Simulation of liquid cone formation on the tip apex of indium field emission electric propulsion thrusters

Field emission electric propulsion(FEEP) thrusters possess excellent characteristics, such as high specific impulse, low power requirements, compact size and precise pointing capabilities,making them ideal propulsion devices for micro-nano satellites. However, the detection of certain aspects, such as the evolution process of the liquid cone and the physical quantities at the cone apex, proves challenging due to the minute size of the needle tip and the vacuum environment in which they operate. Consequently, this paper introduces a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model to gain insight into the formation process of the liquid cone on the tip apex of indium FEEP. The CFD model is based on electrohydrodynamic(EHD) equations and the volume of fluid(VOF) method. The entire cone formation process can be divided into three stages, and the time-dependent characteristics of the physical quantities at the cone apex are investigated. The influences of film thickness, apex radius size and applied voltage are compared.The results indicate a gradual increase in the values of electrostatic stress and surface tension stress at the cone apex over an initial period, followed by a rapid escalation within a short duration.Apex configurations featuring a small radius, thick film and high voltage exhibit a propensity for liquid cone formation, and the cone growth time decreases as the film thickness increases.Moreover, some unstable behavior is observed during the cone formation process.

基于CFD与风洞试验的边主梁涡振气动措施

为能够快捷且经济地完成开口类钝体桥梁断面涡振制振气动措施的选型,以一座边主梁叠合梁斜拉桥为背景,采用“CFD(computation fluid dynamics)数值模拟选型+风洞试验验证”的思路对其涡振制振气动措施选型进行研究.该桥原设计主梁断面在常遇风速下存在显著涡激振动,为完成气动措施的初步选型,采用CFD数值计算对原设计断面的流场进行模拟,通过研究原设计断面的旋涡脱落状态确定主要旋涡抑制对象,进而有针对性地模拟了3种气动措施(下中央稳定板、导流板与风嘴)对主要脱落旋涡的抑制作用,通过将各断面旋涡脱落状态与三分力系数进行对比分析,得到各断面涡振性能的相对优劣关系,并最终选取风嘴与下中央稳定板结合而成的组合气动措施进行风洞验证试验.试验结果表明:该组合气动措施能够有效抑制梁体在各风攻角下的涡激振动,且在+5°风攻角下,通过风洞试验得到的导流板、下中央稳定板、风嘴组合气动3种措施对原设计断面涡振振幅的减小作用依此递增,分别为2.7%、27.7%与87.4%,制振能力高低关系与数值模拟结果相一致;本次数值模拟结果符合预期要求,未来可针对不同类型桥梁断面进一步扩展数值模拟与风洞试验结果对比的数据集,以期更为准确、快捷地完成气动措施的选型.

基于CFD的LNG储罐瞬时大风环境数值模拟研究

为分析不同大风风速下储罐迎风侧和背风侧压力分布情况和风场特点,采用k-ε湍流模型,建立液化天然气(LNG)储罐区瞬时大风环境模型。利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件Fluent对LNG储罐风环境进行模拟,利用软件分析模块生成储罐压力云图和风速矢量图。研究结果表明:LNG储罐在迎风侧承受压力高于背风侧,压力呈现对称分布;储罐前端与两侧易产生气体漩涡,但总体速度曲线较为规律,无混乱复杂的速度曲线。研究结果可为LNG场站抗灾韧性增强、极端大风天气应急疏散路径规划等多方面提供理论参考,对LNG储罐区安全建设具有重要指导意义。

变容积密集烤房的CFD分析与试验研究

为保障密集烤房装烟密度,降低烘烤的能源消耗,研发一套适用于密集烤房的变容积系统。在完成变容积装置的设计后,基于CFD方法模拟分析装置与烟叶的不同距离对烤房内部气体分布均匀性的影响。通过烘烤试验获取实际烘烤数据,对模拟值加以验证。试验结果表明:当隔板与烟叶距离为0 cm时,流速不均匀系数Kv为0.40,温度不均匀系数Kt为0.41,距离为10 cm时,Kv=0.41,Kt=0.43;距离为20 cm时,Kv=0.42,Kt=0.49。装烟区9个测量点的温度模拟值与实测值基本吻合,误差在6%以内。变容积烤房在装烟量为一半时,相比常规烤房的燃料消耗可节约13.4%。研究结果表明:当隔板与烟叶距离为0 cm时烤房内部的气体分布最均匀;CFD模型与数值模拟结果具有可靠性;变容积装置具有较好的保温效果,可保证装烟密度,降低烤烟能耗。

