In order to quantify the contribution of the mitigation strategies,an extended Kaya identity has been proposed in this paper for decomposing the various factors that influence the CO2 emission.To this end,we provided ...In order to quantify the contribution of the mitigation strategies,an extended Kaya identity has been proposed in this paper for decomposing the various factors that influence the CO2 emission.To this end,we provided a detailed decomposition of the carbon intensity and energy intensity,which enables the quantification of clean energy development and electrification.The logarithmic mean divisia index(LMDI)has been applied to the historical data to quantify the contributions of the various factors affecting the CO2 emissions.Further,the global energy interconnection(GEI)scenario has been introduced for providing a systematic solution to meet the 2℃goal of the Paris Agreement.By combining LMDI with the scenario analysis,the mitigation potential of the various factors for CO2 emission has been analyzed.Results from the historical data indicate that economic development and population growth contribute the most to the increase in CO2 emissions,whereas improvement in the power generation efficiency predominantly helps in emission reduction.A numerical analysis,performed for obtaining the projected future carbon emissions,suggests that clean energy development and electrification are the top two factors that can decrease CO2 emissions,thus showing their great potential for mitigation in the future.Moreover,the carbon capture and storage technology serves as an important supplementary mitigation method.展开更多
In the present study, a great effort was made to improve the performance of an industrial liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and natural gas liquid(NGL) production unit in one of the major gas refinery located at Pars speci...In the present study, a great effort was made to improve the performance of an industrial liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and natural gas liquid(NGL) production unit in one of the major gas refinery located at Pars special economic zone in Iran. To demonstrate and obtain the optimal condition, the unit was simulated by using a steady-state flowsheet simulator, i.e. Aspen Plus, under different operational conditions. According to the simulation results,the unit was not operational under its optimal conditions due to some defects in the cooling system at top stage of the debutanizer tower(DBT) during hot and humid seasons. Additionally, the vapor pressure of produced LPG and accordingly the amount of its flaring were decreased by reducing the temperature of debutanizer tower at top stages. In the optimization section, the DBT condenser and reboiler heat duty, temperature, and pressure were regulated as adjustable parameters. The simulation results demonstrated that by applying the optimum suggestion in the hot months, the reflux stream temperature was reached about 55 ℃ which caused an efficient increment in LPG production(about 4%) with adjusting the propane component in LPG, based on the standard range as the plant criteria. Moreover, after applying modifications, about 750 t of LPG product was saved from flaring during five hot months of the year, which resulted in 360000 USD extra annual income for the company.Finally, from environmental point of view, this optimization caused to reduce 81 t of CO_2 emission to the environment. Therefore, the current investigation must be introduced as a friendly environmentally process.展开更多
Carbon dioxide(CO_2) emission from the rivertype reservoir is an hotspot of carbon cycle within inland waters. However, related studies on the different types of reservoirs are still inadequate. Therefore, we sampled ...Carbon dioxide(CO_2) emission from the rivertype reservoir is an hotspot of carbon cycle within inland waters. However, related studies on the different types of reservoirs are still inadequate. Therefore, we sampled the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), a typical river-type reservoir having both river and lake characteristics, using an online system(HydroCTM/CO_2) and YSI-6600v2 meter to determine the partial pressure of carbon dioxide(pCO_2)and physical chemical parameters in 2013. The results showed that the CO_2 flux from the mainstream ranged from 26.1 to 92.2 mg CO_2/m^2h with average CO_2 fluxes of 50.0 mg/m^2h. The CO_2 fluxes from the tributary ranged from-10.91 to 53.95 mg CO_22/mh with area-weighted average CO_2 fluxes of 11.4 mg/m^2h. The main stream emits CO_2 to the atmosphere the whole year; however, the surface water of the tributary can sometimes act as a sink of CO_2 for the atmosphere. As the operation of the TGR, the tributary became more favorable to photosynthetic uptake of CO_2 especially in summer. The total CO_2 flux was estimated to be 0.34 and 0.03 Tg CO_2/year from the mainstream and the tributaries, respectively. Our emission rates are lower than previous estimates, but they are in agreement with the average CO_2 flux from temperate reservoirs estimated by Barros et al.(Nat Geosci 4(9):593–596, 2011).展开更多
Carbon capture and storage(CCS)has been proposed as a potential technology to mitigate climate change.However,there is currently a huge gap between the current global deployment of this technology and that which will ...Carbon capture and storage(CCS)has been proposed as a potential technology to mitigate climate change.However,there is currently a huge gap between the current global deployment of this technology and that which will be ultimately required.Whilst CO2 can be captured at any geographic location,storage of CO2 will be constrained by the geological storage potential in the area the CO2 is captured.The geological storage potential can be evaluated at a very high level according to the tectonic setting of the target area.To date,CCS deployment has been restricted to more favourable tectonic settings,such as extensional passive margin and post-rift basins and compressional foreland basins.However,to reach the adequate level of deployment,the potential for CCS of regions in different tectonic settings needs to be explored and assessed worldwide.Surprisingly,the potential of compressional basins for carbon storage has not been universally evaluated according to the global and regional carbon emission distribution.Here,we present an integrated source-to-sink analysis tool that combines comprehensive,open-access information on basin distribution,hydrocarbon resources and CO2 emissions based on geographical information systems(GIS).Compressional settings host some of the most significant hydrocarbon-bearing basins and 36% of inland CO2 emissions but,to date,large-scale CCS facilities in compressional basins are concentrated in North America and the Middle East only.Our source-to-sink tool allows identifying five high-priority regions for prospective CCS development in compressional basins:North America,north-western South America,south-eastern Europe,the western Middle East and western China.We present a study of the characteristics of these areas in terms of CO2 emissions and CO2 storage potential.Additionally,we conduct a detailed case-study analysis of the Sichuan Basin(China),one of the compressional basins with the greatest CO2 storage potential.Our results indicate that compressional basins will have to play a critical role in the future of CCS if this technology is to be implemented worldwide.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agricultural production in Guangdong Province and put forward feasible reduction measures.[Method] Based on the data from China Energy Statisti...[Objective] The aim was to study CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agricultural production in Guangdong Province and put forward feasible reduction measures.[Method] Based on the data from China Energy Statistical Yearbook and Guangdong Statistical Yearbook,CO2 emissions from agricultural energy use in Guangdong Province from 2000 to 2009 was estimated by using the formula of carbon emissions recommended by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),and corresponding reduction measures were put forward.[Result] With the rapid increase of agricultural output and energy consumption,CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agricultural production in Guangdong Province showed increasing trend from 2000 to 2009,that is to say,increasing from 423.63×104 t C million tons in 2000 to 605.99×104 t C in 2009,with annual growth rate of 4.1%.Meanwhile,carbon emissions intensity during energy consumption in agriculture went down in recent ten years,in other words,decreasing from 0.424 t C/×104 yuan in 2000 to 0.301 t C/×104 yuan in 2009,and its annual decreasing rate was 3.7%.The variation of CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agriculture mainly resulted from the increase of agricultural output,improvement of energy utilization efficiency,high carbonization in agricultural energy consumption structure and so forth.Therefore,in order to reduce CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agriculture,it is necessary to vigorously develop rural renewable energy,develop and popularize advanced technology for energy utilization,advance the energy conservation of agricultural machines,establish and improve the macroeconomic control mechanism for carbon emissions from the energy consumption in agricultural production in the further.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the establishment of policy about reducing carbon emissions from agricultural energy consumption in Guangdong Province.展开更多
