Deep learning identification of novel autophagic protein-protein interactions and experimental validation of Beclin 2-Ubiquilin 1 axis in triple-negative breast cancer

Background:Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC),characterized by its lack of traditional hormone receptors and HER2,presents a significant challenge in oncology due to its poor response to conventional therapies.Autophagy is an important process for maintaining cellular homeostasis,and there are currently autophagy biomarkers that play an effective role in the clinical treatment of tumors.In contrast to targeting protein activity,intervention with proteinprotein interaction(PPI)can avoid unrelated crosstalk and regulate the autophagy process with minimal interference pathways.Methods:Here,we employed Naive Bayes,Decision Tree,and k-Nearest Neighbors to elucidate the complex PPI network associated with autophagy in TNBC,aiming to uncover novel therapeutic targets.Meanwhile,the candidate proteins interacting with Beclin 2 were initially screened in MDA-MB-231 cells using Beclin 2 as bait protein by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry assay,and the interaction relationship was verified by molecular docking and CO-IP experiments after intersection.Colony formation,cellular immunofluorescence,cell scratch and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)tests were used to predict the clinical therapeutic effects of manipulating candidate PPI.Results:By developing three PPI classification models and analyzing over 13,000 datasets,we identified 3733 previously unknown autophagy-related PPIs.Our network analysis revealed the central role of Beclin 2 in autophagy regulation,uncovering its interactions with 39 newly identified proteins.Notably,the CO-IP studies identified the substantial interaction between Beclin 2 and Ubiquilin 1,which was anticipated by our model and discovered in immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry assay results.Subsequently,in vitro investigations showed that overexpressing Beclin 2 increased Ubiquilin 1,promoted autophagy-dependent cell death,and inhibited proliferation and metastasis in MDA-MB-231 cells.Conclusions:This study not only enhances our understanding of autophagy regulation in TNBC but also identifies the Beclin 2-Ubiquilin 1 axis as a promising target for precision therapy.These findings open new avenues for drug discovery and offer inspiration for more effective treatments for this aggressive cancer subtype.

A review of interaction mechanisms and microscopic simulation methods for CO_(2)-water-rock system

This work systematically reviews the complex mechanisms of CO_(2)-water-rock interactions,microscopic simulations of reactive transport(dissolution,precipitation and precipitate migration)in porous media,and microscopic simulations of CO_(2)-water-rock system.The work points out the key issues in current research and provides suggestions for future research.After injection of CO_(2) into underground reservoirs,not only conventional pressure-driven flow and mass transfer processes occur,but also special physicochemical phenomena like dissolution,precipitation,and precipitate migration.The coupling of these processes causes complex changes in permeability and porosity parameters of the porous media.Pore-scale microscopic flow simulations can provide detailed information within the three-dimensional pore and throat space and explicitly observe changes in the fluid-solid interfaces of porous media during reactions.At present,the research has limitations in the decoupling of complex mechanisms,characterization of differential multi-mineral reactions,precipitation generation mechanisms and characterization(crystal nucleation and mineral detachment),simulation methods for precipitation-fluid interaction,and coupling mechanisms of multiple physicochemical processes.In future studies,it is essential to innovate experimental methods to decouple“dissolution-precipitation-precipitate migration”processes,improve the accuracy of experimental testing of minerals geochemical reaction-related parameters,build reliable characterization of various precipitation types,establish precipitation-fluid interaction simulation methods,coordinate the boundary conditions of different physicochemical processes,and,finally,achieve coupled flow simulation of“dissolution-precipitation-precipitate migration”within CO_(2)-water-rock systems.

