海底观测装置—CORK:安装在深海钻孔内的“眼睛”

几十年来,海洋科学、地球科学研究和解决问题的方式由过去间隙性的探索转变为持续性的原位观测和实验研究。20世纪90年代,随着大洋钻探的快速发展而诞生的海底CORK(Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit,简称CORK)观测系统为科学家们针对复杂的海底深部活动过程进行数秒乃至数十年时间尺度的研究提供了新手段和新机遇,对我们认识地球动力学、深海矿产资源形成与分布、深部生物圈与生命物质等方面具有重要意义。

Assessment of Cork Oak Decline Using Digital Multispectral Imagery in Relation with in Situ Crown Condition

Cork oak in Maamora forest is experiencing the dieback phenomenon. The evaluation of the latter in this forest has gained the importance over time and with the solicitation of managers to objectify its phytosanitary situation. Aiming at prioritizing management actions, remote sensing seems to be an effective tool to inquire about stands’ health conditions and their evolution. To this end, this study aims at mapping and validating health status of cork oak stands in Maamora. Sentinel 2 images in 2015 and 2020 were processed to calculate the differential normalized difference water index (NDWI), revealing vegetation moisture variation caused by drought. A statistical method based on thresholds was used to map cork oak dieback stands, those with no changes and those recovered. Results have shown that 54.63% of cork oak in Maamora forest have not changed in terms of phytosanitary situation between 2015 and 2020, 31.10% of oak stands are afflicted by a slight decline and 12.97% by a severe decline. Areas with slight or strong recovery remain minimal and represent 1.04% and 0.25% respectively. Ground data indicated that the map generated displayed a good distinction between stands severely and slightly declined with a global accuracy of 66.66%. Therefore, further research elaborating an advanced vegetation index reflecting the various factors of dieback would be of much importance.

Applicability of Lung Equivalent Phantom Using the Cork with Absorbed Water in Radiotherapeutic Dosimetry

The radiation dosimetry in medical practice requires special phantom to simulate the organs and tissues of a human body. To achieve the same elemental composition as that of the human lung by weight percent, we constructed lung equivalent phantom (LEP) using cork with absorbed water in order for it to uniformly absorb the water. Then, we presented the physical properties and dosimetric characteristics of other commercial phantoms and the LEP. We found that the physical properties and dosimetric characteristics of the LEP were approximately the same as those of human lung tissue. LEP constitutes a new dosimetry tool because it can provide the dose distributions and point doses similar to those for the body with respiratory motion of lung.

Preparation of a Cation Exchanger from Cork Waste: Thermodynamic Study of the Ion Exchange Processes

An ion exchanger was prepared by sulfonation of cork-waste chars. The exchange properties of the resultant material were characterized using Na+, Ca2+ or Fe3+ aqueous solutions. The content of metal ions in the solutions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. On the basis of the results obtained, the chemical equilibrium and its thermodynamic aspects related to the ion exchange process were studied. It was found that equilibrium constant K varies by the order: Na+<Ca2+<Fe3+, its value increasing with increasing temperature, and that △H°>0 and △5°>0, with -△G° following the sequence: Ca2+>Na+>Fe3+.

A Study on the Density of Agglomerates Prepared from Cork Wastes

The density of black regranulate (BR) of cork and of black agglomerate (BA) and composite agglomerate (CA) prepared fromsuch a waste by different methods was investigated. The preparation of the agglomerates was undertaken by controlling thespecimen thickness for BA and the particle size for BR and the binder dosage for CA. The mass changes produced in theoven-drying treatment at 376.15 K of the agglomerates and in their subsequent stabilization under ambient conditions werealso analyzed. The density was determined by standard methods. For BR, the bulk density first decreased and then increasedwith decreasing particle size. It was much lower than the apparent density of the agglomeration products of cork. Although toa lesser extent, the density was also lower for BA than for CA. It was higher for the smaller thickness specimens of BA. In thecase of CA, the density followed the same variation trends as for BR. Furthermore it increased significantly with the increasein resin dosage. This resulted in a noticeable increase in the weight loss during the oven-drying and in a significant decreasein the degree of moisture adsorption during the stabilization period of the agglomerate.

Effect of Amino Acids on Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis of Moroccan Cork Oak (<i>Quercus suber</i>L.) Tree

In the present study, we tested the effect of amino acids on secondary somatic embryogenesis of Moroccan cork oak (Quercus suber L.). Secondary mature and immature somatic embryos were obtained from primary somatic embryos cultured in N30K medium supplemented with nineteen amino acids. Stimulation of embryogenesis was dependent on the type and concentration of amino acid in the medium. Thus, L-glutamine and L-asparagine at 3.42 mM have been proved to be the most favorable for the formation of functional somatic embryos and the induction of secondary somatic embryos.