International trade of textiles and clothing has numerous environmental implications, such as carbon leakage. In order to estimate the CO2 emissions embodied in China's imports and exports of textiles and clothing...International trade of textiles and clothing has numerous environmental implications, such as carbon leakage. In order to estimate the CO2 emissions embodied in China's imports and exports of textiles and clothing, an empirical analysis was carried out with environmental input-output analysis (EIOA) method using the most recent data available. The results indicate that China is a net exporter of embodied CO2 emissions on account of its international trade of textiles and clothing. The amount of the net exported embodied CO2 emissions increases from 110 million metric tons(Mt) of CO2 in 2002 to 280 Mt of CO2 in 2011. In particular, United States, Japan, and European Union transfer to China 339 Mt of CO2, 291 Mt of CO2 and 396 Mt of CO2 respectively during the period of 2002 -2011.展开更多
Tourism has a positive impact on economic growth,and it is one of the rapidly growing sectors in Mongolia.The Mongolian government,focusing on the development of tourism and transportation since 1990,has made it possi...Tourism has a positive impact on economic growth,and it is one of the rapidly growing sectors in Mongolia.The Mongolian government,focusing on the development of tourism and transportation since 1990,has made it possible for achieving continuously growing sustainable tourism.Sustainable tourism is a way of maintaining a high level of tourist satisfaction while reducing adverse impacts on the environment.As transportation has been an integral part of the tourism industry,the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of transportation infrastructure,CO2 emission,and other classical demand factors on tourism flow in Mongolia by using a gravity model.Utilizing a panel data of tourists from 30 countries with the highest number of travel visits in Mongolia from 2002 to 2018,the study employs on panel co-integration analysis,aside from the conventional pooled ordinary least squares(OLS),fixed effects,and random effects estimators,to estimate the long-run relationship between Mongolian tourism flow and their respective determinants.According to the result of this study,the local transportation system and transportation investment have came out negative due to the underdeveloped transportation system.Moreover,the research indicates that carbon dioxide emission has a positive impact on tourism flow in the long-run.展开更多
The impact of human carbon emissions on climate has generated widespread global concern. We selected 24 countries as research objects and analysed the changes in carbon emissions in different countries between the est...The impact of human carbon emissions on climate has generated widespread global concern. We selected 24 countries as research objects and analysed the changes in carbon emissions in different countries between the establishment of emission reduction actions in 1990 and 2014. Then, we selected 19 factors representing four categories(economy, population, technology and energy) to explore the key factors that led to changes in carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions in different countries. Emission reduction actions since 1990 did not lead to marked improvements, and only five countries(Russia, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and France) achieved reductions in carbon emissions. The factors that influenced CO2 emissions varied among countries. In most developing countries, reductions in CO2 emissions were caused by reductions in poverty and inherent natural conditions. Moreover, the extent of influence of a given factor on CO2 emissions differed among countries. The global economic crisis may cause similar fluctuations in CO2 emissions in many countries. Adjustments to energy and industrial structures are the main reason for the reduction in carbon emissions, whereas economic growth and urbanization are the two major contributors to the growth of carbon emissions. According to historical carbon emissions data, a green energy revolution must be implemented to address global climate change and ensure the sustainable development of human societies.展开更多
One of the impacts of the Fukushima disaster was the shutdown of all nuclear power plants in Japan,reaching zero production in 2015.In response,the country started importing more fossil energy including coal,oil,and n...One of the impacts of the Fukushima disaster was the shutdown of all nuclear power plants in Japan,reaching zero production in 2015.In response,the country started importing more fossil energy including coal,oil,and natural gas to fill the energy gap.However,this led to a significant increase in carbon emissions,hindering the efforts to reduce its carbon footprint.In the current situation,Japan is actively working to balance its energy requirements with environmental considerations,including the utilization of hydrogen fuel.Therefore,this paper aims to explore the feasibility and implications of using hydrogen power plants as a means to reduce emissions,and this analysis will be conducted using the energy modeling of the MARKAL-TIMES Japan framework.The hydrogen scenario(HS)is assumed with the extensive integration of hydrogen into the power generation sector,supported by a hydrogen import scheme.Additionally,this scenario will be compared with the Business as Usual(BAU)scenario.The results showed that the generation capacities of the BAU and HS scenarios have significantly different primary energy supplies.The BAU scenario is highly dependent on fossil fuels,while the HS scenario integrates hydrogen contribution along with an increase in renewable energy,reaching a peak contribution of 2,160 PJ in 2050.In the HS scenario,the target of reducing CO2 emissions by 80%is achieved through significant hydrogen penetration.By 2050,the total CO2 emissions are estimated to be 939 million tons for the BAU scenario and 261 million tons for the Hydrogen scenario.In addition,the contribution of hydrogen to electricity generation is expected to be 153 TWh,smaller than PV and wind power.展开更多
There are eight provinces and autonomous regions(Gansu Province,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Tibet Autonomous Region,Qinghai Province,Shanxi Province,...There are eight provinces and autonomous regions(Gansu Province,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Tibet Autonomous Region,Qinghai Province,Shanxi Province,and Shaanxi Province)in Northwest China,most areas of which are located in arid and semi-arid regions(northwest of the 400 mm precipitation line),accounting for 58.74%of the country's land area and sustaining approximately 7.84×10^6 people.Because of drought conditions and fragile ecology,these regions cannot develop agriculture at the expense of the environment.Given the challenges of global warming,the green total factor productivity(GTFP),taking CO2 emissions as an undesirable output,is an effective index for measuring the sustainability of agricultural development.Agricultural GTFP can be influenced by both internal production factors(labor force,machinery,land,agricultural plastic film,diesel,pesticide,and fertilizer)and external climate factors(temperature,precipitation,and sunshine duration).In this study,we used the Super-slacks-based measure(Super-SBM)model to measure agricultural GTFP during the period 2000-2016 at the regional level.Our results show that the average agricultural GTFP of most provinces and autonomous regions in arid and semi-arid regions underwent a fluctuating increase during the study period(2000-2016),and the fluctuation was caused by the production factors(input and output factors).To improve agricultural GTFP,Shaanxi,Shanxi,and Gansu should reduce agricultural labor force input;Shaanxi,Inner Mongolia,Gansu,and Shanxi should decrease machinery input;Shaanxi,Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,and Shanxi should reduce fertilizer input;Shaanxi,Xinjiang,Gansu,and Ningxia should reduce diesel input;Xinjiang and Gansu should decrease plastic film input;and Gansu,Shanxi,and Inner Mongolia should cut pesticide input.Desirable output agricultural earnings