A Convenient Synthesis of the Substituted 2,3-Diarylindole the Potent Selective COX-2 Inhibitors

Phenyl sulfone-containing 2, 3-diarylindole derivatives were designed and identified to be selective COX-2 inhibitors. A convenient synthetic route was also developed for the synthesis of the novel inhibitors.

Specific COX-2 inhibitor NS398 induces apoptosis in human liver cancer cell line HepG2 through BCL-2

AIM: To evaluate the effects of NS-398, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, on the proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2 cells. METHODS: The effects of NS-398 on the proliferation of HepG2 cells were evaluated by MTT. DNA fragmentation gel analysis was used to analyze the apoptotic cells. DNA ploidy and apoptotic cell percentage were calculated by flow cytornetry. The expression of COX-2 and Bcl-2 mRNA was identified by competitive RT-PCR. Furthermore, expression level of Bcl-2 was detected using Western blot in HepG2 after treated with NS-398. RESULTS: NS-398 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. DNA ploidy analysis showed that S phase cells were significantly decreased with increase of NS-398 concentration. The quiescent GO/G1 phase was accumulated with decrease of Bcl-2 mRNA. Whereas NS-398 had no effect on the expression of COX-2 mRNA, and no correlations were found between COX-2 mRNA and HepG2 cell proliferation and apoptosis induced by NS-398 (r=0.056 and r=0.119, respectively). Bcl-2 protein level was inhibited after treated with NS-398. CONCLUSION: NS-398 significantly inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Mechanisms involved may be accumulation of quiescent GO/G1 phase and decrease of Bcl-2 expression.

Anti-cancer effects of COX-2 inhibitors and their correlation wit angiogenesis and invasion in gastric cancer

AIM- To observe the anti-cancer effects of COX-2 inhibitors and investigate the relationship between COX-2 inhibitors and angiogenesis, infiltration or metastasis in SGC7901 cancer xenografts.METHODS: Thirty athymic mice xenograft models with human stomach cancer cell SGC7901 were established and divided randomly into 3 groups of 10 each. Sulindac, one non-specific COX inhibitor belonging to non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (a series of COX inhibitors known as NSAIDs) and celecoxib, one selective COX-2 inhibitor (known as SCIs) were orally administered to mice of treatment groups. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of PCNA, CD44v6 and microvessel density (MVD).Apoptosis was detected by using TUNEL assay.RESULTS: Tumors in sulindac and celecoxib groups were significantly smaller than those in control group from the second week after drug administration (P<0.01). In treatment group, the cell proliferation index was lower (P<0.05) and apoptosis index was higher (P<0.05) than those in control groups. Compared with the controls,microvessel density was reduced (P<0.01) and expression of CD44v6 on tumor cells was weakened (P<0.05) in treatment groups.CONCLUSION: COX-2 inhibitors have anticancer effects on gastric cancer. They play important roles in angiogenesis and infiltration or metastasis of stomach carcinoma. The anticancer effects of COX-2 inhibitors may include inducing apoptosis, suppressing proliferation, reducing angiogenesis and weakening invasiveness.

Selective COX-2 inhibitor,NS-398,suppresses cellular proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines via cell cycle arrest