Nitrogen and Organic Matter Mineralization in the Tunisian Cork Oak Forest: A Laboratory Study

The mineralization of the organic matter is a very important phenomenon which leads to the release of nutriments used by plants. The rate of transformation of the organic matter depends on several factors and parameters such as climatic factors and biological and physicochemical properties of the soil and the litter. In this study, we investigate the effect of the addition of litter of various species as well as the effect of soil moisture on mineralization of organic matter and on mineral nitrogen release in three soils sampled in three cork oak stands during a period of 41 days under the same laboratory conditions. Carbon mineralization was determined using CO2 respiration method, whereas the mineral nitrogen content was measured at the last day of incubation both in soil samples with added plant leaf material, and in control soil samples without addition under two treatments of moisture (40% and 80% WHC—water holding capacity). Our results show that the addition of leaf litter causes an increase in the microbial activity. Soils without addition were significantly different from the plant leaf added soils in respect to carbon mineralization at the end of the incubation period. Moreover, it is noted that the mineralization of carbon is more marked with moisture at 80% than that of 40%, contrary to that of the nitrogen, which is not influenced by the variation of moisture.

Predicting Cork Oak Suitability in Maâmora Forest Using Random Forest Algorithm

Maamora is considered the most important cork-oak forest in the world with regard to surface. Therefore, anthropic pressure, including cork harvesting, grazing and soft acorn picking up by local communities, has harmful consequences on forest regeneration and the forest become older exceeding harvesting age. Thus, its sustainability depends on the managers’ ability to succeed cork oak plantations. This work presents an assessment approach to evaluate Quercus suber suitability to its plantation which is based on a random forest algorithm (RF). In fact, this suitability has been assessed through analyzing management data related to previous plantation success rates (SR). Then a relationship between SR and a set of environmental and social factors has been investigated using the RF. Application of the fitted model to continuous maps of all involved factors enabled establishment of suitability maps which would help managers to make more rational decisions in terms of cork oak regeneration, ensuring Maamora forest sustainability.

Callogenesis of Cork Oak(Quercus suber L.)through In Vitro Culture of Nodes and Internodes

The present study is about in vitro culture of cork oak, through callogenesis from nodes and internodes, withdrawn from seedlings of three months. These latter were obtained after acorns germination on peat. Nodes showed a high capacity for callogenesis and the best rate was obtained on a medium containing Woody Plant Medium (WPM) macronutrients, Murashige and Skoog (MS) micronutrients and vitamins, 4.5 μM of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), 7 μM of 2-naphthalineacetic acid (NAA) and 30 g/L of Sucrose. Calluses are transplanted onto the same mineral solution, with or without growth regulators, and in the 3rd transplanting;small white embryos appear on the surface of calluses.

Development of Composites Sandwich Structures Using a Core Cork

Sandwich structures are comprised of two external faces/skins(usually made of synthetic fiber/resin)and a core between them,being lightweight and with high stiffness.The employment of composite materials such as engineering materials has achieved more space in various segments of the industry,due to the following properties found:low density,stiffness,resistance to abrasion,impact and corrosion developed along the technological advancement of materials.This study aimed to develop a composite structure sandwich with cork core using in the face resin unsaturated polyester and glass fiber material,in order to obtain a final material with improved mechanical and physical properties compared to a conventional composite,without core.The samples were obtained by pressing process for different volume percentage of glass fiber in order to evaluate the influence of this parameter on the behavior of the material.The different samples were mechanically analyzed using the tests by tensile,bending and hardness,revealing high efficiency,except for the bending test in which the sandwich composite showed lower values compared to the composite standard.It was also performed to test water absorption,thermal and acoustic insulation test achieving satisfactory results and proving the effectiveness of cork in the search for materials with insulating characteristics,thus enabling the use of cork as a raw material for this class of materials contributing to sustainability and helping to generate values and innovation.In addition,it functions as a great thermal and acoustic insulation.

Investigating the Life-Span of Cork Products through a Longitudinal ApproachmOverview of Two Years Results

Products with long life-spans are generally acknowledged to have a significant contribution towards sustainability. This paper provides an overview and discussion of the two years results of a longitudinal study performed with users and several cork products. The research aimed to tackle the process of life-span, and the results include： （1） the identification and interrelation of the aspects influencing the life-span of the products; （2） the evolution of life-span over time; and （3） new knowledge and guidelines arising about the material. Overall, most cork products are still being used, have a very good life-span, and most issues arising are material related.