should be increased in Qinghai and Tibet,and undesirable output(CO2 emissions)should be reduced in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,Gansu,and Shaanxi.Agricultural GTFP is influenced not only by internal production factors but also by external climate factors.To determine the influence of climate factors on GTFP in these provinces and autonomous regions,we used a Geographical Detector(Geodetector)model to analyze the influence of climate factors(temperature,precipitation,and sunshine duration)and identify the relationships between different climate factors and GTFP.We found that temperature played a significant role in the spatial heterogeneity of GTFP among provinces and autonomous regions in arid and semi-arid regions.For Xinjiang,Inner Mongolia,and Tibet,a suitable average annual temperature would be in the range of 7℃-9℃;for Gansu,Shanxi,and Ningxia,it would be 11℃-13℃;and for Shaanxi,it would be 15℃-17℃.Stable climatic conditions and more efficient production are prerequisites for the development of sustainable agriculture.Hence,in the agricultural production process,reducing the redundancy of input factors is the best way to reduce CO2 emissions and to maintain temperatures,thereby improving the agricultural GTFP.The significance of this study is that it explores the impact of both internal production factors and external climatic factors on the development of sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions,identifying an effective way forward for the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.展开更多
The Paris Agreement establishes a new mechanism for post-2020 global climate governance, and sets long-term goals for global response to climate change, which will accelerate worldwide low-carbon transformation of eco...The Paris Agreement establishes a new mechanism for post-2020 global climate governance, and sets long-term goals for global response to climate change, which will accelerate worldwide low-carbon transformation of economic development pattern, promote the revolutionary reform of energy system, boost a fundamental change in the mode of social production and consumption, and further the civilization of human society from industrial civilization to eco-civilization. The urgency of global low-carbon transition will reshape the competition situation of world's economy, trade and technology. Taking the construction of eco-civilization as a guide, China explores green and low-carbon development paths,establishes ambitious intended nationally determined contribution(INDC) targets and action plans, advances energy production and consumption revolution, and speeds up the transformation of economic development pattern. These strategies and actions not only confirm to the trend of the world low-carbon transition, but also meet the intrinsic requirements for easing the domestic resources and environment constraints and realizing sustainable development. They are multi-win-win strategies for promotion of economic development and environmental protection and mitigation of carbon emissions. China should take the global long-term emission reduction targets as a guide, and formulate medium and long-term low-carbon development strategy, build the core competitiveness of low-carbon advanced technology and development pattern, and take an in-depth part in global governance so as to reflect the responsibility of China as a great power in constructing a community of common destiny for all mankind and addressing global ecological crisis.展开更多
Soil respiration studies in paludified forests of the European part of Russia are quite rare in comparison with those of open peat bogs,which make long-term observations in this region highly relevant.In this study,so...Soil respiration studies in paludified forests of the European part of Russia are quite rare in comparison with those of open peat bogs,which make long-term observations in this region highly relevant.In this study,soil CO2 emissions were measured by the close chamber method in different microlandscapes of paludified forests.For four summer seasons with different environments,soil respiration ranged from 1078 to 248 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1 in a paludified spruce forest site with coarse woody debris to 659–820 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1 in a paludified boggy pine forest.The most intensive soil respiration was observed during the hot summer of 2013 and the lowest in the hot and humid summer of 2016.Annual total soil CO2 emissions in paludified forests in 2015–2016 were approximately 2000–3000 g CO2 m-2.During the year,the lowest CO2 emission values were observed from November to April(14–84 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1)and the maximum were in July and August(522–1205 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1).The contributions of CO2 emissions in the cold November–April period were 6–8.5%.The impacts of temperature on soil respiration were higher(r2=0.45–0.57)than those of groundwater levels(r^2=0.17–0.49).Soil respiration in the paludified spruce forest and in the pine bog generally were higher than emissions from ecosystems with similar hydrothermal conditions in the boreal zone.展开更多
The conversion of carbon dioxide to chemicals by the electrochemical reactions(ERC)is an efficient solution to the current energy crisis and excess CO_(2) emissions.It is still a great challenge and of significance to...The conversion of carbon dioxide to chemicals by the electrochemical reactions(ERC)is an efficient solution to the current energy crisis and excess CO_(2) emissions.It is still a great challenge and of significance to synthesize a highly selective,efficient,and non-noble metal electrocatalyst that facilitates the ERC reaction.A novel triton X-100(C_(14)H_(22)O(C_(2)H_(4)O)n)assisted electrodeposition method was developed to synthesize the ordered cone-structured tin(OCSn)electrocatalysts with controllable morphology and structure.The results suggest that Triton X-100 plays an important role in directing the structure of the Sn electrocatalysts during the electrodeposition process.The OCSn synthesized at 60 m A cm^(-2) achieves the best performances.It selectively catalyzes the ERC on the onset potential about 110 m V lower than Sn synthesized without Triton X-100.In 0.5 M Na HCO_(3),high faradaic efficiency(92%)for formate product on OCSn has been achieved.More prominently,the catalyst presents excellent stability,showing no performance deterioration during 30 h electrolysis.This work provides an efficient,green,and scalable synthesis method of the electrocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction to formate.展开更多
More than 10000 different types of ship ply the waters of Bangladesh all year round,but the performance of these ships in terms of CO2 emission is not known and regulations related to energy efficiency of inland water...More than 10000 different types of ship ply the waters of Bangladesh all year round,but the performance of these ships in terms of CO2 emission is not known and regulations related to energy efficiency of inland waterway ships remain nonexistent.This paper attempts to assess the present situation of inland class vessels in terms of Energy Efficiency Design Index(EEDI).With the use of a developed database of inland vessels in Bangladesh,EEDI reference lines for different types of inland vessels in Bangladesh were established and then compared with those of other countries.The present EEDI of existing inland vessels was investigated.Results indicate that most of the existing vessels do not meet the current EEDI baseline.Hence,new guidelines are necessary to achieve EEDI compliance in the near future.Some recommendations were proposed for improving CO2 emissions,with the socioeconomic and technical factors in Bangladesh taken into consideration.展开更多
The paper focus on the life cycle analysis of stainless steels.It describes the system boundaries and gives an evaluation of the CO2 emissions of Stainless Steels from cradle to gate.It gives as well an evaluation of ...The paper focus on the life cycle analysis of stainless steels.It describes the system boundaries and gives an evaluation of the CO2 emissions of Stainless Steels from cradle to gate.It gives as well an evaluation of the recycling rates of stainless steels according to the market applications and an evaluation of the overall cycle of manufacturing and scraps in 2005 on a world wide basis.It concludes with a presentation of some remarkable application focusing on green energy and future growth markets.展开更多