CNKSR2 interactome analysis indicates its association with the centrosome/microtubule system

The protein connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of Ras 2(CNKSR2),present in both the postsynaptic density and cytoplasm of neurons,is a scaffolding protein with several protein-binding domains.Variants of the CNKSR2 gene have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders,particularly intellectual disability,although the precise mechanism involved has not yet been fully understood.Research has demonstrated that CNKSR2 plays a role in facilitating the localization of postsynaptic density protein complexes to the membrane,thereby influencing synaptic signaling and the morphogenesis of dendritic spines.However,the function of CNKSR2 in the cytoplasm remains to be elucidated.In this study,we used immunoprecipitation and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the interactors of CNKSR2.Through a combination of bioinformatic analysis and cytological experiments,we found that the CNKSR2 interactors were significantly enriched in the proteome of the centrosome.We also showed that CNKSR2 interacted with the microtubule protein DYNC1H1 and with the centrosome marker CEP290.Subsequent colocalization analysis confirmed the centrosomal localization of CNKSR2.When we downregulated CNKSR2 expression in mouse neuroblastoma cells(Neuro 2A),we observed significant changes in the expression of numerous centrosomal genes.This manipulation also affected centrosome-related functions,including cell size and shape,cell proliferation,and motility.Furthermore,we found that CNKSR2 interactors were highly enriched in de novo variants associated with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder.Our findings establish a connection between CNKSR2 and the centrosome,and offer new insights into the underlying mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Analysis of Fluid-Structure Interaction during Fracturing with Supercritical CO_(2)

During the implementation of CO_(2) fracturing for oil and gas development,the force transfer effect caused by the unsteady flow of high-pressure CO_(2) fluid can lead to forced vibration of the tubing and ensuing structural fatigue.In this study,a forced vibration analysis of tubing under CO_(2) fracturing conditions is carried out by taking into account the fluid-structure coupling and related interaction forces by means of the method of characteristics(MOC).The results show that for every 1 m^(3)/min increase in pumping displacement,the fluid flow rate increases up to 3.67 m/s.The flow pressure in the pipe tends to be consistent with the pumping pressure at the initial stage and then decreases with an increase in the pump starting time.When the pumping pressure increases by 10 MPa,the additional stress in the tubing increases by 11.8%,and the peak value of the additional stress at the bottom of the well is the largest.The temperature in the tubing grows with well depth,which causes a phase change in CO_(2) due to heat absorption.At this time the pressure in the tubing decreases,the fluid flow rate increases by about 1.12 m/s,and the additional stress grows by about 1.5 MPa.

Strong hetero-interface interaction in 2D/2D WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) heterostructures for highly-efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation

Green hydrogen is urgently required for sustainable development of human beings and rational construction of heterostructures holds great promising for photocatalytic hydrogen generation.Herein,2D/2D WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) heterostructures with strong hetero-interface interaction and abundant contact were constructed via an impregnation-annealing strategy.Efficient charge transfer from ZnIn_(2)S_(4) to WSe_(2)was evidenced by transient absorption spectroscopy in crafted heterostructures owing to the tight and2D face-to-face contact.As a result,the prepared WSe_(2)/ZnIn_(2)S_(4) heterostructures exhibited boosted photocatalytic performance and a highest hydrogen evolution rate of 3.377 mmol/(g h)was achieved with an apparent quantum yield of 45.7%at 420 nm.The work not only provides new strategies to achieve efficient 2D/2D heterostructures but also paves the way for the development of green hydrogen in the future.

The Weak Interaction on CO_2...CO van der Waals Complex: A Theoretical Study

The geometries of van der Waals complex CO 2...CO were optimized at DFT and second order Moller Plesset perturbation(MP2) levels with the large basis set, three stable structures were found. The most stable structure has a T shape geometry in which the CO lies along the C 2 axis of CO 2, with the two C atoms direct contact and R (C...C)=0 3227 nm. The corresponding energies of the most stable structure were calculated by means of MP2, MP4D, MP4DQ, MP4SDTQ, MP4SDQ, CCSD and CCSD(T) methods. The BSSE(basis set superposition error) was eliminated by the Boys Bernardi counterpoise correction(CP) method. According to thermodynamics data, van der Waals complex CO 2...CO can be found at a low temperature and/or a high pressure. There is a little charge transferred between the two interacted subunits. In the most stable structure, CO 2 is the acceptor and CO is the donor.

