本文在中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的全球海洋模式(LICOM)中使用五个不同的海气交换的气体传输速度公式对CFC-11(一氟三氯甲烷)在海洋中的分布和吸收做了模拟。讨论了不同气体传输速度的差异,发现差异最大的两个公式得到的全球年平均...本文在中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的全球海洋模式(LICOM)中使用五个不同的海气交换的气体传输速度公式对CFC-11(一氟三氯甲烷)在海洋中的分布和吸收做了模拟。讨论了不同气体传输速度的差异,发现差异最大的两个公式得到的全球年平均传输速度相差81%。对CFC-11的海表浓度分布、海气通量、水柱总量、海水累积吸收量以及在大洋断面的垂直浓度分布进行了分析。分析结果显示,使用Lissand Merlivat(1986)的传输速度公式的试验在海气通量和海洋吸收总量的模拟上均小于其他试验,Nightingale et al.(2000)、Hoetal.(2006)和Sweeney et al.(2007)等的公式虽然全球年平均值相近,但在高风速地区Nightingale et al.(2000)公式的传输速度要小于后两者,导致了使用该公式的试验模拟结果在主吸收区和存储区的强度比后二者偏小。Wanninkhof(1992)的公式在形式上与Ho et al.(2006)以及Sweeney et al.(2007)的公式一致,但在系数上存在差别,这使得模拟的水柱总量在南大洋的分布明显好于其他试验,尽管其最大值仍比观测资料略小。在海洋累积吸收量的计算上,使用Wanninkhof(1992)传输速度公式得到的模拟结果比观测资料小8%左右。计算了Lissand Merlivat(1986)和Wanninkhof(1992)的传输速度公式模拟的单年吸收量相对差,其总体上一直保持持续下降的趋势,到2007年仅为2%。从该相对差变化趋势看,在最初的前10年,海气CFC-11交换通量对海气交换传输速度的敏感性更强,而在更长时间的模拟上,海洋对CFC-11的吸收则更依赖于物理模式的通风速率。通过对CFC-11垂直断面分布的分析可知,不同的传输速度在主要吸收区的不同导致了一定的垂直分布差异。基于本文的结果可以认为Wanninkhof(1992)的海气气体传输速度公式更适合本模式对CFC-11的模拟。展开更多
The Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) is used to investigate the effect of diapycnal mixing on the oceanic uptake of CFC-11 and the ventilation of the surface waters in the Southern Ocean (south of 45...The Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) is used to investigate the effect of diapycnal mixing on the oceanic uptake of CFC-11 and the ventilation of the surface waters in the Southern Ocean (south of 45°S). Three model experiments are performed: one with a diapycnal mixing coefficientK d (m2 s?1) of 2 × 10?7/N (Expt. 1), one withK d = 0 (Expt. 2), and one withK d = 5 × 10?8/N (Expt. 3),N (s?1) is the Brunt-V?is?l? frequency. The model simulations indicate that the observed vertical distribution of CFC-11 along 88°W (prime meridian at 0°E) in the Southern Ocean is caused by local ventilation of the surface waters and westward-directed (eastward-directed) isopycnic transport and mixing from deeply ventilated waters in the Weddell Sea region. It is found that at the end of 1997, the simulated net ocean uptake of CFC-11 in Expt. 2 is 25% below that of Expt. 1. The decreased uptake of CFC-11 in the Southern Ocean accounts for 80% of this difference. Furthermore, Expts. 2 and 3 yield far more realistic vertical distributions of the ventilated CFC-waters than Expt. 1. The experiments clearly highlight the sensitivity of the Southern Ocean surface water ventilation to the distribution and thickness of the simulated mixed layer. It is argued that inclusion of CFCs in coupled climate models could be used as a test-bed for evaluating the decadal-scale ocean uptake of heat and CO2.展开更多
This paper presents the estimation of Chinese emissions of HCFC-22 and CFC-11 in 2009 by an inverse modeling method based on in-situ measurement data from the Shangdianzi Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Regional Station...This paper presents the estimation of Chinese emissions of HCFC-22 and CFC-11 in 2009 by an inverse modeling method based on in-situ measurement data from the Shangdianzi Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Regional Station (SDZ) and atmospheric transport simulations. After inversion (a-posteriori) estimates of the Chinese emissions in 2009 increased by 6.6% for HCFC-22 from 91.7 (± 83.6) to 98.3 (± 47.4) kt/yr and by 22.5% for CFC-11 from 13 (±12.6) to 15.8 (±7.2) kt/yr compared to an a-priori emission. While the model simulation with a-priori emissions already captured the main features of the observed variability at the measurement site, the model performance (in terms of correlation and mean-square-error) improved using a-posteriori emissions. The inversion reduced the root-mean-square (RMS) error by 4% and 10% for HCFC-22 and CFC-11, respectively.展开更多