基于CFD的惰性密封箱室内气溶胶运动规律的数值模拟研究

目前,最有前景的快堆乏燃料后处理方法是干法后处理技术,利用该技术操作物料时,整个工艺过程必然会伴随有放射性气溶胶的产生,为了有效的安全性评估、安全性分析、事故溯源等,需要掌握气溶胶颗粒在惰性密封箱室内的运动规律。本文利用CFD技术对惰性密封箱体内气溶胶颗粒进行运动规律的分析与研究。结果表明:绝大多数颗粒沿着流场方向运动,在出口壁面有部分颗粒残留;壁面粗糙度数值为0.4μm,可以有效地降低颗粒在壁面的沉降。本文的研究结果为惰性密封的手套箱及热室的设计提供相关的理论依据及数据支撑。

基于CFD的辐射冷顶板与风扇耦合系统性能优化

吸音板用来解决辐射式天花板供冷系统的噪声问题,但其阻碍了辐射换热。本文提出通过风扇的调风作用来优化辐射冷顶板与风扇耦合系统,基于CFD模拟讨论了耦合系统的室内气流分布、热舒适及换热系数变化,研究了吸音板安装方式、风扇转速和风扇转向对辐射天花板性能的影响。结果表明:风扇的加入增大了顶板的对流换热系数和总换热系数;随着风扇转速的增大,室内的空气温度和人体热舒适性评价指标(PMV)降低;风扇向上吹风的效果优于向下吹风,吸音板竖直安装优于水平安装。

基于CFD流场模拟的大型卧式反应釜结构研究

近年来,加压浸出湿法冶金工程在向更大规模的发展道路受到了配套装备大型化带来的技术制约。为了适应加压浸出工艺关键核心设备-卧式反应釜的规模大型化发展,更好地保证该设备在使用过程中的可靠性与高效性。本文采用CFD流体模拟软件,针对某项目使用的300立卧式反应釜,研究其在不同长径比下的流场分布情况以及搅拌器功率消耗大小与长径比的关系。研究表明适当增加长径比有利于改善水平方向的流场特性,减小长径比有利于改善垂直方向的流场特性,减小长径比有利于搅拌功率的降低。当长径比取1.08或1.13,能够有效提高卧式反应釜内的反应效率,降低成本和系统能耗。

Numerical simulation of coupling heat transfer and thermal stress for spent fuel dry storage cask with different power distribution and tilt angles

Dry storage containers must be secured and reliable during long-term storage,and the effect of decay heat released from the internal spent fuel on the cask has become an important research topic.In this paper,a 3D computational fluid dynamics model is presented,and the accuracy of the calculation is verified,with computational errors of less than 6.2%.The thermal stress of the dry storage cask was estimated by coupling it with a transient temperature field.The total power remained constant and adjusting the power ratio of the inner and outer zones had a small effect on the stress results,with a maximum equivalent stress of approximately 5.2 kPa,which occurred at the lower edge of the shell.In the case of tilt,the temperature gradient varied in a wavy distribution,and the wave crest moved from right to left.Altering the tilt angle affects the air distribution in the annular gap,leading to the shell temperature being transformed,with a maximum equivalent stress of 202 MPa at the bottom of the shell.However,the equivalent stress in both cases was less than the yield stress(205 MPa).

CFD simulation of bubbling and collapsing characteristics in a gas-solid fluidized bed

Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） has become an alternative method to experiments for understanding the fluid dynamics of multiphase flow. A two-fluid model, which contains additional terms in both the gas- and solid-phase momentum equations, is used to investigate the fluidization quality in a fluidized bed. A case study for quartz sand with a density of 2,660 kg/m^3 and a diameter of 500 μm, whose physical property is similar to a new kind of catalyst for producing clean fuels through the residue fluid catalytic cracking process, is simulated in a two-dimensional fluidized bed with 0.57 m width and 1.00 m height. Transient bubbling and collapsing characteristics are numerically investigated in the platform of CFX 4.4 by integrating user-defined Fortran subroutines. The results show that the fluidization and collapse process is in fair agreement with the classical theory of Geldart B classification, but the collapse time is affected by bubbles at the interface between the dense phase and freeboard.

