Embodied Energy and CO2 Associated with Buildings by Using Input and Output Table in Japan

In July 2009, the 2005 basic Japanese input/output table was publicized together with its physical transaction table. This research paper analyzed the 2005 IO （input/output） table to create building industry-related intensities and, at the same time, compared the building industry with industries at large for distribution margins and transportation. The analysis of distribution margins separately for middle and purchaser margins found that middle margins in the building industry are minor at 35% of the averages for all industries, while purchaser margins are sizable at 1.8 times, proving that it is an industry for which local production for local consumption is quite effective. CO2 emissions resulting from transportation in the building industry were calculated and concisely characterized. Although the ratio of transportation CO2 emissions to total CO2 emissions in each industry finds almost no difference between general industries and the building industry, transportation CO2 emissions per production value are two to three times heavier than those from general industries to be justified as a transportation-intensive industry.

Study on Impact of Embodied Energy and CO2 Emissions for Prolongation of Building Life Time： Case Study in Japan

In this study, we looked at a method quantifying EEC （embodied energy and CO2） and the effect when we prolonged the building life time particularly through the durable improvement of the structure. Increasing the covering thickness of concrete for reinforcing bars and the earthquake-resistant strength are methods to increase the durability of the structure. The calculation method to obtain the quantity of concrete and reinforcing bars is provided. The EEC increase is evaluated from the 2005 input-output table in Japan. These results show that EE （embodied energy） in the construction phase is increased by 11% to 20% and EC （embodied CO2） 17% to 32%. However, annual EE is reduced 66% to 72% and EC 70% to 79%,

Sources and Flows of Embodied CO_2 Emissions in Import and Export Trade of China

This paper uses the Global Trade Analysis Project(version 7)database to calculate embodied CO2emissions in bilateral trade between China and other countries(regions)based on input-output methods.The sources and flows of embodied CO2emissions in import and export trade of China are analyzed.Results show that the flows of embodied CO2emissions in export trade are highly concentrated.The main flows to the United States(US)and Japan account for 1/4 and 1/7 of the total CO2emissions in export trade,respectively.Concentrated flows of total exports and small differences in export structure are the main reasons for the highly concentrated export trade.The sources of embodied CO2emissions in import trade have relatively low concentration.Taiwan Province of China,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,US,Russia,Republic of Korea,and Japan account for around 7.72%–12.67%of the total embodied CO2emissions in import trade.The relative dispersion of import sources,the impact of the import structure,and the level of production technology in importing countries caused low concentration of CO2emissions in import trade.Overall,the embodied CO2emissions in the export trade of China are higher than those in import trade.As a result,production-based CO2emissions are higher than consumption-based CO2emissions.The difference of 8.96×108t of CO2,which comes mainly from the US,Japan,Germany,and the United Kingdom,accounts for 58.70%of the total difference.Some suggestions,such as improving energy efficiency,alerting high carbon-intensive industries transfer,expanding the market for sharing risks,and prompting the accounting system of consumption-based CO2emissions,are proposed based on the results.

Carbon Emissions Embodied in China’s International Trade of Textiles and Clothing

International trade of textiles and clothing has numerous environmental implications, such as carbon leakage. In order to estimate the CO2 emissions embodied in China's imports and exports of textiles and clothing, an empirical analysis was carried out with environmental input-output analysis (EIOA) method using the most recent data available. The results indicate that China is a net exporter of embodied CO2 emissions on account of its international trade of textiles and clothing. The amount of the net exported embodied CO2 emissions increases from 110 million metric tons(Mt) of CO2 in 2002 to 280 Mt of CO2 in 2011. In particular, United States, Japan, and European Union transfer to China 339 Mt of CO2, 291 Mt of CO2 and 396 Mt of CO2 respectively during the period of 2002 -2011.

Changing trends and determinating factors of trade-embodied CO_2 emissions in China

Embodied carbon in trade has attracted the attention of researchers, developers, and industry leaders worldwide, as it has become a considerable source of trade conflict. Because China is the world's leading carbon-emitting country, it is important to study the change trends of embodied CO_2 in Chinese trade to identify key influencing factors. This paper investigates the trade embodied CO_2 in China, with special focus on the production process and materials of each industrial sector from 1990 to 2013. This study was conducted by using an input-output model, which analyzes the specific causes of periodic waves. Our findings suggest that the machine manufacturing sector produced the largest share of emissions, whereas the metal and non-metal sector has the highest emission intensity. Moreover, the total emission quantities in trade increased from 612 to 3331 million tons in 1990 to 2013, a period characterized by decentralized trends in emissions exported to trade partners. We also employed the log-mean Divisia index(LMDI) model to decompose the carbon emissions changes into export structure, export scale, energy structure, and energy intensity, and estimate the influence of these factors at a number of time points. We found that energy intensity curbs emissions increase, and that export scale expansion is the strongest driving force.

Estimation of China'S Embodied CO_2 Emissions during 2000-2009

The problem of CO2 embodied in international trade has attracted increasing attention in China. To analyze this issue, the present paper directly calculates emission factors for 15 industries in 2002, 2005 and2007. We then examine a consumption-based system and a single-region input-output model to estimate China＇s embodied emissions during 2000- 2009. Our results show that, when a consumption-based system is adopted, China＇s emissions are lower than those reported by some international organizations. The rapid growth in China ＇s exports＇ is a key determinant of China＇s rising total emissions. All countries shouM strengthen their cooperation in improving their current greenhouse gas inventories. Furthermore, China needs to encourage trade in low-carbon products and technology.