The AOD is by its very nature and purpose a large generator of CO2.The total CO2 emission from the process can be divided into two parts-the direct part which is proportional to the carbon removal from the metal and t...The AOD is by its very nature and purpose a large generator of CO2.The total CO2 emission from the process can be divided into two parts-the direct part which is proportional to the carbon removal from the metal and the indirect part which is related to the consumption of additives such as reduction agents,slag formers and alloys. The production of the additives typically required for a heat causes large emissions of CO2,in fact,often larger than what is generated from the direct part.By applying a real-time adaptive optimization of the oxygen to inert gas ratio over small time increments,the overall carbon removal efficiency is increased while the consumption of reduction agents and slag formers are decreased.This removes unnecessary production costs and minimizes the total emission of CO2. In this paper a process concept with optimized gas administration over a large number of time increments is compared with a more traditional process practice.The work is based on industrially proven process models integrated in the UTCAS software package for converter management and control.Finally,this paper concludes on how the suggested process can be applied in actual plant operation.展开更多
Climate change and food security are among the pressing challenges facing humanity in the 21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="fo...Climate change and food security are among the pressing challenges facing humanity in the 21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, total nitrogen (TN), texture, and bulk density (BD) are important soil properties, which control climate change. Three land use systems (smallholder </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, grazing land</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and forest lands) that coexist in the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Bamenda Highlands (BH) influence ecosystem</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> services and induce soil degradation with the loss of SOC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation of SOC and some soil physicochemical properties as affected by the three land use systems (LUS). A total of 21 composite soil samples collected from 7 microclimatic zones of BH following “S” shape plots to the depth of 0 - 30 cm, were analysed for moisture content (MC), SOC, TN, BD, available phosphorus (Av.P), pH and texture. The results revealed that grazing land had the lowest mean sand content (40.79 ± 4.07). Mean MC, TN</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> SOC (%) content were significantly higher </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05) </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in forest land than those </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the grazing land </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and smallholder farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Conversely, BD and Av.P were significantly higher</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05)</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in smallholder farmlands than grazing and forest lands probably due to different</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> litter accumulation and agricultural practices. </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Moisture content and TN revealed positive significant correlations (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05) with SOC, while BD and Av.P revealed negative significant correlations (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Mean SOC density in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">smallholder farmlands (132.91 ± 9.48 tC/ha)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lowest among the three land use types. Losses in CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> equivalence, as a result of land use change </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">from forest lands to smallholder farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 137.33 t/ha while that from </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">grazing lands to smallholder farmlands were</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 109.13 t/ha. </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Total organic carbon (TOC) stocks differed significantly (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05) from smallholder farmlands (10.73 Mt) to forest lands (91.13 Mt)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. A sustainable farming</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> technique that enhances SOC sequestration and minimizes soil CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emissions is therefore recommended to replace tillage ridges formation commonly practiced by smallholder farmers.展开更多
Land transport can no longer meet the requirements.European transport can be described by these words−crowded motorways and cities,dangerous emissions,ubiquitous traffic accidents,delays,expensive railways.Solutions a...Land transport can no longer meet the requirements.European transport can be described by these words−crowded motorways and cities,dangerous emissions,ubiquitous traffic accidents,delays,expensive railways.Solutions are being sought to transfer a large part of passengers and especially freight transport to(high-speed)rail,and efforts are moving towards electromobility,car-sharing,5G-connectivity,autonomous driving,MaaS(Mobility as a Service)-coordinated transport or hyperloop-type solutions.However,all these solutions have additional challenges and limitations.Solutions are not being searched where they really exist-in the mutual adaptation of road and rail vehicles and their deep cooperation.The ComplexTrans project shows that simply adapting the dimensions and functions of road and rail vehicles can eliminate(or at least significantly reduce)all the problems of existing land transport.The main features of the ComplexTrans system are sufficient parking spaces,reduction of urban and non-urban congestion,electric vehicles with unlimited range and cheaper than standard cars,cheaper and more accessible battery charging,“autonomous ride”,solving the overlap between passenger and freight rail transport and making it self-financing,transferring intercity freight transport to rail,replacing part of continental air transport and many others.The cost-effective and clustered individual transport and individualised public transport of the ComplexTrans system also bring very significant reductions in the risk of transmission of covid-19 and other contagious diseases during transport.展开更多
The long-term energy demand in China and the-Chinese share in global CO2 emission are forecasted on the basis of scenarios of population growth and economy development up to 2050 proposed in view of the interaction of...The long-term energy demand in China and the-Chinese share in global CO2 emission are forecasted on the basis of scenarios of population growth and economy development up to 2050 proposed in view of the interaction of energy, economy, environment and social development. The total energy demand in 2050 will reach 4.4~ 5.4 billion tce. It is shown in energy supply analysis that coal is China’s major energy in primary energy supply. The share of CO2 emission in the future Chinese energy system will be out of proportion to its energy consumption share because of the high persentage of coal to be consumed. It will reach about 27%. The nuclear option which would replace 30.7% of coal in the total primary energy supply will reduce the share by 9.8%. So the policy considerations on the future Chinese energy system is of great importance to the global CO2 issues.展开更多
In light of the growth in vertically specialized in global trade,the present paper uses input-output tables from the World Input-Output Database to construct an environmental multiregional input-output model to calcul...In light of the growth in vertically specialized in global trade,the present paper uses input-output tables from the World Input-Output Database to construct an environmental multiregional input-output model to calculate the CO_2 emissions embodied in China's international trade during 1995-2009.The advantage of this model lies in its incorporation of the reexported CO_2emissions component embodied in trade and its ability to differentiate domesticsourcedCO_2 emissions from foreign-sourced CO_2 emissions in trade.The results show that carbon emissions embodied in both China's exports and imports increased significantly during 1995-2009.One important reason for this is that the re-exported carbon emissions embodied in China's imported intermediate inputs increased substantially during this period.Our research reveals that accelerating the transformation of trade pattern and upgrading processing trade should be emphasized in the formulation of policy to prompt CO_2 emissions abatement in China.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of GEIGC(101662227)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018 YFB0905000).