CFD simulation on the generation of turbidites in deepwater areas: a case study of turbidity current processes in Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea

Turbidity currents represent a major agent for sediment transport in lakes, seas and oceans. In particu-lar, they formulate the most significant clastic accumulations in the deep sea, which become many of the world＇s most important hydrocarbon reservoirs. Several boreholes in the Qiongdongnan Basin, the north-western South China Sea, have recently revealed turbidity current deposits as significant hydrocarbon res-ervoirs. However, there are some arguments for the potential provenances. To solve this problem, it is es-sential to delineate their sedimentary processes as well as to evaluate their qualities as reservoir. Numerical simulations have been developed rapidly over the last several years, offering insights into turbidity current behaviors, as geologically significant turbidity currents are difficult to directly investigate due to their large scale and often destructive nature. Combined with the interpretation of the turbidity system based on high-resolution 3D seismic data, the paleotophography is acquired via a back-stripping seismic profile integrated with a borehole, i.e., Well A, in the western Qiongdongnan Basin; then a numerical model is built on the basis of this back-stripped profile. After defining the various turbidity current initial boundary conditions, includ-ing grain size, velocity and sediment concentration, the structures and behaviors of turbidity currents are investigated via numerical simulation software ANSYS FLUENT. Finally, the simulated turbidity deposits are compared with the interpreted sedimentary bodies based on 3D seismic data and the potential provenances of the revealed turbidites by Well A are discussed in details. The simulation results indicate that a sedimen-tary body develops far away from its source with an average grain size of 0.1 mm, i.e., sand-size sediment. Taking into account the location and orientation of the simulated seismic line, the consistence between normal forward simulation results and the revealed cores in Well A indicates that the turbidites should have been transported from Vietnam instead of Hainan Island. This interpretation has also been verified by the planar maps of sedimentary systems based on integration of boreholes and seismic data. The identification of the turbidity provenance will benefit the evaluation of extensively distributed submarine fans for hydro-carbon exploration in the deepwater areas.

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS(CFD) SIMULATIONS OF DRAG REDUCTION WITH PERIODIC MICRO-STRUCTURED WALL

Computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulations are adopted to investigate rectangular microchannel flows with various periodic micro-structured wall by introducing velocity slip boundary condition at low Reynolds number. The purpose of the current study is to numerically find out the effects of periodic micro-structured wall on the flow resistance in rectangular microchannel with the different spacings between microridges ranging from 15 to 60 pm. The simulative results indicate that pressure drop with different spacing between microridges increases linearly with flow velocity and decreases monotonically with slip velocity; Pressure drop reduction also increases with the spacing between microridges at the same condition of slip velocity and flow velocity. The results of numerical simulation are compared with theoretical predictions and experimental results in the literatures. It is found that there is qualitative agreement between them.

深部煤层地下煤气化原位点火的CFD模拟

地下煤气化(Underground Coal Gasification,UCG)作为一种新型采煤技术受到了广泛的关注,但UCG的实验成本较高,在开展UCG实验之前应当对煤层的演变机理进行深入的探究。计算流体力学(Calculated Fluid Dynamics,CFD)可以凭借计算机强大的计算能力,以较为低廉的成本模拟UCG的生产过程。采用Ansys公司开发的CFD软件Fluent模拟了1000 K烟气加热下深部煤层的原位加热着火过程,重点分析了温度、氧气摩尔分数和孔隙度的变化。结果表明,泵入500 s的1000 K烟气不足以点燃煤层,1000 s的烟气加热时间足以点燃煤层,该结果在时间上与劳伦斯实验室的点火时间相当。在煤层内表面,高温主要集中在靠近入口0~0.6 m内的煤层。着火前的最高温度低于加热烟气入口温度1000 K,而着火后的最高温度超过1000 K,最高温度约1250 K。O_(2)在高温区几乎全部消耗,而在其他温度较低的区域,到达煤层内表面的氧气摩尔分数不到2%。高温区孔隙度迅速增长,在1000 s时部分煤层孔隙度可达0.9左右。在煤层内部,煤层越厚,温度上升越低。在1000 s和2000 s时,7 cm线上煤层的最高温度仅为500 K左右,远低于相同加热时间下煤层内表面的最高温度。在2000 s的点火过程中,渗入7 cm和14 cm煤层中的氧气较少,内部煤层孔隙度均在0.4以下。较低的孔隙度是由较低的温度和较低的氧气摩尔分数共同造成的。对温度、氧气摩尔分数和孔隙度的模拟可为如何促进煤层内部的反应提供参考。

CFD simulation of pressure fluctuation characteristics in the gas-solid fluidized bed:Comparisons with experiments