研究了废旧冰箱聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫中所含的一氟三氯甲烷(CFC-11)总量,并对冰箱箱体切割过程、金属板剥离过程和PUR泡沫破碎后常温放置时的CFC-11释放量进行了测定。结果表明,PUR泡沫所含CFC-11总量占PUR泡沫质量的20.06%;箱体切割和金属...研究了废旧冰箱聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫中所含的一氟三氯甲烷(CFC-11)总量,并对冰箱箱体切割过程、金属板剥离过程和PUR泡沫破碎后常温放置时的CFC-11释放量进行了测定。结果表明,PUR泡沫所含CFC-11总量占PUR泡沫质量的20.06%;箱体切割和金属板剥离过程中的CFC-11释放量分别占PUR泡沫中CFC-11总量的0.75%和2.32%;常温放置到第15天时,<0.5、<1.0、<4.0、<8.0 mm 4种粒径PUR泡沫颗粒的CFC-11累计释放量分别占PUR泡沫所含CFC-11总量的4.75%、5.25%、5.42%、6.50%,均高于箱体切割、金属板剥离过程中的CFC-11释放量。展开更多
文摘本文在中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的全球海洋模式(LICOM)中使用五个不同的海气交换的气体传输速度公式对CFC-11(一氟三氯甲烷)在海洋中的分布和吸收做了模拟。讨论了不同气体传输速度的差异,发现差异最大的两个公式得到的全球年平均传输速度相差81%。对CFC-11的海表浓度分布、海气通量、水柱总量、海水累积吸收量以及在大洋断面的垂直浓度分布进行了分析。分析结果显示,使用Lissand Merlivat(1986)的传输速度公式的试验在海气通量和海洋吸收总量的模拟上均小于其他试验,Nightingale et al.(2000)、Hoetal.(2006)和Sweeney et al.(2007)等的公式虽然全球年平均值相近,但在高风速地区Nightingale et al.(2000)公式的传输速度要小于后两者,导致了使用该公式的试验模拟结果在主吸收区和存储区的强度比后二者偏小。Wanninkhof(1992)的公式在形式上与Ho et al.(2006)以及Sweeney et al.(2007)的公式一致,但在系数上存在差别,这使得模拟的水柱总量在南大洋的分布明显好于其他试验,尽管其最大值仍比观测资料略小。在海洋累积吸收量的计算上,使用Wanninkhof(1992)传输速度公式得到的模拟结果比观测资料小8%左右。计算了Lissand Merlivat(1986)和Wanninkhof(1992)的传输速度公式模拟的单年吸收量相对差,其总体上一直保持持续下降的趋势,到2007年仅为2%。从该相对差变化趋势看,在最初的前10年,海气CFC-11交换通量对海气交换传输速度的敏感性更强,而在更长时间的模拟上,海洋对CFC-11的吸收则更依赖于物理模式的通风速率。通过对CFC-11垂直断面分布的分析可知,不同的传输速度在主要吸收区的不同导致了一定的垂直分布差异。基于本文的结果可以认为Wanninkhof(1992)的海气气体传输速度公式更适合本模式对CFC-11的模拟。
文摘The Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) is used to investigate the effect of diapycnal mixing on the oceanic uptake of CFC-11 and the ventilation of the surface waters in the Southern Ocean (south of 45°S). Three model experiments are performed: one with a diapycnal mixing coefficientK d (m2 s?1) of 2 × 10?7/N (Expt. 1), one withK d = 0 (Expt. 2), and one withK d = 5 × 10?8/N (Expt. 3),N (s?1) is the Brunt-V?is?l? frequency. The model simulations indicate that the observed vertical distribution of CFC-11 along 88°W (prime meridian at 0°E) in the Southern Ocean is caused by local ventilation of the surface waters and westward-directed (eastward-directed) isopycnic transport and mixing from deeply ventilated waters in the Weddell Sea region. It is found that at the end of 1997, the simulated net ocean uptake of CFC-11 in Expt. 2 is 25% below that of Expt. 1. The decreased uptake of CFC-11 in the Southern Ocean accounts for 80% of this difference. Furthermore, Expts. 2 and 3 yield far more realistic vertical distributions of the ventilated CFC-waters than Expt. 1. The experiments clearly highlight the sensitivity of the Southern Ocean surface water ventilation to the distribution and thickness of the simulated mixed layer. It is argued that inclusion of CFCs in coupled climate models could be used as a test-bed for evaluating the decadal-scale ocean uptake of heat and CO2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41030107)Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology(2010CB950601)+2 种基金EUS & T Cooperative Project 2SMONGS&T Cooperation Project of the MOST and Eu (1015)CAMS Fundamental Research Funds-General Program (2010Y003)
文摘This paper presents the estimation of Chinese emissions of HCFC-22 and CFC-11 in 2009 by an inverse modeling method based on in-situ measurement data from the Shangdianzi Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Regional Station (SDZ) and atmospheric transport simulations. After inversion (a-posteriori) estimates of the Chinese emissions in 2009 increased by 6.6% for HCFC-22 from 91.7 (± 83.6) to 98.3 (± 47.4) kt/yr and by 22.5% for CFC-11 from 13 (±12.6) to 15.8 (±7.2) kt/yr compared to an a-priori emission. While the model simulation with a-priori emissions already captured the main features of the observed variability at the measurement site, the model performance (in terms of correlation and mean-square-error) improved using a-posteriori emissions. The inversion reduced the root-mean-square (RMS) error by 4% and 10% for HCFC-22 and CFC-11, respectively.
文摘研究了废旧冰箱聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫中所含的一氟三氯甲烷(CFC-11)总量,并对冰箱箱体切割过程、金属板剥离过程和PUR泡沫破碎后常温放置时的CFC-11释放量进行了测定。结果表明,PUR泡沫所含CFC-11总量占PUR泡沫质量的20.06%;箱体切割和金属板剥离过程中的CFC-11释放量分别占PUR泡沫中CFC-11总量的0.75%和2.32%;常温放置到第15天时,<0.5、<1.0、<4.0、<8.0 mm 4种粒径PUR泡沫颗粒的CFC-11累计释放量分别占PUR泡沫所含CFC-11总量的4.75%、5.25%、5.42%、6.50%,均高于箱体切割、金属板剥离过程中的CFC-11释放量。