文摘In order to quantify the contribution of the mitigation strategies,an extended Kaya identity has been proposed in this paper for decomposing the various factors that influence the CO2 emission.To this end,we provided a detailed decomposition of the carbon intensity and energy intensity,which enables the quantification of clean energy development and electrification.The logarithmic mean divisia index(LMDI)has been applied to the historical data to quantify the contributions of the various factors affecting the CO2 emissions.Further,the global energy interconnection(GEI)scenario has been introduced for providing a systematic solution to meet the 2℃goal of the Paris Agreement.By combining LMDI with the scenario analysis,the mitigation potential of the various factors for CO2 emission has been analyzed.Results from the historical data indicate that economic development and population growth contribute the most to the increase in CO2 emissions,whereas improvement in the power generation efficiency predominantly helps in emission reduction.A numerical analysis,performed for obtaining the projected future carbon emissions,suggests that clean energy development and electrification are the top two factors that can decrease CO2 emissions,thus showing their great potential for mitigation in the future.Moreover,the carbon capture and storage technology serves as an important supplementary mitigation method.
文摘In the present study, a great effort was made to improve the performance of an industrial liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and natural gas liquid(NGL) production unit in one of the major gas refinery located at Pars special economic zone in Iran. To demonstrate and obtain the optimal condition, the unit was simulated by using a steady-state flowsheet simulator, i.e. Aspen Plus, under different operational conditions. According to the simulation results,the unit was not operational under its optimal conditions due to some defects in the cooling system at top stage of the debutanizer tower(DBT) during hot and humid seasons. Additionally, the vapor pressure of produced LPG and accordingly the amount of its flaring were decreased by reducing the temperature of debutanizer tower at top stages. In the optimization section, the DBT condenser and reboiler heat duty, temperature, and pressure were regulated as adjustable parameters. The simulation results demonstrated that by applying the optimum suggestion in the hot months, the reflux stream temperature was reached about 55 ℃ which caused an efficient increment in LPG production(about 4%) with adjusting the propane component in LPG, based on the standard range as the plant criteria. Moreover, after applying modifications, about 750 t of LPG product was saved from flaring during five hot months of the year, which resulted in 360000 USD extra annual income for the company.Finally, from environmental point of view, this optimization caused to reduce 81 t of CO_2 emission to the environment. Therefore, the current investigation must be introduced as a friendly environmentally process.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41573064)The National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2016YFA0601003)the Special S&T Project on Treatment and Control of Water Pollution (No.2012ZX07104-001)
文摘Carbon dioxide(CO_2) emission from the rivertype reservoir is an hotspot of carbon cycle within inland waters. However, related studies on the different types of reservoirs are still inadequate. Therefore, we sampled the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), a typical river-type reservoir having both river and lake characteristics, using an online system(HydroCTM/CO_2) and YSI-6600v2 meter to determine the partial pressure of carbon dioxide(pCO_2)and physical chemical parameters in 2013. The results showed that the CO_2 flux from the mainstream ranged from 26.1 to 92.2 mg CO_2/m^2h with average CO_2 fluxes of 50.0 mg/m^2h. The CO_2 fluxes from the tributary ranged from-10.91 to 53.95 mg CO_22/mh with area-weighted average CO_2 fluxes of 11.4 mg/m^2h. The main stream emits CO_2 to the atmosphere the whole year; however, the surface water of the tributary can sometimes act as a sink of CO_2 for the atmosphere. As the operation of the TGR, the tributary became more favorable to photosynthetic uptake of CO_2 especially in summer. The total CO_2 flux was estimated to be 0.34 and 0.03 Tg CO_2/year from the mainstream and the tributaries, respectively. Our emission rates are lower than previous estimates, but they are in agreement with the average CO_2 flux from temperate reservoirs estimated by Barros et al.(Nat Geosci 4(9):593–596, 2011).
基金the framework of DGICYT Spanish Projects CGL2015-66335-C2-1-R and PGC2018-093903-B-C22Grup Consolidat de Recerca“Geologia Sedimentaria”(2017-SGR-824)+5 种基金funded by the China Scholarship Council(CSC)(201806450043)JA received funding by EIT Raw Materials–SIT4ME Project(17024)funded by MICINN(Juan de la Cierva fellowship-IJC2018-036074-I)funding by the AGAUR(Agencia de Gestio d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca)of the Generalitat de Catalunya(“Beatriu de Pinos”fellowship 2017SGR-824)the Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation and Universities(“Ramon y Cajal”fellowship RYC2018-026335-I)funded by the University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering。
文摘Carbon capture and storage(CCS)has been proposed as a potential technology to mitigate climate change.However,there is currently a huge gap between the current global deployment of this technology and that which will be ultimately required.Whilst CO2 can be captured at any geographic location,storage of CO2 will be constrained by the geological storage potential in the area the CO2 is captured.The geological storage potential can be evaluated at a very high level according to the tectonic setting of the target area.To date,CCS deployment has been restricted to more favourable tectonic settings,such as extensional passive margin and post-rift basins and compressional foreland basins.However,to reach the adequate level of deployment,the potential for CCS of regions in different tectonic settings needs to be explored and assessed worldwide.Surprisingly,the potential of compressional basins for carbon storage has not been universally evaluated according to the global and regional carbon emission distribution.Here,we present an integrated source-to-sink analysis tool that combines comprehensive,open-access information on basin distribution,hydrocarbon resources and CO2 emissions based on geographical information systems(GIS).Compressional settings host some of the most significant hydrocarbon-bearing basins and 36% of inland CO2 emissions but,to date,large-scale CCS facilities in compressional basins are concentrated in North America and the Middle East only.Our source-to-sink tool allows identifying five high-priority regions for prospective CCS development in compressional basins:North America,north-western South America,south-eastern Europe,the western Middle East and western China.We present a study of the characteristics of these areas in terms of CO2 emissions and CO2 storage potential.Additionally,we conduct a detailed case-study analysis of the Sichuan Basin(China),one of the compressional basins with the greatest CO2 storage potential.Our results indicate that compressional basins will have to play a critical role in the future of CCS if this technology is to be implemented worldwide.