Beteland Cork for Room Decoration

The major production places for cork are Spain and Portugal. The cork is used in making stoppers for bottles containing brandy, whisky or champagne. In recent decades, cork room wall decorations and cork floor boards have become popular for being toxicfree, odourless and harmless to human health. So it is called a green building material.

Cork冠状动脉疾病病例对照研究中急性冠状动脉综合征和慢性感染的关系

Objective: To examine the association between chronic infection and cumulative burden of infection and acute coronary syndrome. Design: The 5C(Cork coronary care case-control)-study was a community based case-control study. Patients and controls underwent a standard physical examination and had blood samples taken for serological analysis for Helicobacter pylori(IgG), Chlamydia pneumoniae(IgA, IgM, and IgG), cytomegalovirus(IgG), and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2(IgG). Setting: Patients were recruited from four hospitals in Cork City and Mal lowTown, Controls, individually matched on age and sex, were selected by incident density sampling from the same general practices as the referent case. Main outcome measures: Age and sex adjusted and fully adjusted odds ratios for acute coronary syndrome by seropositivity and by increasing number of infections. Results: Cases and controls did not differ significantly in seropositivity to C pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses, and H pylori. In unconditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, waist to hip ratio, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and social class there was no evidence of an increasing risk for acute coronary syndrome with increasing burden of infection. Conclusions: The findings do not support an association between specific infectious agents and acute coronary syndrome and do not provide evidence of a burden of infection effect.

Porous honeycomb cork biochar for efficient and highly selective removal of phosphorus from wastewater

In this study,an adsorbent(LCB)with rich honeycomb structure was prepared from cork waste generated from furniture factories for efficient adsorption of excess phosphorus(P)from wastewater.This adsorbent was successfully prepared in only one step,in situ precipitation method,which greatly simplified the synthesis process.Kinetic studies showed that when the initial concentration(C_(0))of wastewater was 10 mg P L^(−1),the P in the water could be completely adsorbed within 20 min.The adsorption efficiency of phosphorus was significantly improved compared to previous studies.When the C_(0) of pollutant and the dosage of LCB were 20 mg P L^(−1) and 0.5 g L^(−1),respectively,the removal rate of P exceeded 99%in the pH range of 3-10,which indicates the wide applicability of LCB.In addition,the P adsorption capacity of LCB was 82.4%of its initial value after nine adsorption-desorption cycles,indicating that LCB has a high stability and can be widely used in different water environments.Therefore,LCB is a promising material for the treatment of P-containing wastewater.

海底CORK观测30年：发展、应用与展望

过去50年深海钻探计划(DSDP)、大洋钻探计划(ODP)及综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)等国际间综合深海钻探计划的实施,使我们对地球和海洋的认识取得了显著进步。海底井控观测装置(CORK)的研发和应用是上述深海钻探计划带给我们的最宝贵财富之一。目前地球科学和海洋科学已由过去的间断性观测模式升级为现在的连续性原位观测模式,海底CORK观测系统为地球科学、海洋科学与生命科学领域的科学家对海底洋壳复杂而又相互关联的深部过程进行数秒至数十年时间尺度的研究提供了新手段和新机遇。通过对海底CORK观测系统的发展演变、在ODP和IODP航次中的使用以及在此过程中获得的科学经验和教训进行总结,对CORK系统如何应用于我国洋壳地质学、水文学、微生物学及生物地球化学过程研究提出看法。

基于三锚式大型浮标平台的海洋地震监测技术分析

海洋地震监测是防震减灾的重要工作内容之一,是提高海域中地震定位精度、监测水平的技术手段,并可为大地构造、地球动力学等基础地学研究提供宝贵基础信息。根据国内外海洋地震监测技术发展现状,结合现代海洋资料浮标与海底光缆技术特点,文中着重探讨基于三锚式大型浮标平台的海洋地震监测技术与方法。研究分析表明:建设基于海洋浮标平台的地震监测系统更具可行性、可操作性,采用直径三锚式大型浮标作为“通讯和供电子系统”较为适宜;海洋地震监测项目的安全关系到了整个系统的稳定运行,特别要关注“通讯和供电子系统”和“地震观测技术子系统”之间连接的安全保障措施;海洋地震监测项目质量对保障整个系统具有举重轻重的作用,在“地震观测技术子系统”海底安装中要注意地震设备的防洋流和与大地耦合的两个重要环节。

