The Role of Coix lacryma-jobi Linn. in Wastewater Treatment System of Constructed Wetland

The dynamic of growth and nutrient （N and P） absorption of Coix lacryma-jobi Linn.in constructed wetland （CW）,as well as the effect of constructed wetland harvest on N,P absorption in eutrophic water were studied.The results revealed that,in Summer and Autumn,especially in August,C.lacryma-jobi could obtain higher biomass and N,P accumulations,thereby achieving the most efficient purification; from the breeding value point of view,N,P contents could be improved by the appropriate increase of harvest times of C.lacryma-jobi,while too many harvest times was inappropriate to the wastewater purification by C.lacryma-jobi and the nutrients accumulation.So,C.lacryma-jobi should be harvested completely in August during its growth period,and twice-3 times of harvests was appropriate.

Extraction of Flavonoids from Leaves of Coix lacryma-jobi L.

[Objectives] To extract the flavonoids from leaves of Coix lacryma-jobi L. [Methods] Ethanol extraction method was adopted,spectrophotometry was used,and single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were carried out to study the effects of ethanol percentage,extraction temperature,solid-to-liquid ratio and extraction time on the extraction of total flavonoids from leaves of C. lacryma-jobi L.[Results] The order of 4 factors influencing the extraction of flavonoids from leaves of C. lacryma-jobi L. was: solid-to-liquid ratio > extraction time > ethanol percentage > extraction temperature. When the extraction temperature was 70℃,the extraction time was 1. 5 h and the solid-liquid ratio was 1: 10,the ethanol percentage was 60%,the extraction effect was the best,extraction of flavonoids was 0. 107 5 mg/m L.[Conclusions] This study is expected to provide a theoretical basis for further development and utilization of C. lacryma-jobi L.

Effects of Different Herbicides on Weed Control,Agronomic Characters and Grain Quality of Coix lacryma-jobi L.

[Objectives]The paper was to study the effects of different herbicides on weed control,agronomic characters and grain quality of Coix lacryma-jobi L.[Methods]Six commonly used herbicides were selected for the trial,including atrazine SC,butachlor SC,monosulfuron WP,MCPA-starane EC,clopyralid AS and tribenuron-methyl WP.[Results](i)Atrazine,butachlor and monosulfuron had no chemical injury to C.lacryma-jobi L.,while clopyralid caused slight chemical injury.(ii)The fresh weight control effects of atrazine,butachlor and monosulfuron on weeds increased first and then decreased.The initial control effect of MCPA-starane and clopyralid reached more than 90%;the control effect of monosulfuron increased gradually in the late stage,reaching 97%at 60 d post spraying,and the overall control effect was optimal.(iii)Compared with manual weeding,herbicides had no significant effect on plant height of C.lacryma-jobi L.However,compared with no weeding,other herbicides except tribenuron-methyl inhibited plant growth to a certain extent.Herbicides had different effects on main stem diameter,tiller number per plant and grain number per plant of C.lacryma-jobi L.(iv)Different herbicides had no significant effect on 100-grain weight,but had significant effect on yield.(v)Compared with manual weeding,atrazine,butachlor and clopyralid decreased the protein content of C.lacryma-jobi L.,and the use of atrazine,butachlor,monosulfuron,MCPA-starane and tribenuron-methyl decreased the fat content of C.lacryma-jobi L.;butachlor and MCPA-starane decreased the glycerol trioleate content of C.lacryma-jobi L.Compared with no weeding,chemical herbicides had no significant effect on the protein content,while atrazine decreased the fat content,and butachlor and MCPA-starane decreased the glycerol trioleate content of C.lacryma-jobi L.[Conclusions]The use of herbicides significantly increases crop yield compared with no weeding,but has an impact on agronomic characters and grain quality.

