO2混合气体的绝缘特性,进而分析其代替SF6作为绝缘介质应用于高压电力设备的可行性,首先,通过计算所得的纯CF3I气体折合电离反应系数α/N、折合吸附反应系数η/N和折合有效电离反应系数(α-η)/N(其中,α为电离反应系数,η为吸附反应系数,N为粒子数密度)与其他文献实验结果的对比,验证了该计算方法与参数的有效性;其次计算出了CF3I-N2和CF3I-CO2不同比例下混合气体的α/N、η/N和(α-η)/N;最后取(α-η)/N=0得到了不同比例两种混合气体的折合临界击穿电场强度(E/N)cr。结果表明,纯CF3I气体的(E/N)cr为439×10-17 V.cm2,远高于纯SF6气体的366×10-17 V.cm2;当CF3I的摩尔分数x(CF3I)>65%时,CF3I-N2的(E/N)cr高于SF6-N2;当x(CF3I)>70%时,CF3I-N2混合气体的(E/N)cr已经超过纯SF6气体的(E/N)cr;当x(CF3I)>40%时,CF3I-CO2也高于SF6-CO2。

CF_4 decomposition over solid ternary mixture NaF-Si-MO(MO=La_2O_3,CeO_2,Pr_6O-(11),Nd_2O_3,Y_2O_3)

A solid ternary mixture consisting of NaF,silicon and one metal oxide such as La2O3,CeO2,Pr6O11,Nd2O3,and Y2O3 was prepared and usedas de-fluorinated reagent for CF4 decomposition.The results show that 90% conversion of CF4 can be reached initially over NaF-Si-La2O3,NaF-Si-CeO2,NaF-Si-Nd2O3,and NaF-Si-Y2O3 at 850 C.The fresh and used reagents were characterized using XRD and XPS techniques.It was found that the active components of NaF and metal oxides in NaF-Si-CeO2,NaF-Si-Pr6O11,NaF-Si-Nd2O3,and NaF-Si-Y2O3 weretransformed into inert phases of mixed metal fluorides and silicates,respectively,resulting in an ineffective utilization of these de-fluorinatedreagents,whereas no inert phases from NaF and La2O3 can be observed in the used NaF-Si-La2O3,indicating the NaF-Si-La2O3 reagent couldbe utilized more efficiently than the other reagents in CF4 decomposition.

Numerical Study on Comparison of Negative and Positive Surface Discharge in c-C_(4)F_(8)/CF_(3)I/CO_(2) Gas Mixture

The dynamics of negative surface discharges in c-C_(4)F_(8)/CF_(3)I/CO_(2) gas mixture is investigated here with a 2D fuid model.The distributions of ion concentration,electric field strength and photon flux during the propagation of the streamer are obtained by solving the drift-diffusion equations of particles and Poisson's equation,and the photon flux variation function during the propagation is also fitted.It is found that the streamer branches occur when the streamer transitions from the upper surface of the insulator to the side surface,and then when the streamer approaches the plane electrode,the photon flux will increase significantly.On this basis,the positive and negative surface discharge models are compared in terms of streamer characteristics,particle characteristics and streamer branches.It is found that the streamer has a higher electron concentration and electric field in the positive model.The streamer develops“floating”in the positive surface discharge,while it is close to the surface of the insulator in the negative model.In addition,the negative streamer branch has a wider width and develops further.

低比例CF_3I的CF_3I-CO_2混合气体在极不均匀电场中的绝缘特性

常用绝缘气体六氟化硫(SF_6)具有严重的温室效应,三氟碘甲烷(CF3I)是一种环保型的SF_6潜在替代气体,但其沸点及价格较高,而其低比例混合气体可以规避此类问题。针对低比例CF3I的CF3I-CO_2混合气体进行研究,对不同混合比例、不同气压、不同放电间隙下的混合气体在极不均匀电场下进行击穿试验,量化了混合气体在相应情况下的耐压表现。试验结果表明,在极不均匀电场环境下,微量CF3I的混入能显著提高击穿电压,当体积分数>6%后绝缘电压趋于稳定。虽然击穿电压相比SF_6具有一定差距,但微量CF3I与CO_2混合气体具有出很好的正协同效应,因此低比例CF3I的CF3I-CO_2混合气体在大间隙条件下具有一定的应用可行性及成本优势。

极不均匀电场中CF_3I-CO_2混合气体雷电冲击绝缘特性的研究

以含10%CF_3I气体的CF_3I-CO_2混合气体为研究对象,研究了极不均匀电场中CF_3I-CO_2混合气体在正、负极性雷电冲击电压下的绝缘特性。结果表明:在0.1～0.3 MPa气压内,极不均匀电场中CF_3I-CO_2混合气体在正、负极性雷电冲击电压下的50%击穿电压均随着电极间隙距离的增大而逐渐升高,且增长趋势近似为线性,但在0.3 MPa气压下,正极性雷电冲击电压下的50%击穿电压曲线则呈现出一定程度的饱和趋势;当间隙距离较大时,极不均匀电场中CF_3I-CO_2混合气体在正极性雷电冲击电压下的50%击穿电压均比负极性雷电冲击电压下的低;但当间隙距离较小时,CF_3I-CO_2混合气体在正极性雷电冲击电压下的50%击穿电压比负极性雷电冲击电压下更高。

Dry etching of new phase-change material Al_(1.3)Sb_3Te in CF_4/Ar plasma

The dry etching characteristic of AlSbTe film was investigated by using a CF/Ar gas mixture.The experimental control parameters were gas flow rate into the chamber,CF/Ar ratio,the Oaddition,the chamber background pressure,and the incident RF power applied to the lower electrode.The total flow rate was 50 sccm and the behavior of etch rate of AlSbTe thin films was investigated as a function of the CF/Ar ratio,the Oaddition,the chamber background pressure,and the incident RF power.Then the parameters were optimized.The fast etch rate was up to 70.8 nm/min and a smooth surface was achieved using optimized etching parameters of CFconcentration of 4%,power of 300 W and pressure of 80 mTorr.