中国栓皮栎软木细胞结构的地理差异

以中国28个采样点的栓皮栎软木为材料,对其细胞结构进行测量与分析,比较不同样点软木细胞结构的差异,并探究其与环境因子之间的关系,为筛选优良软木材料、提高软木资源利用效率提供理论依据。结果表明:1)栓皮栎软木是沿树干径向紧密排列的中空薄壁细胞,细胞在弦切面上呈蜂窝状排列,在非弦切面上呈砖墙状平行排列;2)栓皮栎软木的细胞结构参数为:棱柱高18.10~32.68μm、棱柱底边长13.89~17.80μm、细胞壁厚0.71~1.28μm、细胞底面积(4.59~7.13)×10^(-6)cm^(2)、细胞体积(0.96~2.49)×10^(-8)cm^(3)、细胞数(4.01~10.45)×10^(7) cm^(-3)、实体积比5.6%~10.2%。其中,北京平谷的软木棱柱高、细胞底面积和体积最小,贵州道真的最大;细胞数则相反。四川中江的软木棱柱底边长最大,甘肃天水的最小。湖北南漳的软木细胞壁厚和实体积比最大,山东济南的最小;3)栓皮栎软木的7个细胞结构参数可划分为PC1和PC2两类,前者主要受纬度的影响,后者与经度和年平均温度显著相关。

微介孔颗粒状软木活性炭制备及其对游离甲醛吸附性能

【目的】活性炭以其孔隙结构发达、比表面积大、吸附性强等优点而在治理空气污染方面备受关注,随着人们对装饰装修材料带来的游离甲醛危害意识的增强,微孔结构发达的颗粒状活性炭得到快速发展,开发一种吸附效率高的微介孔颗粒状活性炭对构建健康的室内环境具有重要的现实意义。【方法】本研究以可重复剥取的栓皮栎软木为原料,通过KOH活化法制备适合吸附游离甲醛的颗粒状软木活性炭(CAC),探讨不同预炭化温度、碱炭质量比以及活化温度对CAC微孔发育和游离甲醛吸附能力的影响,通过调整制备工艺来优化CAC的孔隙结构,提高其比表面积和孔体积,从而增大CAC对游离甲醛的吸附能力。【结果】通过KOH刻蚀制备的CAC具有丰富的微介孔结构和特殊的分层多孔结构,具体表现为孔径集中分布在3 nm以内,其中孔径为0.4 nm的微孔数量最多;CAC的分层多孔结构不仅增加了比表面积和孔体积,还为甲醛分子提供了更多的吸附位点。制备CAC的最优工艺参数为:预炭化温度550℃,碱炭质量比5∶1,活化温度750℃。在此条件下,CAC的比表面积(1984.08 m^(2)/g)和总孔体积(1.06 cm^(3)/g)最大,微孔占比高达86%,对游离甲醛的吸附量为0.2768 mg/g,去除率为86.8%。【结论】以栓皮栎软木为原料制备具有分层多孔结构的微介孔活性炭,对游离甲醛等气体污染物的吸附具有巨大潜力,其高效的吸附性能为气体污染物的治理提供了新的可能性,也为软木高值化利用乃至栎类天然林综合利用的研究提供新思路及研究基础。

亚麻纤维增强软木复合材料的吸声性能研究

为了提高软木复合材料的吸声性能,以亚麻纤维为增强材料,通过热压工艺制备亚麻纤维/软木复合材料。采用传递函数法测试软木复合材料的声学性能,以吸声系数作为评价标准,并探讨热压温度、热压压力、材料密度、亚麻纤维含量和材料厚度对亚麻纤维/软木复合材料吸声性能的影响。通过对比不同参数组合的结果可知:亚麻纤维/软木复合材料制备工艺在热压温度160℃、热压压力6MPa、热压时间15min、亚麻纤维质量分数10%、材料密度0.4g/cm^(3)、材料厚度15mm时,复合材料吸声性能最佳,吸声系数最高值达到0.8,平均吸声系数0.43,可替代传统的软木板应用于室内吸声装饰面板。

传承·发展·创新:非遗视域下福州软木画技艺研究

福州软木画于2008年正式入选第二批国家非物质文化遗产名录,是福州特色工艺品的代表之一。软木画在百余年的发展历程中,曾出现高度繁荣,但于20世纪末走向衰落。近些年在政策和产业创新发展的助推下,逐渐重返人们视野。通过简述软木画概况,分析非遗视域下软木画的传承、发展与创新,通过软木画的创新,重振软木画技艺,挖掘软木画的艺术特色、人文内涵和文化价值,推动软木画与中外文化、现代社会的融合,让更多的人认识软木画,共同“活”性保护、开发和传承软木画,再现软木画的灿烂辉煌。