Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Bearing Capacity and Technical Advantages of Composite Bucket Foundation of Offshore Wind Turbines

Based on mechanical characteristics such as large vertical load, large horizontal load, large bending moment and complex geological conditions, a large scale composite bucket foundation （CBF） is put forward. Both the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are employed to study the bearing capacity of CBF and the relationship between loads and ground deformation. Furthermore, monopile, high-rise pile cap, tripod and CBF designs are compared to analyze the bearing capacity and ground deformation, with a 3-MW wind generator as an example. The resuits indicate that CBF can effectively bear horizontal load and large bending moment resulting from upper structures and environmental load.

Consolidation analysis of composite foundation with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles under changing permeable boundary conditions

Based on the double-layered foundation theory, the composite ground with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles was regarded as a double-layered foundation including the surface reinforced area and the underlying untreated stratum. Due to the changing permeability property of CFG piles, the whole consolidation process of the composite ground with CFG piles was divided into two stages, i.e., the early stage(permeable CFG pile bodies) and the later stage(impermeable pile bodies). Then, the consolidation equation of the composite foundation with CFG piles was established by using the Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory. Consequently, the unified formula to calculate the excess pore water pressure was derived with the specific solutions for the consolidation degree of composite ground, reinforced area and underlying stratum under instant load obtained respectively. Finally, combined with a numerical example, influencing rules by main factors(including the replacement rate m, the treatment depth h1, the permeability coefficient Ks1, Kv2 and compression modulus Es1, Es2 of reinforced area and underlying stratum) on the consolidation property of composite ground with CFG piles were discussed in detail. The result shows that the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slower than that of the reinforced area. However, the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slow at first then fast as a result of the transferring of effective stress to the underlying stratum during the dissipating process of excess pore water pressure.

Study of the Bearing Capacity at the Variable Cross-Section of A Riser- Surface Casing Composite Pile

Reducing the cost of offshore platform construction is an urgent issue for marginal oilfield development.The offshore oil well structure includes a riser and a surface casing.The riser,surface casing and oil well cement can be considered special variable cross-section piles.Replacing or partially replacing the steel pipe pile foundation with a variable cross-section pile to provide the required bearing capacity for an offshore oil platform can reduce the cost of foundation construction and improve the economic efficiency of production.In this paper,the finite element analysis method is used to investigate the variable cross-section bearing mode of composite piles composed of a riser and a surface casing in saturated clay under a vertical load.The calculation formula of the bearing capacity at the variable section is derived based on the theory of spherical cavity expansion,the influencing factors of the bearing capacity coefficient N_(c) are revealed,and the calculation method of N_(c) is proposed.By comparing the calculation results with the results of the centrifuge test,the accuracy and applicability of the calculation method are verified.The results show that the riser composite pile has a rigid core in the soil under the variable cross-section,which increases the bearing capacity at the variable cross-section.

Experimental Study of Dynamic Characteristics on Composite Foundation with CFG Long Pile and Rammed Cement-Soil Short Pile

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the two kinds of the typical pile type are selected, which containing flexibility pile (e.g. rammed cement-soil pile is for short RCSP), and rigid pile (e.g. cement-flyash-gravel pile is for short CFGP). The three kinds of the composite foundation are designed, which are CFGP, CFG long pile and CFG short pile (for short CFGLP-CFGSP), CFG long-short pile and rammed cement-soil short pile (for short CFGLP-RCSSP). Natural earthquake is simulated by using the engineering blasting;the dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the composite foundation are studied through field test. CFGLP-RCSSP is closed to linear relation. The bearing capacity of the four composite foundation of the CFGP, CFGLP-CFGSP, and CFGLP-RCSSP in the site are 225 kPa, 179 kPa, and 197 kPa, separately increases 150%, 98.8% and 119% compared to the natural foundation. The vibration main frequency is mainly depended on properties of foundation soil and piles between vibration source and measuring point, pilling load value. Horizontal vibration main frequency greater than the vertical vibration main frequency and the vertical vibration main frequency close to the first-order natural frequency of composite foundation. With the pilling load increasing, the CFGLP-RCSSP pile composite foundation combined frequency decreased. Under the same blast energy, the acceleration peak on the CFG pile composite foundation is less than CFGLP-CFGSP the corresponding values, as the load increases, the peak acceleration gently. CFG pile composite foundation is favorable on seismic. The distribution of peak acceleration is consistent within 4 m from pile top in the CFGLP_RCSSP composite foundation. The maximum of the horizontal acceleration peak along the pile body occurs at a distance of pile top 4 m or the pile top, and that of vertical acceleration peak occurred at a pile top.