基金Supported by 2011 Academic Monograph Subject Project of Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences(2011G0107)
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agricultural production in Guangdong Province and put forward feasible reduction measures.[Method] Based on the data from China Energy Statistical Yearbook and Guangdong Statistical Yearbook,CO2 emissions from agricultural energy use in Guangdong Province from 2000 to 2009 was estimated by using the formula of carbon emissions recommended by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),and corresponding reduction measures were put forward.[Result] With the rapid increase of agricultural output and energy consumption,CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agricultural production in Guangdong Province showed increasing trend from 2000 to 2009,that is to say,increasing from 423.63×104 t C million tons in 2000 to 605.99×104 t C in 2009,with annual growth rate of 4.1%.Meanwhile,carbon emissions intensity during energy consumption in agriculture went down in recent ten years,in other words,decreasing from 0.424 t C/×104 yuan in 2000 to 0.301 t C/×104 yuan in 2009,and its annual decreasing rate was 3.7%.The variation of CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agriculture mainly resulted from the increase of agricultural output,improvement of energy utilization efficiency,high carbonization in agricultural energy consumption structure and so forth.Therefore,in order to reduce CO2 emissions from energy consumption in agriculture,it is necessary to vigorously develop rural renewable energy,develop and popularize advanced technology for energy utilization,advance the energy conservation of agricultural machines,establish and improve the macroeconomic control mechanism for carbon emissions from the energy consumption in agricultural production in the further.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the establishment of policy about reducing carbon emissions from agricultural energy consumption in Guangdong Province.
基金Special Fund for Quality Inspection Research in the Public Interest,the Ministry of Science and Technology,China(No.201010041)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘International trade of textiles and clothing has numerous environmental implications, such as carbon leakage. In order to estimate the CO2 emissions embodied in China's imports and exports of textiles and clothing, an empirical analysis was carried out with environmental input-output analysis (EIOA) method using the most recent data available. The results indicate that China is a net exporter of embodied CO2 emissions on account of its international trade of textiles and clothing. The amount of the net exported embodied CO2 emissions increases from 110 million metric tons(Mt) of CO2 in 2002 to 280 Mt of CO2 in 2011. In particular, United States, Japan, and European Union transfer to China 339 Mt of CO2, 291 Mt of CO2 and 396 Mt of CO2 respectively during the period of 2002 -2011.
文摘Tourism has a positive impact on economic growth,and it is one of the rapidly growing sectors in Mongolia.The Mongolian government,focusing on the development of tourism and transportation since 1990,has made it possible for achieving continuously growing sustainable tourism.Sustainable tourism is a way of maintaining a high level of tourist satisfaction while reducing adverse impacts on the environment.As transportation has been an integral part of the tourism industry,the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of transportation infrastructure,CO2 emission,and other classical demand factors on tourism flow in Mongolia by using a gravity model.Utilizing a panel data of tourists from 30 countries with the highest number of travel visits in Mongolia from 2002 to 2018,the study employs on panel co-integration analysis,aside from the conventional pooled ordinary least squares(OLS),fixed effects,and random effects estimators,to estimate the long-run relationship between Mongolian tourism flow and their respective determinants.According to the result of this study,the local transportation system and transportation investment have came out negative due to the underdeveloped transportation system.Moreover,the research indicates that carbon dioxide emission has a positive impact on tourism flow in the long-run.
基金Under the auspices of National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFA0604704)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41861134038)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘The impact of human carbon emissions on climate has generated widespread global concern. We selected 24 countries as research objects and analysed the changes in carbon emissions in different countries between the establishment of emission reduction actions in 1990 and 2014. Then, we selected 19 factors representing four categories(economy, population, technology and energy) to explore the key factors that led to changes in carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions in different countries. Emission reduction actions since 1990 did not lead to marked improvements, and only five countries(Russia, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and France) achieved reductions in carbon emissions. The factors that influenced CO2 emissions varied among countries. In most developing countries, reductions in CO2 emissions were caused by reductions in poverty and inherent natural conditions. Moreover, the extent of influence of a given factor on CO2 emissions differed among countries. The global economic crisis may cause similar fluctuations in CO2 emissions in many countries. Adjustments to energy and industrial structures are the main reason for the reduction in carbon emissions, whereas economic growth and urbanization are the two major contributors to the growth of carbon emissions. According to historical carbon emissions data, a green energy revolution must be implemented to address global climate change and ensure the sustainable development of human societies.
文摘One of the impacts of the Fukushima disaster was the shutdown of all nuclear power plants in Japan,reaching zero production in 2015.In response,the country started importing more fossil energy including coal,oil,and natural gas to fill the energy gap.However,this led to a significant increase in carbon emissions,hindering the efforts to reduce its carbon footprint.In the current situation,Japan is actively working to balance its energy requirements with environmental considerations,including the utilization of hydrogen fuel.Therefore,this paper aims to explore the feasibility and implications of using hydrogen power plants as a means to reduce emissions,and this analysis will be conducted using the energy modeling of the MARKAL-TIMES Japan framework.The hydrogen scenario(HS)is assumed with the extensive integration of hydrogen into the power generation sector,supported by a hydrogen import scheme.Additionally,this scenario will be compared with the Business as Usual(BAU)scenario.The results showed that the generation capacities of the BAU and HS scenarios have significantly different primary energy supplies.The BAU scenario is highly dependent on fossil fuels,while the HS scenario integrates hydrogen contribution along with an increase in renewable energy,reaching a peak contribution of 2,160 PJ in 2050.In the HS scenario,the target of reducing CO2 emissions by 80%is achieved through significant hydrogen penetration.By 2050,the total CO2 emissions are estimated to be 939 million tons for the BAU scenario and 261 million tons for the Hydrogen scenario.In addition,the contribution of hydrogen to electricity generation is expected to be 153 TWh,smaller than PV and wind power.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71974176,71473233)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)"Light of West China"Program(2018-XBQNXZ-B-017)+1 种基金the High Level Talent Introduction Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(Y942171)the"High Talents Program of Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,CAS"(Y871171).