AIM: To investigate the growth inhibitory mechanism of NS-398, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, in two hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines (HepG2 and Huh7). METHODS: HepG2 and Huh7 cells were treated with NS-398. Its effects on cell viability, cell proliferation, cell cycles, and gene expression were respectively evaluated by water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay, 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, flow cytometer analysis, and Western blotting, with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as positive control. RESULTS: NS-398 showed dose- and time-dependent growth-inhibitory effects on the two cell lines. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expressions in HepG2 and Huh7 cells, particularly in Huh7 cells were inhibited in a time- and dose-independent manner. NS-398 caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase with cell accumulation in the sub-G1 phase in HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines. No evidence of apoptosis was observed in two cell lines. CONCLUSION: NS-398 reduces cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest in HepG2 and Huh7 cell lines, and COX-2 inhibitors may have potent chemoprevention effects on human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Clinical benefit of COX-2 inhibitors in the adjuvant chemotherapy of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Lung cancer is a major cause of death among patients,and non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)accounts for more than 80%of all lung cancers in many countries.AIM To evaluate the clinical benefit(CB)of COX-2 inhibitors in patients with advanced NSCLC using systematic review.METHODS We searched the six electronic databases up until December 9,2019 for studies that examined the efficacy and safety of the addition of COX-2 inhibitors to chemotherapy for NSCLC.Overall survival(OS),progression free survival(PFS),1-year survival rate(SR),overall response rate(ORR),CB,complete response(CR),partial response(PR),stable disease(SD),and toxicities were measured with more than one outcome as their endpoints.Fixed and random effects models were used to calculate risk estimates in a meta-analysis.Potential publication bias was calculated using Egger’s linear regression test.Data analysis was performed using R software.RESULTS The COX-2 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy were not found to be more effective than chemotherapy alone in OS,progression free survival,1-year SR,CB,CR,and SD.However,there was a difference in overall response rate for patients with advanced NSCLC.In a subgroup analysis,significantly increased ORR results were found for celecoxib,rofecoxib,first-line treatment,and PR.For adverse events,the increase in COX-2 inhibitor was positively correlated with the increase in grade 3 and 4 toxicity of leukopenia,thrombocytopenia,and cardiovascular events.CONCLUSION COX-2 inhibitor combined with chemotherapy increased the total effective rate of advanced NSCLC with the possible increased risk of blood toxicity and cardiovascular events and had no effect on survival index.

Health Related Quality of Life among Osteoarthritis Patients: A Comparison of Traditional Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Selective COX-2 Inhibitors in the United Arab Emirates Using the SF-36

Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) has a dramatic impact on patients’ health related quality of life (HRQoL). Chronic use of analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications for pain management may improve symptoms but on long term may affect HRQoL negatively. The objective of the present study was to compare the impact of two different classes of analgesics, traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors on HRQoL among osteoarthritis patients using the SF-36 questionnaire. Methods: Clinic based cross-sectional study conducted at Al-Qassimi Hospital, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE), over a period of six months. Ethical Approval was obtained from the ethics committee at Al-Qassimi Clinical Research Center. Total of 200 osteoarthritis patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were involved in the study. Patients’ demographics were collected from their medical records. The Medical Outcome Study Short-Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire was used to measure patients’ HRQoL. SF-36 data were scored using health outcomes scoring software 4.5. Results: Mean age of the subjects was 62.19 ± 9.81 years with females constituting 151 (75.5%) of the patients. In general, females scored lower in most of the HRQoL domains compared to males and there was significant difference between the two groups in the mental health (p = 0.005) & mental component (p = 0.042) domains. Compared to selective COX-2 inhibitors, patients on NSAIDs scored higher on all domains of SF-36 except physical functioning. There was significant difference in mental health domain for patients treated with NSAIDs (p = 0.02). Celecoxib was only better than NSAIDs in osteoarthritis patients with more than one musculoskeletal disorders in the domain of bodily pain (p = 0.009). Conclusion: NSAIDs-treated patients did not differ significantly from celecoxib-treated patients in all domains of the SF-36 except for the mental health domain.

NSAIDs and the Gastrointestinal Tract： will COX-2 Inhibitors Make this a thing of the Past？

Aspirin has been marketed for just over 100 years and for, an evolving set of clinical indications, has been the world's first and most successful mass marketed pharmaceutical compound. However, by 1937 it was clear that aspirin could cause acute gastric erosions and chronic ulcers. Attempts to develop aspirin like compounds that would avoid of aspirin's topical toxicity did not result in avoidance of the same side effects. This is probably because aspirin and non-aspirin NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, a central component of both their therapeutic and toxic activity.