CFG桩复合地基附加应力场研究

CFG桩复合地基具有提高承载力、减小变形和成本低等优势,在地基处理中得到广泛应用。然而,实际工程案例表明,现行规范中常用的沉降计算方法与实测值存在较大差距,其中一个主要原因是对附加应力场分布规律了解不足。结合北京海淀某住宅项目案例,现场进行单桩复合地基静载荷试验,进一步使用Midas GTS/NX有限元软件对CFG桩复合地基进行建模分析,得到了复合地基整体附加应力场的分布规律,并研究了桩径、褥垫层厚度与附加应力场的变化规律。这些结果对于理解CFG桩复合地基受力机理并指导设计具有重要意义。

Working mechanism of two-direction reinforced composite foundation

Based on the discussion about working mechanism of horizontal reinforcement and that of vertical reinforcement,respectively,the working mechanism of two-direction reinforced composite foundation was studied.The enhancing effect of horizontal reinforcement on vertical reinforced composite foundation was analyzed.A simplified calculation method for such two-direction reinforced working system was presented.A model experiment was carried out to validate the proposed method.In the experiment,geocell reinforcement worked as the horizontal reinforcement,while gravel pile composite foundation worked as the vertical reinforcement.The results show that the calculated curve is close to the measured one.The installation of geosynthetic reinforcement can increase the bearing capacity of composite foundation by nearly 68% at normal foundation settlement,which suggests that the enhancing effect by geosynthetic reinforcement should be taken into account in current design/analysis methods.

Vertical bearing capacity of pile based on load transfer model

The load transfer analytical method is applied to study the bearing mechanism of piles with vertical load in this paper. According to the different hardening rules of soil or rock around the pile shaft, such as work-softening, ideal elasto-plastic and work-hardening, a universal tri-linear load transfer model is suggested for the development of side and tip resistance by various types of soil (rock) with the consideration of sediment at the bottom of the pile. Based on the model, a formula is derived for the relationship between the settlement and load on the pile top to determine the vertical bearing capacity, taking into account such factors as the characteristics of the stratum, the side resistance along the shaft, and tip resistance under the pile tip. A close agreement of the calculated results with the measured data from a field test pile lends confidence to the future application of the present approach in engineering practice.

基于现场试验的CFG桩复合地基桩帽与垫层效应分析

【目的】柔性垫层和桩帽对CFG桩复合地基的桩土应力比、荷载分担比和沉降均有较大影响,但目前柔性垫层与桩帽在现场试验中如何共同影响复合地基特性仍有待进一步的研究。【方法】以CFG桩复合地基软基处理的某路段作为工程背景,在土工格栅层数不变的情况下,对垫层厚度为100 mm、200 mm、300 mm,桩帽尺寸为0.8 m、1.0 m、1.2 m组合下的形式进行了现场原位试验,研究了CFG桩复合地基的桩土应力比、荷载分担比和沉降特性。【结果】现场试验表明:随着垫层厚度由100 mm增大到300 mm,桩土荷载比减小了51.5%,桩土应力比减小了52.5%,总沉降量增大了7.9%;随着桩帽直径由0.8 m增大到1.2 m,桩土荷载比增大了29.0%,桩土应力比减小了29.2%,总沉降量10.4%.本文区域地质条件,宜选用垫层厚度100 mm、桩帽直径为1.2 m的CFG桩复合地基形式。

重载码头堆场CFG桩网复合地基离心模型试验研究

CFG桩网复合地基广泛应用于处理软土地基。采用土工离心模型试验研究某码头堆场超大荷载下CFG桩网复合地基的变形和桩土应力特性,试验模拟了地基、CFG桩、树根桩、加筋垫层、防尘网和轨道梁基础、矿石堆载等,分析了超大荷载作用下复合地基表面变形、桩顶轴力、桩间土压力、桩土应力比的变化规律。试验结果表明,复合地基的沉降速率在稳定控制标准之内,沉降量满足堆场使用要求,防尘网基础和轨道梁基础水平位移和沉降均很小,桩土应力比为25.2~43.8,CFG桩网复合地基在350 kPa荷载作用下是稳定安全的,达到了预期加固效果。

CFG桩复合地基设计与施工工艺

以CFG桩复合地基为研究对象,介绍了CFG桩的概念和基本原理,并结合具体工程,从土层参数、桩径、桩间距、面积置换率等方面进行了CFG桩复合地基设计,对CFG桩复合地基施工技术要点展开了研究,开展CFG桩复合地基的现场载荷试验,并对试验结果进行分析。

Settlement Characteristics of Cement Fly-Ash GravelPile-Plate Composite Foundation of High-Speed Railway

Field tests on settlement characteristics were carried out on the cement fly-ash gravel （CFG） pile-plate composite foundation on Beijing-Xuzhou section of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. The settlements of the piles and the soil between pries were measured and analyzed. The results show that the settlement-time dependency experienced three phases： rapid development phase, stable development phase and stable phase. Therefore, surcharge preloading was necessary to reduce the settlement after construction. The finite element software Plaxis was used to calculate the deformations of the pile top and the soil between piles at the embankment center, as well as the settlements of CFG pile reinforcement area and the underlying stratum under surcharge preloading. The calculation results and the field test results were compared and analyzed. Both the results show that the settlement of the composite foundation mainly occured in underlying stratum. The settlement characteristics of pile-plate composite foundation under high embankment are also concluded.