Experimental and petrological constraints on local-scale interaction of biotite-amphibole gneiss with H_2O-CO_2-(K,Na) Cl fluids at middle-crustal conditions:Example from the Limpopo Complex,South Africa

Reaction textures and fluid inclusions in the -2.0 Ga pyroxene-bearing dehydration zones within the Sand River biotite-hornblende orthogneisses （Central Zone of the Limpopo Complex） suggest that the formation of these zones is a result of close interplay between dehydration process along ductile shear zones triggered by H2O-CO2-salt fluids at 750--800 ℃ and 5.5--6.2 kbar, partial melting, and later exsolution of residual brine and H2O-CO2 fluids during melt crystallization at 650--700 ℃. These processes caused local variations of water and alkali activity in the fluids, resulting in various mineral assemblages within the dehydration zone. The petrological observations are substantiated by experiments on the interaction of the Sand River gneiss with the H2O-CO2-（K, Na）Cl fluids at 750 and 800 ℃ and 5.5 kbar. It follows that the interaction of biotite-amphibole gneiss with H2O-CO2-（K, Na）CI fluids is accompanied by partial melting at 750--800 ℃. Orthopyroxene-bearing assemblages are characteristic for temperature 800 ℃ and are stable in equilibrium with fluids with low salt concentrations, while salt-rich fluids produce clinopyroxene-bearing assemblages. These observations are in good agreement with the petrological data on the dehydration zones within the Sand River olthogneisses.

Dissolution and Deformation Characteristics of Limestones Containing Different Calcite and Dolomite Content Induced by CO_(2)-Water-Rock Interaction

To investigate the impacts of mineral composition on physical and mechanical properties of carbonate rocks,limestone specimens containing different contents in calcite and dolomite are selected to perform CO_(2)-water-rock reaction experiments.The X-ray Diffraction(XRD) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) are carried out to examine the change characteristics of mineral dissolution and pore structure after reaction.The core flooding experiments with Fiber Bragg gratings are implemented to examine the stress sensitivity of carbonate rocks.The results show that the limestones containing pure calcite are more susceptible to acid dissolution compared to limestone containing impure dolomite.The calcite content in pure limestone decreases as the reaction undergoes.The dissolution of dolomite leads to the formation of calcite in impure limestone.Calcite dissolution leads to the formation of macropore and flow channels in pure limestone,while the effects of impure dolomite in impure limestone results in mesopore formation.When confining pressure is lower than 12 MPa,pure limestones demonstrate higher strain sensitivity coefficients compared to impure limestone containing dolomite after reaction.When confining pressure exceeds 12 MPa,the strain sensitivity coefficients of both pure and impure limestones become almost equal.

XPS AND UPS STUDIES OF THE INTERFACIAL INTERACTION IN Ni ZrO 2 COMPOSITE PLATING

The interfacial interaction existing in the Ni ZrO 2 composite plating has been investigated. The experimental results show that no new phases were formed in the interfacial regions between matrix Ni and ZrO 2 particles, but an orbital interaction through the mutual overlap of the d orbits does exist in the interfacial regions between Ni atoms and Zr 3+ ions.

铀对α-Al_(2)O_(3)中氢与本征点缺陷相互作用的影响

在长期高温服役过程中,铀床的氚渗透泄露问题是聚变堆涉氚系统中需要关注的焦点之一,而一种行之有效的解决思路是在内壁制备阻氚涂层.然而,服役过程中通过热扩散渗入涂层内部的铀可能在阻氚涂层氢行为中起作用,进而影响其服役可靠性.基于此,采用第一性原理计算方法,研究了铀对α-Al_(2)O_(3)中氢与本征点缺陷相互作用的影响.结果发现,铀对α-Al_(2)O_(3)中空位型本征点缺陷及氢相关缺陷的存在形式、电荷态及相对稳定性有重要影响.从形成能观点来看,铀对α-Al_(2)O_(3)中空位型本征点缺陷及氢相关缺陷的形成有利,且α-Al_(2)O_(3)中空位型点缺陷对氢的捕陷能力因铀的引入显著增加.研究结果对α-Al_(2)O_(3)基内壁阻氚涂层在氚工艺系统铀床中应用的可靠性评估具有重要的指导意义.