Screening and Analysis of Germplasm Resources of Wild Coix lacryma-jobi L. with High Content of Coixin

[Objectives] To screen and analyze germplasm resources of wild Coix lacryma-jobi L. with high content of coixin. [Methods] From the 150 kinds of collected wild C. lacryma-jobi L. germplasm resources, 24 kinds of excellent resources were screened and detected. Morphological statistics were carried out, and the content of coixin in the four organ of roots, stems, leaves and seeds were measured, and the approved cultivar white husk Liugu of C. lacryma-jobi L. was taking as the control. [Results] Among the organs of the plant of C. lacryma-jobi L., the roots had the highest content of coixin, so the roots of C. lacryma-jobi L. can be used as the medicinal parts of C. lacryma-jobi L. [Conclusions] The wild C. lacryma-jobi L.Y229, Y164, Y166, Y83, and Y84 stains had excellent yield, and their root coixin content was significantly higher than that of the control variety, so they can be used for cultivation as excellent germplasm, so as to obtain new variety(line) of C. lacryma-jobi L.with higher content of coixin.

Anti-tumor effect of coix seed based on the theory of medicinal and food homology

Coix seed is a dry and mature seed of Coix lacryma-jobi L.var.ma-yuen(Roman.)Stapf in the Gramineae family.Coix seed has a sweet,light taste,and a cool nature.Coix seed enters the spleen,stomach,and lung meridians.It has the effects of promoting diuresis and dampness,strengthening the spleen to prevent diarrhea,removing arthralgia,expelling pus,and detoxifying and dispersing nodules.It is used for the treatment of edema,athlete's foot,poor urination,spleen deficiency and diarrhea,dampness and obstruction,lung carbuncle,intestinal carbuncle,verruca,and cancer.The medicinal and health value is high,and it has been included in the list of medicinal and food sources in China,which has a large development and application space.This article reviews the current research achievements in the processing methods and anti-tumor activities of Coix seed and provides examples of its clinical application in ancient and modern times,aiming to provide reference for further research on Coix seed and contribute to its clinical application and development.Through the analysis of the traditional Chinese patent medicines,and simple preparations and related health food of Coix seed queried by Yaozhi.com,the source,function,and dosage form of Coix seed were comprehensively analyzed,with a view of providing a reference for the development of Coix seed medicine and food.

Effects of Thallium Stress on Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Antioxidant Enzymes Activities of Coix Lacryma-jobi

Levels of T1 （Thallium） in soil from 0 （control） to 50 μg/L through 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2.5μg/L were directly and positively correlated to levels of T1 in plant tissue, the accumulation being maximum in roots, intermediate in leaves and minimum in stems. Thallium, especially at higher concentrations, adversely affected photosynthesis （as judged based on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters）, suggesting inhibition of photo-activation of PSII （Photosystems II）, and also decreased the rate of photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration and stomatal conductivity drastically. Exposure to TI also increased the activity of CAT （Catalase） （except at 1 μg/L） and POD （Peroxidase） （except at 0.2 μg/L）, suggesting that the antioxidant systems in Coix lacryma-jobi were the main contributors of CAT and SOD （Superoxide Dismutase） and that the tolerance of C. lacryma-jobi to T1 is mainly due to this induced antioxidant machinery.

薏苡ClSAD、ClFAD2基因单倍型鉴定与相关脂肪酸关联分析

薏苡仁油是薏苡仁主要功能性物质之一,脂肪酸是其重要组成部分。以中国9个省份的190份薏苡种质为材料,检测其种仁硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸含量,分析ClSAD、ClFAD2基因序列多态性并鉴定单倍型,进行脂肪酸含量单倍型关联分析。结果表明,不同薏苡种质种仁3种脂肪酸含量存在广泛变异,变异系数为15.84%~23.05%,遗传多样性指数为5.22~5.23,其中油酸含量最高,硬脂酸含量最低,各脂肪酸组分间呈极显著正相关。ClSAD和ClFAD2内部各有14个和3个SNP,分别鉴定到5个单倍型组合,ClSAD基因单倍型Hap3和ClFAD2基因单倍型Hap1分别与参考基因组一致。ClSAD基因单倍型Hap3与硬脂酸含量显著关联且具有负效应,利于硬脂酸向油酸转化。ClFAD2基因单倍型Hap1利于亚油酸的积累,而Hap2与亚油酸酸含量显著关联且具有负效应,不利于亚油酸的合成。在2个基因内部各鉴定到1个关键SNP位点,分别是形成SAD和FAD2酶活性差异的关键位点。研究结果将为高油薏苡优良品种的选育、分子标记开发和相关分子机制解析提供理论基础。