Experimental Study on Horizontal Bearing Characteristics of Screw Pile

The horizontal bearing capacity of the screw pile and monopile was analyzed by model tests.Results showed that the horizontal bearing capacity of the screw pile was significantly greater than that of the monopile under the same loading conditions.With the increase in horizontal loading speed,the ultimate horizontal bearing capacity of the two piles also increases,and the difference decreases gradually.Moreover,the influence of vertical loading on the horizontal bearing capacity of screw pile and monopile is studied at the horizontal loading speed of 2 mm s-1.The findings indicate that vertical load evidently affects the horizontal bearing capacity of common piles,but slightly influences the horizontal bearing capacity of screw piles.

CFG桩复合地基设计要点

结合已有研究成果及工程实践,从CFG桩复合地基设计角度出发,对设计过程中的附加压力、变形计算深度、压缩模量、压缩模量提高系数、地下水等设计要点进行了分析,并探讨了桩长、桩径、桩间距等参数的选取原则,得出桩径越小,经济性越好,但同时相邻桩相互影响问题更加突出等结论。

水泥土搅拌桩+CFG桩在公路工程软基处理中的应用

文中以绵阳某公路项目为例,对水泥土搅拌桩+CFG桩复合地基在公路工程软基处理中的应用进行研究,采用静载试验对复合地基的承载力特征值进行验证。结果表明,水泥土搅拌桩+CFG桩复合地基展现出良好的承载力和稳定性,具有较高的经济效益和社会效益。

后植筋技术在CFG桩复合地基静载试验中的应用

为了克服传统堆载法静载试验的局限性,提出在试验桩周围工程桩上后植钢筋的方式组成反力系统的新型静载试验。以某高层建筑CFG桩复合地基为例,详细介绍了后植筋锚桩反力系统的设计。该新型反力系统成功应用于最大加载量为4498.2kN的CFG桩复合地基静载试验,相比传统堆载法可减小使用配重91.7%,节约费用78.8%。该新型反力系统中各后植筋轴力表现为靠近主梁的较大,远离主梁的较小,最远端后植筋轴力发挥不充分。后植筋锚桩反力法对于静载试验具有较重要的工程实用价值。

提高CFG桩Ⅰ类桩成桩率应用研究

文中结合实际工程实践及相关规范,分析了CFG桩复合地基中影响CFG桩Ⅰ类桩成桩率的因素,通过控制钻机垂直度、混凝土坍落度、充盈系数等指标,CFG桩Ⅰ类桩比例由87.3%提升至97.8%,提高了12.1%,效果显著。研究成果可为类似工程提供参考。

CFG桩复合地基在高填方路基加固中的应用——以一汽大众生活区配套道路工程为例

针对佛山市南海区一汽大众生活区配套道路工程特定的场地特点,经分析比较,选用CFG桩复合地基对软土地基条件下的高填方路基进行加固处理,论文介绍了CFG桩复合地基计算方法,分析了CFG桩的桩长、桩径、桩间距对路基沉降的影响,综合考虑设计合理与经济性,最终确定CFG桩的桩径为0.5 m,桩长为8 m,桩间距为1.8 m。

CFG桩复合地基在高层建筑中的应用与分析

以广东一高层建筑使用的CFG桩复合地基为例,分析CFG桩的设计以及处理效果,探究在本地区的适用性,进行复合地基增强体静载试验以及复合地基静载试验。试验表明:CFG桩可以大幅度提高复合地基承载力,有效降低建筑沉降,同时荷载在加载到最大设计值时,Q-S曲线仍未出现陡降段,承载力仍有很大的储备空间,可以对设计进行更深的优化。

高富水淤泥质地层中CFG桩软基加固施工技术研究

CFG桩软基加固是高富水淤泥质地层处理的一种手段,对提高高富水淤泥质地层承载能力和稳定性具有重要作用,为此提出高富水淤泥质地层中CFG桩软基加固施工技术研究。通过施工准备、长螺旋钻进成孔、泥浆制备、注浆成桩,完成高富水淤泥质地层中CFG桩软基加固施工。通过实际案例应用,加固后高富水淤泥质地层路基承载力得到了有效的提升,沉降变形得到了有效的控制,具有良好的加固效果。