Interactions between γ-TiAl melt and Y_2O_3 ceramic material during directional solidification process

A γ-TiAl alloy with nominal composition of Ti-47%Al（molar fraction） was directionally solidified in an alumina mould with an Y2O3 protective coating.The effects of processing parameters（melting temperature and interaction time） on the metal-coating interface,microstructure and chemical composition of the alloy were evaluated.The result shows that the Y2O3 protective coating exhibits an effective barrier capability to avoid direct contact between the mould base material and the TiAl melt,although the Y2O3 coating is found to suffer some erosion and be slightly dissolved by the molten TiAl due to the coating-metal interactions.The directionally solidified alloys were contaminated with Y and O,and Y2O3 inclusions were dispersed in the metal matrix.The reason for this metal contamination is the Y2O3 coating dissolution by the TiAl melt.One mode of the interaction between Y2O3 and the TiAl melt is dissolution of yttrium and atomic oxygen in the melt by reaction Y2O3（s）=2Y（in TiAl melt）＋3O（in TiAl melt）.Both the extent of alloy contamination and the volume fractions of Y2O3 inclusions depend on the melting temperature and the interaction time.

Xanthate interaction and flotation separation of H2O2-treated chalcopyrite and pyrite

This study investigated the effects of H2O2 treatment on xanthate interaction and flotation separation of chalcopyrite and pyrite by making use of a series of laboratory flotation experiments and surface analysis techniques.Flotation test results showed that H2O2 treatment influenced the flotation behaviors of the two minerals;however,flotation of pyrite was depressed more significantly than that of the chalcopyrite.Under well-controlled H2O2 concentration,the selective separation of chalcopyrite from pyrite was realized at pH 9.0,at which the recovery of chalcopyrite was over 84%and that of pyrite was less than 24%.Zeta potential,UV-visible and IR spectrum measurements revealed that the collector interacted differently with the two minerals after H2O2 treatment,and the surface of chalcopyrite adsorbed much greater amount of xanthate than that of the pyrite.IR and XPS analyses showed that the H2O2 treatment significantly changed the surface properties of pyrite to very hydrophilic species that inhibited the adsorption of collector and thus depressed the floatability of pyrite.While,the surface of chalcopyrite remained mildly inert to H2O2,as a result,the adsorption of xanthate and its oxidation to dixanthogen were very effective,which enhanced the flotation of chalcopyrite.

Air-sea Interaction of Typhoon Sinlaku (2002) Simulated by the Canadian MC2 Model

Three experiments for the simulation of typhoon Sinlaku （2002） over the western North Pacific are performed in this study by using the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community （MC2） atmospheric model. The objective of these simulations is to investigate the air-sea interaction during extreme weather conditions, and to determine the sensitivity of the typhoon evolution to the sea surface temperature （SST） cooling induced by the typhoon. It is shown from the three experiments that the surface heat fluxes have a substantial influence on the slow-moving cyclone over its lifetime. When the SST in the East China coastal ocean becomes 1℃ cooler in the simulation, less latent heat and sensible heat fluxes from the underlying ocean to the cyclone tend to reduce the typhoon intensity. The cyclone is weakened by 7 hPa at the time of its peak intensity. The SST cooling also has impacts on the vertical structure of the typhoon by weakening the warm core and drying the eye wall. With a finer horizontal resolution of （1/6）° × （1/6）°, the model produces higher surface wind, and therefore more surface heat fluxes are emitted from the ocean surface to the cyclone, in the finer-resolution MC2 grid compared with the relatively lower resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° MC2 grid.

Evaluation of the Mrp2-mediated flavonoid-drug interaction potential of quercetin in rats and in vitro models

Quercetin is a biologically active flavonoid that has been used as a popular health supplement.It is reported that quercetin may cause flavonoid-drug interaction mediated by P-glycoprotein,the most predominant efflux transporter.In this study,we comprehensively evaluated the potential of the pharmacokinetic interaction of quercetin mediated by multidrug resistance-associated protein 2(MRP2),another major efflux transporter.MRP2-transfected MDCKII cells and LS174T cells were used to evaluate the potential inhibition and induction of MRP2 by quercetin in vitro.To evaluate the induction effect of quercetin on Mrp2 in vivo,Mrp2 mRNA expression in rat liver,kidney,and small intestinal tissues was determined after the oral administration of quercetin(50,100,or 250 mg/kg)for seven days.Mrp2-mediated interaction potential was also evaluated by the pharmacokinetic study of phenolsulfonphthalein in rats after single or multiple doses of quercetin.Additionally,the effect of quercetin on absorption of docetaxel,a P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 substrate,was also evaluated.Quercetin inhibited the function of MRP2 at 10μM and induced the mRNA expression of MRP2 at 50μM in vitro.Additionally,at 100 mg/kg,quercetin markedly increased Mrp2 expression in the small intestine of rats.However,there was no significant change in phenolsulfonphthalein pharmacokinetics due to single-(50,100,or 250 mg/kg)or multiple-dose(50,100,or 250 mg/kg for seven days)quercetin co-administration.By contrast,a significant interaction caused by quercetin(100 mg/kg)was observed in the absorption of docetaxel.The results suggested that although quercetin modulates the function and expression of MRP2 in vitro,it may have a low potential of Mrp2-mediated interaction and present negligible safety concerns related to the interaction.