文摘There are eight provinces and autonomous regions(Gansu Province,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Tibet Autonomous Region,Qinghai Province,Shanxi Province,and Shaanxi Province)in Northwest China,most areas of which are located in arid and semi-arid regions(northwest of the 400 mm precipitation line),accounting for 58.74%of the country's land area and sustaining approximately 7.84×10^6 people.Because of drought conditions and fragile ecology,these regions cannot develop agriculture at the expense of the environment.Given the challenges of global warming,the green total factor productivity(GTFP),taking CO2 emissions as an undesirable output,is an effective index for measuring the sustainability of agricultural development.Agricultural GTFP can be influenced by both internal production factors(labor force,machinery,land,agricultural plastic film,diesel,pesticide,and fertilizer)and external climate factors(temperature,precipitation,and sunshine duration).In this study,we used the Super-slacks-based measure(Super-SBM)model to measure agricultural GTFP during the period 2000-2016 at the regional level.Our results show that the average agricultural GTFP of most provinces and autonomous regions in arid and semi-arid regions underwent a fluctuating increase during the study period(2000-2016),and the fluctuation was caused by the production factors(input and output factors).To improve agricultural GTFP,Shaanxi,Shanxi,and Gansu should reduce agricultural labor force input;Shaanxi,Inner Mongolia,Gansu,and Shanxi should decrease machinery input;Shaanxi,Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,and Shanxi should reduce fertilizer input;Shaanxi,Xinjiang,Gansu,and Ningxia should reduce diesel input;Xinjiang and Gansu should decrease plastic film input;and Gansu,Shanxi,and Inner Mongolia should cut pesticide input.Desirable output agricultural earnings should be increased in Qinghai and Tibet,and undesirable output(CO2 emissions)should be reduced in Inner Mongolia,Xinjiang,Gansu,and Shaanxi.Agricultural GTFP is influenced not only by internal production factors but also by external climate factors.To determine the influence of climate factors on GTFP in these provinces and autonomous regions,we used a Geographical Detector(Geodetector)model to analyze the influence of climate factors(temperature,precipitation,and sunshine duration)and identify the relationships between different climate factors and GTFP.We found that temperature played a significant role in the spatial heterogeneity of GTFP among provinces and autonomous regions in arid and semi-arid regions.For Xinjiang,Inner Mongolia,and Tibet,a suitable average annual temperature would be in the range of 7℃-9℃;for Gansu,Shanxi,and Ningxia,it would be 11℃-13℃;and for Shaanxi,it would be 15℃-17℃.Stable climatic conditions and more efficient production are prerequisites for the development of sustainable agriculture.Hence,in the agricultural production process,reducing the redundancy of input factors is the best way to reduce CO2 emissions and to maintain temperatures,thereby improving the agricultural GTFP.The significance of this study is that it explores the impact of both internal production factors and external climatic factors on the development of sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions,identifying an effective way forward for the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.
文摘The Paris Agreement establishes a new mechanism for post-2020 global climate governance, and sets long-term goals for global response to climate change, which will accelerate worldwide low-carbon transformation of economic development pattern, promote the revolutionary reform of energy system, boost a fundamental change in the mode of social production and consumption, and further the civilization of human society from industrial civilization to eco-civilization. The urgency of global low-carbon transition will reshape the competition situation of world's economy, trade and technology. Taking the construction of eco-civilization as a guide, China explores green and low-carbon development paths,establishes ambitious intended nationally determined contribution(INDC) targets and action plans, advances energy production and consumption revolution, and speeds up the transformation of economic development pattern. These strategies and actions not only confirm to the trend of the world low-carbon transition, but also meet the intrinsic requirements for easing the domestic resources and environment constraints and realizing sustainable development. They are multi-win-win strategies for promotion of economic development and environmental protection and mitigation of carbon emissions. China should take the global long-term emission reduction targets as a guide, and formulate medium and long-term low-carbon development strategy, build the core competitiveness of low-carbon advanced technology and development pattern, and take an in-depth part in global governance so as to reflect the responsibility of China as a great power in constructing a community of common destiny for all mankind and addressing global ecological crisis.
基金funded by RFBR and the Russian Geographical Society through the research project No 17-05-41127partially supported by the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Programme No.51《Climate change causes+2 种基金risksconsequencesproblems of adaptation and regulation》。
文摘Soil respiration studies in paludified forests of the European part of Russia are quite rare in comparison with those of open peat bogs,which make long-term observations in this region highly relevant.In this study,soil CO2 emissions were measured by the close chamber method in different microlandscapes of paludified forests.For four summer seasons with different environments,soil respiration ranged from 1078 to 248 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1 in a paludified spruce forest site with coarse woody debris to 659–820 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1 in a paludified boggy pine forest.The most intensive soil respiration was observed during the hot summer of 2013 and the lowest in the hot and humid summer of 2016.Annual total soil CO2 emissions in paludified forests in 2015–2016 were approximately 2000–3000 g CO2 m-2.During the year,the lowest CO2 emission values were observed from November to April(14–84 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1)and the maximum were in July and August(522–1205 mg CO2 m^-2 h^-1).The contributions of CO2 emissions in the cold November–April period were 6–8.5%.The impacts of temperature on soil respiration were higher(r2=0.45–0.57)than those of groundwater levels(r^2=0.17–0.49).Soil respiration in the paludified spruce forest and in the pine bog generally were higher than emissions from ecosystems with similar hydrothermal conditions in the boreal zone.
基金the financially support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21576255 and No.21577141)Dalian Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(2018RJ09)。
文摘The conversion of carbon dioxide to chemicals by the electrochemical reactions(ERC)is an efficient solution to the current energy crisis and excess CO_(2) emissions.It is still a great challenge and of significance to synthesize a highly selective,efficient,and non-noble metal electrocatalyst that facilitates the ERC reaction.A novel triton X-100(C_(14)H_(22)O(C_(2)H_(4)O)n)assisted electrodeposition method was developed to synthesize the ordered cone-structured tin(OCSn)electrocatalysts with controllable morphology and structure.The results suggest that Triton X-100 plays an important role in directing the structure of the Sn electrocatalysts during the electrodeposition process.The OCSn synthesized at 60 m A cm^(-2) achieves the best performances.It selectively catalyzes the ERC on the onset potential about 110 m V lower than Sn synthesized without Triton X-100.In 0.5 M Na HCO_(3),high faradaic efficiency(92%)for formate product on OCSn has been achieved.More prominently,the catalyst presents excellent stability,showing no performance deterioration during 30 h electrolysis.This work provides an efficient,green,and scalable synthesis method of the electrocatalyst for CO_(2) reduction to formate.