A simple hydrodynamic model based on two-fluid theory, taking into account the effect of discrete particles on both the gas- and solid-phase momentum equations, was used to numerically investigate the pressure fluctuation characteristics in a gas-solid fluidized bed with the aid of CFX 4.4, a commercial CFD software package, by adding user-defined Fortran subroutines. Numerical simulations together with typical experimental measurements show that pressure fluctuations originate above the distributor when a gas pulse is injected into the fluidized bed. The pressure above the bubble gradually increases due to the presence of a rising bubble. When the bubble passes through the bed surface, the pressure near the bed surface gradually decreases to a lower value. Moreover, the pressure signals in the bubbling fluidized beds show obviously periodic characteristics. The major frequency of pressure fluctuations at the same vertical position is affected slightly by the operating gas velocity, and the amplitude of pressure fluctuations is related to both the operating gas velocity and the vertical height. In this study, the influence of the operating gas velocity on the pressure wave propagation velocity can be ignored, and only two peak frequencies in the power spectrum of the pressure fluctuations are observed which are associated with the bubble formation above the distributor and its eruption at the bed surface.

CFD Simulation of Local and Global Mixing Time in an Agitated Tank

The Issue of mixing efficiency in agitated tanks has drawn serious concern in many industrial processes. The turbulence model is very critical to predicting mixing process in agitated tanks. On the basis of computational fluid dynamics（CFD） software package Fluent 6.2, the mixing characteristics in a tank agitated by dual six-blade-Rushton-turbines（6-DT） are predicted using the detached eddy simulation（DES） method. A sliding mesh（SM） approach is adopted to solve the rotation of the impeller. The simulated flow patterns and liquid velocities in the agitated tank are verified by experimental data in the literature. The simulation results indicate that the DES method can obtain more flow details than Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes（RANS） model. Local and global mixing time in the agitated tank is predicted by solving a tracer concentration scalar transport equation. The simulated results show that feeding points have great influence on mixing process and mixing time. Mixing efficiency is the highest for the feeding point at location of midway of the two impellers. Two methods are used to determine global mixing time and get close result. Dimensionless global mixing time remains unchanged with increasing of impeller speed. Parallel, merging and diverging flow pattern form in the agitated tank, respectively, by changing the impeller spacing and clearance of lower impeller from the bottom of the tank. The global mixing time is the shortest for the merging flow, followed by diverging flow, and the longest for parallel flow. The research presents helpful references for design, optimization and scale-up of agitated tanks with multi-impeller.

CFD Simulation of Propane Cracking Tube Using Detailed Radical Kinetic Mechanism

In the radiant section of cracking furnace,the thermal cracking process is highly coupled with turbulent flow,heat transfer and mass transfer.In this paper,a three-dimensional simulation of propane pyrolysis reactor tube is performed based on a detailed kinetic radical cracking scheme,combined with a comprehensive rigorous computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model.The eddy-dissipation-concept(EDC)model is introduced to deal with turbulence-chemistry interaction of cracking gas,especially for the multi-step radical kinetics.Considering the high aspect ratio and severe gradient phenomenon,numerical strategies such as grid resolution and refinement,stepping method and relaxation technique at different levels are employed to accelerate convergence.Large scale of radial nonuniformity in the vicinity of the tube wall is investigated.Spatial distributions of each radical reaction rate are first studied,and made it possible to identify the dominant elementary reactions.Additionally,a series of operating conditions including the feedstock feed rate,wall temperature profile and heat flux profile towards the reactor tubes are investigated.The obtained results can be used as scientific guide for further technical retrofit and operation optimization aiming at high conversion and selectivity of pyrolysis process.

基于CFD技术对冬季兔舍热环境模拟评估

本研究基于计算流体力学(CFD)模拟技术对兔舍热环境(风速和温湿度)进行三维稳定状态的模拟分析,旨在评估密闭兔舍冬季热环境质量。结果表明:密闭兔舍环境的调控采用低效率排风系统,中间区域存在气流流动死角,风速分布不均,不符合兔舍最适宜的风速范围;温度从西侧的进风口到东侧的出风口呈上升趋势,分布范围为15.56~22.40℃,符合兔舍最适宜温度范围;相对湿度的分布变化与温度则呈相反趋势,分布范围为54.39%~81.78%,略超出兔舍最适宜相对湿度范围。温度和相对湿度的实测值与模拟值的相对误差范围均低于5%,说明运用该模型评估环境因子是可行的。本研究为优化商品兔舍冬季环境的调控方案提供了参考依据。