Characterization of CuO Species and Thermal Solid-Solid Interaction in CuO/CeO_2-Al_2O_3 Catalyst by In-Situ XRD, Raman Spectroscopy and TPR

Transference of CuO species and thermal solid-solid interaction in CuO/CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst prepared by an impregnation method were characterized by in-situ XRD, Raman spectroscopy and H2-TPR techniques. For the catalyst calcined at 300℃, two kinds of CuO species coexist on the surface, that is, highly dispersed and bulk CuO crystalline phase. Four kinds of CuO species are present for the catalyst calcined at 600 ℃, ： （1） highly dispersed CuO, （2） bulk CuO on the surface, （3） bulk CuO in the internal layer of CeO2, and （4） CuAl2O4 formed from CuO-Al2O3 interaction. For the catalyst calcined at 800 ℃,C, besides very little highly dispersed and bulk CuO on the surface, most of the CuO has transferred into the internal layer of CeO2 and the mass of CuAl2O4 are increased. At 900 ℃,, all of CuO has diffused into the internal layer of CeO2 and formed CuAl2O4. The results show that the distribution of CuO species in the catalysts depends on the calcination temperature; the different CuO species can be effectively confirmed by in-situ XRD, Raman spectroscopy and H2-TPR techniques.

Exotic interactions between solitons of the （2＋1）-dimensional asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov system

Starting from the extended tanh-function method （ETM） based on the mapping method, the variable separation solutions of the （2＋1）-dimensional asymmetric Nizhnik Novikov Veselov （ANNV） system are derived. By further study, we find that these variable separation solutions are seemingly independent of but actually dependent on each other. Based on the variable separation solution and by choosing appropriate functions, some novel and interesting interactions between special solitons, such as bell-like compacton, peakon-like compacton and compacton-like semifoldon, are investigated.

Understanding morphology-dependent Cu Ox-CeO2 interactions from the very beginning

Elucidation of the CuOx-CeO2 interactions is of great interest and importance in understanding complex CuOx-CeO2 interfacial catalysis in various reactions. In the present work, we have investigated structures and catalytic activity in CO oxidation of CuOx species on CeO2 rods, cubes and polyhedra predominantly exposing {110}+{100}, {100} and {111} facets by the incipient wetness impregnation method with the lowest Cu loading of 0.025%. The structural evolution of CuOx species was found to depend on both the Cu loading and the CeO2 morphology. As the Cu loading increases, CuOx species are deposited preferentially on the surface defect of CeO2 and then aggregate and grow, accompanied by the formation of isolated Cu ions, CuOx clusters strongly/weakly interacting with the CeO2, highly dispersed Cu O nanoparticles, and large Cu O nanoparticles. The isolated Cu^+ species and CuOx clusters weakly interacting with the CeO2 were observed mainly on the O-terminated CeO2{100} facets. Meanwhile, more Cu(I) species are stabilized during CO reduction processes in CuOx/c-CeO2 catalysts than in CuOx/r-CeO2 and CuOx/p-CeO2 catalysts. The catalytic activities of various CuOx/CeO2 catalysts in CO oxidation vary with both the CuOx species and the CeO2 morphology. These results comprehensively elucidate the CuOx-CeO2 interactions and exemplify their morphology-dependence.