文摘More than 10000 different types of ship ply the waters of Bangladesh all year round,but the performance of these ships in terms of CO2 emission is not known and regulations related to energy efficiency of inland waterway ships remain nonexistent.This paper attempts to assess the present situation of inland class vessels in terms of Energy Efficiency Design Index(EEDI).With the use of a developed database of inland vessels in Bangladesh,EEDI reference lines for different types of inland vessels in Bangladesh were established and then compared with those of other countries.The present EEDI of existing inland vessels was investigated.Results indicate that most of the existing vessels do not meet the current EEDI baseline.Hence,new guidelines are necessary to achieve EEDI compliance in the near future.Some recommendations were proposed for improving CO2 emissions,with the socioeconomic and technical factors in Bangladesh taken into consideration.
文摘The paper focus on the life cycle analysis of stainless steels.It describes the system boundaries and gives an evaluation of the CO2 emissions of Stainless Steels from cradle to gate.It gives as well an evaluation of the recycling rates of stainless steels according to the market applications and an evaluation of the overall cycle of manufacturing and scraps in 2005 on a world wide basis.It concludes with a presentation of some remarkable application focusing on green energy and future growth markets.
文摘The AOD is by its very nature and purpose a large generator of CO2.The total CO2 emission from the process can be divided into two parts-the direct part which is proportional to the carbon removal from the metal and the indirect part which is related to the consumption of additives such as reduction agents,slag formers and alloys. The production of the additives typically required for a heat causes large emissions of CO2,in fact,often larger than what is generated from the direct part.By applying a real-time adaptive optimization of the oxygen to inert gas ratio over small time increments,the overall carbon removal efficiency is increased while the consumption of reduction agents and slag formers are decreased.This removes unnecessary production costs and minimizes the total emission of CO2. In this paper a process concept with optimized gas administration over a large number of time increments is compared with a more traditional process practice.The work is based on industrially proven process models integrated in the UTCAS software package for converter management and control.Finally,this paper concludes on how the suggested process can be applied in actual plant operation.
文摘Climate change and food security are among the pressing challenges facing humanity in the 21</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, total nitrogen (TN), texture, and bulk density (BD) are important soil properties, which control climate change. Three land use systems (smallholder </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, grazing land</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and forest lands) that coexist in the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Bamenda Highlands (BH) influence ecosystem</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> services and induce soil degradation with the loss of SOC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation of SOC and some soil physicochemical properties as affected by the three land use systems (LUS). A total of 21 composite soil samples collected from 7 microclimatic zones of BH following “S” shape plots to the depth of 0 - 30 cm, were analysed for moisture content (MC), SOC, TN, BD, available phosphorus (Av.P), pH and texture. The results revealed that grazing land had the lowest mean sand content (40.79 ± 4.07). Mean MC, TN</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> SOC (%) content were significantly higher </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05) </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in forest land than those </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the grazing land </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and smallholder farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Conversely, BD and Av.P were significantly higher</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05)</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in smallholder farmlands than grazing and forest lands probably due to different</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> litter accumulation and agricultural practices. </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Moisture content and TN revealed positive significant correlations (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05) with SOC, while BD and Av.P revealed negative significant correlations (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Mean SOC density in </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">smallholder farmlands (132.91 ± 9.48 tC/ha)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">lowest among the three land use types. Losses in CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> equivalence, as a result of land use change </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">from forest lands to smallholder farmlands</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 137.33 t/ha while that from </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">grazing lands to smallholder farmlands were</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 109.13 t/ha. </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Total organic carbon (TOC) stocks differed significantly (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.05) from smallholder farmlands (10.73 Mt) to forest lands (91.13 Mt)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. A sustainable farming</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> technique that enhances SOC sequestration and minimizes soil CO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> emissions is therefore recommended to replace tillage ridges formation commonly practiced by smallholder farmers.
基金This research is partly supported by project SGS-2019-001The 3-D visualisations were prepared by students of University of West Bohemia or by professional designers.
文摘Land transport can no longer meet the requirements.European transport can be described by these words−crowded motorways and cities,dangerous emissions,ubiquitous traffic accidents,delays,expensive railways.Solutions are being sought to transfer a large part of passengers and especially freight transport to(high-speed)rail,and efforts are moving towards electromobility,car-sharing,5G-connectivity,autonomous driving,MaaS(Mobility as a Service)-coordinated transport or hyperloop-type solutions.However,all these solutions have additional challenges and limitations.Solutions are not being searched where they really exist-in the mutual adaptation of road and rail vehicles and their deep cooperation.The ComplexTrans project shows that simply adapting the dimensions and functions of road and rail vehicles can eliminate(or at least significantly reduce)all the problems of existing land transport.The main features of the ComplexTrans system are sufficient parking spaces,reduction of urban and non-urban congestion,electric vehicles with unlimited range and cheaper than standard cars,cheaper and more accessible battery charging,“autonomous ride”,solving the overlap between passenger and freight rail transport and making it self-financing,transferring intercity freight transport to rail,replacing part of continental air transport and many others.The cost-effective and clustered individual transport and individualised public transport of the ComplexTrans system also bring very significant reductions in the risk of transmission of covid-19 and other contagious diseases during transport.
文摘The long-term energy demand in China and the-Chinese share in global CO2 emission are forecasted on the basis of scenarios of population growth and economy development up to 2050 proposed in view of the interaction of energy, economy, environment and social development. The total energy demand in 2050 will reach 4.4~ 5.4 billion tce. It is shown in energy supply analysis that coal is China’s major energy in primary energy supply. The share of CO2 emission in the future Chinese energy system will be out of proportion to its energy consumption share because of the high persentage of coal to be consumed. It will reach about 27%. The nuclear option which would replace 30.7% of coal in the total primary energy supply will reduce the share by 9.8%. So the policy considerations on the future Chinese energy system is of great importance to the global CO2 issues.
文摘In light of the growth in vertically specialized in global trade,the present paper uses input-output tables from the World Input-Output Database to construct an environmental multiregional input-output model to calculate the CO_2 emissions embodied in China's international trade during 1995-2009.The advantage of this model lies in its incorporation of the reexported CO_2emissions component embodied in trade and its ability to differentiate domesticsourcedCO_2 emissions from foreign-sourced CO_2 emissions in trade.The results show that carbon emissions embodied in both China's exports and imports increased significantly during 1995-2009.One important reason for this is that the re-exported carbon emissions embodied in China's imported intermediate inputs increased substantially during this period.Our research reveals that accelerating the transformation of trade pattern and upgrading processing trade should be emphasized in the formulation of policy to prompt CO_2 emissions abatement in China.