CFD-DEM方法研究下降管结构对颗粒流动的影响

为了明确不同下降管结构内陶瓷球和生物质颗粒的流动规律,对比研究了方形和圆形下降管对颗粒轴向速度、颗粒碰撞率和生物质停留时间的影响,同时考察了管径对颗粒轴向速度和生物质停留时间的影响。搭建了CFD-DEM耦合框架,并利用粒子图像测速技术对模拟进行了速度验证。试验结果表明,模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好;混合颗粒在圆管中的时均轴向速度高于方管,圆管中陶瓷球的最大轴向速度比方管高10%左右;不同管径大小下降管中的颗粒轴向速度差异主要体现在下降管的转弯处,管径60、70和80 mm下降管转弯处的陶瓷球速度依次损失了37%、40%、45%左右,生物质的速度依次损失了49%、52%、54%左右;方管中生物质与壁面的接触碰撞频率更高,圆管中生物质与陶瓷球的接触碰撞频率更高,两种管中分别约为23%和39%的生物质颗粒与陶瓷球接触;陶瓷球的加入后方管和圆管中的生物质停留时间分布离散程度分别增加了10%和17%。研究结果为下降管热解装置中的颗粒流动状态分析及结构设计和优化提供了依据。

基于CFD模拟的带压火焰射流辐射热阻断效果评估

为评估防火墙作为安全屏障对带压火焰射流辐射热的阻断效果,结合CFD模拟和个人风险计算建立热阻断效果定量评估方法。以某化工企业乙烯反应塔泄漏产生的带压火焰为研究对象,利用FLACS软件模拟得到对于储罐表面受到热辐射影响相对最大的位置处(观测点1)原始场景和增加防火墙后,带压火焰作用于邻近储罐的热辐射强度,并计算多米诺效应概率和个人风险值。研究结果表明:原始场景下该位置热辐射强度为310.69 kW/m^(2),事故会扩展到邻近储罐,并产生多米诺效应,多米诺效应概率为7.14×10^(-6);增加防火墙后该位置热辐射强度降低为24.69 kW/m^(2),约为原始场景热辐射的1/13,此时无多米诺效应产生;原始场景下个人风险值为2.11×10^(-9),增加防火墙后为6.33×10^(-13),减小4个数量级,表明防火墙对带压火焰射流辐射的热阻断效果显著。研究结果可为化工企业安全策略构建提供一定理论参考。

Research on process modeling and simulation of spent lead paste desulfurization enhanced reactor

In the reaction process of carbonate desulfurization lead paste,the produced PbCO_(3) is easily wrapped in the outer periphery of PbSO_(4) to form a product layer,hindering the mass transfer process.Therefore,it is necessary to break the PbCO_(3) product layer.In this work,the rotor stator-reinforced reactor was selected as the enhanced desulfurization reactor for the purpose of breaking the PbCO_(3) product layer and promoting mass transfer.The breakage process of the PbCO_(3) product layer generated during the PbSO_(4) desulfurization was modeled.Computational fluid dynamics simulation to the rotation conditions was carried out to theoretically analyze the fluid flow characteristics of PbSO_(4) slurry and the wall shear stress affecting the breakage of PbCO_(3) product layer.By optimizing the rotation conditions,the distribution ratio of effective rotor wall shear stress range achieved 96.1%,and the stator wall shear stress range reached 99.15%under a rotation of 2000 r·min^(-1).The research work provides a reference for analysis of the mechanism of product layer breakage in the PbSO_(4) desulfurization process,and gives a clear and intuitive systematic study on the fluid flow characteristics and wall shear stress of the desulfurization reactor.

高压射流磨振荡反应腔CFD模拟及结构优化

目的:解决工业级高压射流磨(industry-scale microfluidizer,ISM)在实际应用中存在的进料要求高、处理量小、处理效果不佳问题。方法:结合CFD-PBM模拟和乳液制备试验对4种振荡反应腔进行选优,再通过尺寸优化获得最终腔型。结果:4种反应腔相比于原反应腔都拥有更大的孔径和流量;粒径细化效果为T字撞击型>T字—二次撞击型>十字撞击型>二分管型4种反应腔的分流管区均主要存在剪切作用力,撞击管区主要存在撞击作用力,射流管区主要存在剪切作用力和空穴作用力,以上3个区域均存在强湍流。对T字撞击型反应腔进行尺寸优化,得到最终的反应腔模型,其最小管径为0.7 mm,在120 MPa下流量可达878 L/h。优化所得腔型制备的乳液粒径为249 nm,与模拟粒径结果吻合良好。结论:T字撞击型反应腔更具粒径细化优势,撞击作用力是粒径细化的主要因素。