一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌L21在薏苡植株体内的定殖研究

将含有抗生素的绿色荧光蛋白质粒标记在菌株L21(Bacillus velezensis)中,旨在深入研究内生细菌与薏苡植株的互作。采用自然转化法,将质粒pHT01-P43GFPmut3a转入薏苡内生菌L21中,获得了工程菌株L21-GFP,并测定了L21-GFP和L21的生长曲线、遗传稳定性、功能稳定性;用浇灌法将L21-GFP导入薏苡植株体内,并用荧光显微检测其定殖情况。结果表明:L21-GFP和L21的菌落形态、生长速度和拮抗活性之间无明显差异,均在培养8 h后从缓慢生长期进入对数生长期;pHT01-P43GFPmut3a能在L21中稳定遗传,转接40 h后的稳定性为63%;工程菌株L21-GFP能够稳定地定殖于薏苡植株体内,其中定殖于根部的菌体密度最大,达到106 cfu/g。由此可知,L21-GFP在薏苡体内定殖能力强且稳定,具有良好的应用前景。

Phytochemical screening, antibacterial and anthelmintic activities of leaf and seed extracts of Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Objective: To evaluate the possible phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and anthelmintic activity of Coix lacryma-jobi L. (Job's tears) using the chloroform leaves and seed extracts. Methods: The test for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration was conducted by the disc diffusion and two-fold dilution method, respectively. In anthelmintic activity test, using Pheretima posthuma model, vermifuge and vermicidal activity were determined by using the chloroform extract at various concentrations. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening of chloroform extracts of Job's tears leaves indicated the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, saponin, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and steroids whereas the seeds extract contained glycosides, flavonoids, phenols and steroids, which revealed highest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5–50 mg/mL) was observed against all selected bacteria. On the other hand, it has been observed that chloroform leaves extracts showed shortest time of paralysis (P = 8.17 min) and death (D = 18.23 min) at 100 mg/mL concentration, in comparison with seed extracts (P = 36.83 min and D = 62.33 min) at 100 mg/mL concentration and albendazole (10 mg/mL) used as reference drug (P = 20.17 min and D = 43.67 min), which indicated the plant possessed mild anthelmintic activity. Conclusions: The chloroform extracts (leaves and seeds) showed efficacy for both bacterial infections and parasitic diseases, which ensure the traditional uses of Coix lacryma-jobi L.

Shelf life evaluation of formulated cookies from Hanjeli (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) and Moringa leaf flour (Moringa oleifera)

Hanjeli(Coix lacryma-jobi L.)and moringa leaf(Moringa oleifera)remain underutilised despite their high nutritional value for food.In the present research,cookies made from hanjeli(Coix lacryma-jobi L.)with moringa leaf flour(Moringa oleifera)have been developed.Hanjeli cookies were measured for nutritional composition and shelf life assessment.The shelf life evaluation of hanjeli-moringa cookies was calculated using two approaches,which were accelerated shelf life testing(ASLT)methods with critical moisture content and the Arrhenius method.The results of the nutritional composition analysis showed that hanjeli-moringa cookies contain protein(9.14%),fat(24.67%),carbohydrates(61.62%),crude fibre(4.85%),and energy(505.01 Kcal).Using the Arrhenius method,the shelf life of hanjeli-moringa cookies was 95.46 days at room temperature and 97.63 days at 20℃.Meanwhile,the shelf life of cookies using the critical moisture content approach was 170.57 days.Shelf life is influenced by initial moisture content,critical water content of the product,packaging surface area and permeability,saturated vapour pressure,and slope sorption isotherm curve.The formulated cookies have significant amounts of nutrients that are acceptable and safe for consumption,with guaranteed desirable sensory properties.The result of this study shows that hanjeli-moringa cookies can be used as an alternative food for people who need high energy in a practical way of serving or ready to eat.