Enhancing the CO_(2) methanation activity of Ni/CeO_(2) via activation treatment-determined metal-support interaction

The metal-support interaction is of critical importance to enhance the catalytic activity and selectivity.However,it is still challenging to construct an appropriate interaction starting from the catalyst fabrication and/or activation.We herein established low-temperature treatment of Ni^(2+)ions impregnated on ceria in reductive atmosphere and reduction-oxidation cycles as effective approachs to regulate the metal-support interaction and raise the catalytic performance in the CO_(2)methanation.The proposed construction approach yielded Ni/Ce O_(2)that displayed highly dispersed Ni nanoparticles in contact with Ce O_(2)(111)and(100)facet,higher density of surface oxygen vacancies and larger amounts of weak basic sites relative to the reference samples,which increased the capacity for H2 and CO_(2)adsorption/activation.The interaction resulted in appreciably(2-3 fold)higher activity in the CO_(2)methanation with maintaining almost full selectivity to CH4 and high stability.Coverage of Ni surface by Ce O_(2)-x thin layer as a typical structure of strong metal-support interaction resulting from high-temperature reduction,can be alleviated via reduction-oxidation cycles.We also demonstrate the activation treatment-determined metalsupport interaction effect can generally extend to(Ti O_(2)and Zr O_(2))supported Ni catalysts.

Interaction Between Cytochrome c and the Hapten 2,4-Dinitro- fluorobenzene by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Allergic contact dermatitis is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, which results from skin exposure to low molecular weight chemicals such as haptens. To clarify the pathogenic mechanism, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry （ESI-MS） and hydrogen/deuterium （H/D） exchange, as well as UV spectroscopy, were applied to determine the interaction between the model protein cytochrome c （cyt c） and the hapten 2,4- dinitro-fiuorobenzene （DNFB）. The ESI-MS results demonstrate that the conformation of cyt c can change from native folded state into partially unfolded state with the increase of DNFB. The equilibrium state H/D exchange followed by ESI-MS further confirms the above results. UV spectroscopy indicates that the strong- field coordination between iron of heme （prosthetic group） and His18 or Met80 of cyt c is not obviously affected by the hapten.

Photo-enhanced thermal catalytic CO_(2) methanation activity and stability over oxygen-deficient Ru/TiO_(2) with exposed TiO_(2){001}facets:Adjusting photogenerated electron behaviors by metal-support interactions

In this study,two Ru/TiO_(2)samples with different TiO_(2)facets were prepared to investigate their photo-thermal catalytic CO_(2)+H_(2)reaction behavior.Without UV irradiation,the Ru/TiO_(2)with 67%{001}facet(3 RT)displayed improved thermal catalytic activity for CO_(2)methanation than that of Ru/TiO_(2)with 30%{001}facet(0 RT).After H_(2)pretreatment,both samples exhibited enhanced thermal catalytic activities,but the H_(2)-treated 3 RT(3 RT-H)exhibited superior activity to that of the H_(2)-treated 0 RT(0 RT-H).Under UV irradiation,3 RT-H exhibited apparent photo-promoted thermal catalytic activity and stability,but the enhanced catalytic activity was lower than that of 0 RT-H.Based on the characterization results,it is proposed that both the surface oxygen vacancies(Vos)(activating CO_(2))and the metallic Ru nanoparticles(activating H_(2))were mainly responsible for CO_(2)methanation.For 0 RT,H_(2)pretreatment and subsequent UV irradiation did not promote the formation of Vos,resulting in low catalytic activity.For 3 RT,on the one hand,H_(2)pretreatment promoted the formation of Vos,which were regenerated under UV irradiation;on the other hand,the photogenerated electrons from TiO_(2)transferred to Ru to maintain the metallic Ru nanoparticles.Both behaviors promoted the activation of CO_(2)and H_(2)and enhanced CO_(2)methanation.Moreover,the photogenerated holes favored the dissociated H at Ru migrating to TiO_(2),also promoting CO_(2)methanation.These behaviors occurring on 3 RT-H may be attributed to the suitable metal-support interaction between the Ru nanoparticles and TiO_(2){001},resulting in the easy activation of lattice oxygen in TiO_(2)to Vos.With reference to the analysis of intermediates,a photo-thermal reaction mechanism is proposed for the Ru/TiO_(2){001}facet sample.