薏苡属(CoixL.)2种1变种的遗传多样性及亲缘关系的初步分析

利用垂直板型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,检测了薏苡属(CoixL.)2种1变种:薏苡(CoixlacrymajobiL.)6个居群、念珠薏苡(C.lacrymajobivar.maximaMakino)3个居群和薏米(C.chinensisTod.)2个居群共11个居群5个酶系统6个位点上9个等位基因的分布情况,结果表明:薏苡、念珠薏苡和薏米的遗传多样性水平普遍较低,每个位点等位基因平均数(A)分别为12,11和12;多态位点百分数(P)分别为167,113和167;平均期望杂合度(He)分别为006,003和007。聚类分析不能从遗传上将以上的2种1变种区分开。

薏苡(Coix.L)正常幼苗与白化苗的同工酶分析

比较薏苡正常幼苗与其白化苗的过氧化物酶及酯酶的同工酶的结果表明,正常绿苗的过氧化物酶酶带有8条,白化苗有10条(多出A_5、A_7);正常绿苗的酯酶同工酶带有4条,白化苗有3条,白化苗缺少B_2带,并且B_(1-1)与B_1带相近似。结果表明白化与过氧化物酶及酯酶同工酶的表达有关系。

Effect of Planting Density,Fertilizer Level,and Number of Seedlings per Hole on Yield of Coix Lachryrma-jobi L.

In order to study high yield cultivation technology for Coix Lachryrma-jobi L.,and discuss the effect of planting density,fertilizer level,and number of seedlings per hole on yield of Coix Lachryrma-jobi L.,this paper took domesticated variety Xingren Small White Shell of Coix Lachryrma-jobi L. as an example. Using L9( 34) orthogonal design,it selected optimum combination of planting density,fertilizer level,and number of seedlings per hole to guide planting of Coix Lachryrma-jobi L.. Experiment indicated that the optimum planting density( spacing in the rows and spacing between rows) of Coix Lachryrma-jobi L. is 40 cm x 80 cm; the optimum fertilizer level is pure nitrogen 15 kg,pure phosphorus 15 kg and pure potassium 15 kg per mu; the optimum number of seedlings per hole is 5 seedlings per hole. Through variance analysis,it indicated that planting density exerts significance effect on the yield of Coix Lachryrma-jobi L.

氮磷钾肥配施对薏苡不同部位籽粒灌浆结实特性的影响

探明氮、磷、钾肥不同配比对薏苡不同部位籽粒灌浆结实特性的影响,可为薏苡高效施肥技术模式提供理论和技术支持。以‘贵薏1号’为材料,采用“3414”设计,应用Richards方程对不同氮磷钾肥配施下薏苡5个部位(上、中、下1、下2和下3部位)籽粒灌浆过程的影响进行了研究。结果表明:1)与不施肥处理相比,施用氮磷钾肥可延长薏苡上、中、下1、下2和下3部位籽粒灌浆速率达最大时需要的天数和籽粒活跃灌浆期,提高灌浆速率达最大值时的粒重、平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率,进而提高薏苡结实特性。2)氮磷钾肥配施显著提高薏苡中部和下1部粒重,在单因素肥效间表现为N>K>P,在双因素肥效互作间表现为PK>NP>NK,但过量施用氮磷钾肥会使粒重有所下降,结实特性显著变差。3)相关性分析表明,上、中、下1、下2和下3部位籽粒的千粒重与籽粒结实率、充实度、平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率呈正相关。4)拟合肥料与薏苡千粒重效应函数方程,得出薏苡N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O的最优推荐施肥范围分别为135.51~270.99 kg·hm^(-2)、75.00~150.50 kg·hm^(-2)、56.25~112.51 kg·hm^(-2)。氮磷钾肥配施显著影响薏苡不同部位籽粒灌浆结实特性,适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著促进籽粒灌浆、缩小部位间差异,又可以提高结实率和粒重。在薏苡生产中,氮肥对薏苡籽粒灌浆结实特性影响最大,钾肥次之,磷肥影响最小。

RP-HPLC法测定薏苡中薏苡素的含量

采用HPLC法，以Diamonsil（R）C18为色谱柱，乙睛-水（50：50）为流动相，流速1mL／min，柱温25℃，检测波长232nm，建立了薏苡非种仁部位中薏苡素的高效液相含量测定方法．结果表明：薏苡素在0．096～1．92μg范围内呈良好的线性关系，该方法的平均回收率为99．12％（n=5），相对标准偏差（RSD）为0．89％，用此条件测得成都华西植物园中薏苡全草中薏苡素的含量为8．3078mg／g．从成分薏苡素和资源综合利用的角度考虑，建议薏苡根、茎和叶可以入药．

HPLC法测定薏苡非种仁部位薏苡素的含量

[目的]建立薏苡非种仁部位中薏苡素的HPLC测定方法。[方法]采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为AgilentHC-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水(V∶V=25∶75);流速为1.0ml/min;柱温为25℃;检测波长为232nm。[结果]薏苡非种仁部位中薏苡素的含量:根>皮>茎。[结论]该方法准确、专属性强,可为薏苡非种仁部位的综合开发利用提供参考。

黄大茶与薏苡仁、茯苓复配调节肠道菌群改善营养性肥胖的作用研究

该研究考察黄大茶、薏苡仁和茯苓复配物对高脂饮食诱导肥胖改善的作用与机制。采用高脂饮食喂养C57/BL 6 N雄性小鼠12周,同时分别用黄大茶复配物(large-leaf yellow tea formula aqueous extracts,LFAE)、薏苡仁+茯苓水提物(Coix lachrymajobi L.combined with Poria cocos Wolf formula aqueous extracts,CPAE)或黄大茶水提物(large-leaf yellow tea aqueous extracts,LAE)干预处理,每周记录小鼠的体重及能量摄入。饮食干预完成后,检测各组小鼠血脂水平变化,HE染色法检测小鼠肝脏及附睾脂肪组织(epididymal adipose tissue,EAT)的形态变化,采用16S rRNA高通量测序分析各组小鼠肠道菌群的多样性与差异性,Western blotting检测EAT中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)、p-AMPK、甘油三酯脂肪酶(adipose triglyceride lipase,ATGL)、激素敏感性脂肪酶(hormone-sensitive lipase,HSL)和p-HSL蛋白的表达。结果显示,与高脂组相比,CPAE和LAE组小鼠体重降低均不显著,而LFAE组小鼠的体重、TC、LDL-C、AST、ALT水平和脂质沉积显著降低,肠道菌群中厚壁菌门丰度显著降低,拟杆菌门丰度升高,属水平中阿德勒克罗伊茨菌(Adlercreutzia)、异杆菌属(Allobaculum)、经黏液真杆菌属(Blautia)、狄氏副拟杆菌(Parabacteroides)丰度显著提高,p-AMPK、ATGL和p-HSL蛋白表达均显著上调。此外,与LAE组相比,LFAE组小鼠的体重、TG水平和脂质沉积显著降低,厚壁菌门丰度降低,拟杆菌门丰度升高,Adlercreutzia、Allobaculum、Blautia、Parabacteroides丰度显著提高,ATGL和p-HSL蛋白的表达均显著上调。综上所述,黄大茶、薏苡仁和茯苓复配物能够调节小鼠肠道菌群,促进脂肪组织脂解,协同增效改善高脂饮食诱导的肥胖。

基于AFLP标记的贵州及其邻省薏苡种质资源遗传多样性分析

【目的】分析贵州及其邻省薏苡种质的遗传多样性,为薏苡种质资源的保护、遗传改良及创新利用提供理论依据。【方法】利用AFLP标记对来源于贵州及其邻省的141份薏苡种质进行遗传多样性分析及聚类分析。【结果】6对AFLP引物组合从141份薏苡种质中共扩增出830条清晰的条带,其中多态性条带为742条,多态性比例为89.40%,平均每对引物组合扩增多态性条带123.67条,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.35~1.50,平均1.44;Nei’s遗传多样性指数(H)为0.21~0.30,平均为0.26;Shannon’s信息指数(I)为0.33~0.45,平均为0.40。来自贵州及其邻省的141份薏苡种质分为两大类群,第Ⅰ大类群包含63份薏苡种质,其中来源于贵州27份、广西6份、湖南15份、云南7份、重庆5份和四川3份,该类群可细分为Ⅰ-A和Ⅰ-B2个亚群;第Ⅱ大类群包含78份薏苡种质,其中来源于贵州44份、广西3份、湖南5份、云南18份和四川8份,该类群可细分为Ⅱ-A、Ⅱ-B、Ⅱ-C和Ⅱ-D4个亚群。在每个亚群中,同一地区或毗邻地区的薏苡种质亲缘关系较近,跨区跨省的薏苡种质资源亲缘关系远,仅有少量不同地区的薏苡种质被聚为一个类群。【结论】贵州及其邻省的薏苡种质交流相对较频繁,遗传基础较狭窄,遗传多样性较低。

安徽省薏苡种质资源形态特征和产量性状评价

[目的]筛选出适宜安徽种植的优良资源。[方法]采用随机排列的方法,对安徽不同地区收集的8份薏苡种质资源的生育期、植株形态特征、籽粒形态特征和产量性状进行比较分析。[结果]8份薏苡种质资源的生育期为159~183 d,株高为162.1~234.3 cm,主茎直径在4.45~5.84 mm,主茎叶片数为10~16,单株有效穗数为6~14,结实率为73.21%~94.24%,百粒重为8.252~27.620 g,籽粒厚度为5.35~8.54 mm,籽粒长宽比为1.23~1.77;株型主要以紧凑型为主;叶色均为浅绿色,苗期叶色主要以深绿色为主;种子有灰色、白色、灰褐色、黑色4种颜色类型。[结论]4号和6号薏苡资源综合性状优良,具有较高的潜在利用价值。

铬在水平潜流和垂直流人工湿地中的形态转化和迁移

本研究以薏苡为湿地植物,构建了小型垂直流人工湿地(VC)和水平潜流人工湿地(HC),研究了不同水分管理对处理Cr^(6+)废水时铬的迁移转化的影响。结果表明:Cr^(6+)处理下,两种湿地的薏苡生长均受到了抑制,水平潜流人工湿地薏苡生长受抑制程度低于垂直流人工湿地。水平潜流人工湿地铬含量较高,而垂直流人工湿地易吸收的可交换态和碳酸盐提取态铬含量较高。基质的pH和Eh均随Cr^(6+)浓度的增加而呈现减小趋势。垂直流人工湿地pH及Eh值均大于水平潜流人工湿地。与潜流人工湿地相关的酶活性相比,垂直流人工湿地可以增加基质中蔗糖酶活性,但Cr^(6+)处理下脲酶活性却低于水平潜流人工湿地。高通量分析表明,不同处理下的两种人工湿地基质微生物群落存在显著差异,水平潜流人工湿地微生物更有利于将铬转化为难以利用的铬形态。水平潜流人工湿地对废水中的Cr^(6+)有更好的去除能力。研究表明,水平潜流人工湿地有利于促进Cr^(6+)转化为难以利用的铬形态,提高了人工湿地对污水中Cr^(6+)的去除能力。