次苷酸查尔酮对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞iNOS和COX-2表达的影响

补骨脂为豆科植物补骨脂(Psoraleacorylifolia L.)果实,具有温肾助阳、温脾止泻的功效[1],临床上被用于治疗皮肤病、肾炎、骨折等[2-3]。次苷酸查尔酮(corylifol A,CYA)是中药补骨脂的活性成分之一,是一种异黄酮类化合物,具有抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化、抗骨质疏松的特性[4-5]。有研究表明,CYA能明显抑制破骨细胞的分化,且能明显降低LPS诱导的巨噬细胞一氧化氮(NO)的生成[6-7]。

Recent development on COX-2 inhibitors as promising anti-inflammatory agents:The past 10 years

Cyclooxygenases play a vital role in inflammation and are responsible for the production of prostaglandins.Two cyclooxygenases are described,the constitutive cyclooxygenase-1 and the inducible cyclooxygenase-2,for which the target inhibitors are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs).Prostaglandins are a class of lipid compounds that mediate acute and chronic inflammation.NSAIDs are the most frequent choices for treatment of inflammation.Nevertheless,currently used anti-inflammatory drugs have become associated with a variety of adverse effects which lead to diminished output even market withdrawal.Recently,more studies have been carried out on searching novel selective COX-2 inhibitors with safety profiles.In this review,we highlight the various structural classes of organic and natural scaffolds with efficient COX-2 inhibitory activity reported during 2011-2021.It will be valuable for pharmaceutical scientists to read up on the current chemicals to pave the way for subsequent research.

选择性COX-2抑制剂引起心血管风险的研究进展

非甾体抗炎药(non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)是一种有效的、广泛使用的抗炎镇痛药物,其对环氧合酶(cyclo-oxygenase,COX)亚型(COX-1、COX-2)的抑制作用将引起不同的反应,选择性COX-2抑制剂将显著增加不良心血管事件的风险,随着此类药物使用的增加和临床循证证据的积累,其带来的心血管风险引起了越来越多学者的关注。笔者通过归纳分析最新发表文献对选择性COX-2抑制剂引起心血管风险的研究进行综述,以期辅助临床合理用药,减少不良反应,提高用药安全性。

Synthesis of 4-（4-Methylsulfonylphenyl）-3-phenyl-2（3H）-thiazole Thione Derivatives as New Potential COX-2 Inhibitors

Synthesis of novel 4-（4-methylsulfonylphenyl）-3-phenyl-2（3H）-thiazole thione derivatives with functionalized diarylheterocycle pharmacophore as potential COX-2 inhibitors was described. The title compounds were synthesized by cyclocondensation of corresponding dithiocarbamate and 2-bromo-1-（4-methylsulfonylphenyl）ethanone, followed by dehydration with H2SO4. All of the target compounds were characterized by ^1H NMR, IR and mass spectral data.

Enhanced macrophage polarization induced by COX-2 inhibitor-loaded Pd octahedral nanozymes for treatment of atherosclerosis

Inhibition of foam cell formation is considered a promising treatment method for atherosclerosis,the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide.However,currently available therapeutic strategies have shown unsatisfactory clinical outcomes.Thus,herein,we design aloperine(ALO)-loaded and hyaluronic acid(HA)-modified palladium(Pd)octahedral nanozymes(Pd@HA/ALO)that can synergistically scavenge reactive oxygen species(ROS)and downregulate cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)expression to induce macrophage polarization,thus inhibiting foam cell formation to attenuate atherosclerosis.Due to the targeted effect of HA on stabilin-2 and CD44,which are overexpressed in atherosclerotic plaques,Pd@HA/ALO can actively accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques.Subsequently,the antioxidative effects of Pd octahedral nanozymes are mediated by their intrinsic superoxide dismutase-and catalase-like activities capable of effective scavenging of ROS.In addition,anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by controlled,on-demand near-infrared-triggered ALO release leading to inhibition of COX-2 expression.Importantly,the combined therapy can promote the polarization of macrophages to the M2 subtype by upregulating Arg-1 and CD206 expression and downregulating expression of TNF-α,IL-1βand IL-6,thereby inhibiting atherosclerosis-related foam cell formation.In conclusion,the presented in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that Pd@HA/ALO enhanced macrophage polarization to reduce plaque formation,identifying an attractive treatment strategy for cardiovascular disease.

Clinical Use of COX-2 Inhibitors Containing Quinoline Heterocycle as a Selective Therapeutic Agents for Complementary Medicine

Inflammation represents an initial response of immune system and is involved in a number of biochemical inci-dents.Such incidents may multiply and further develop the provocative response.Over the past 15 years,various classes of secondary metabolites that were isolated from plant and marine sources have been described as natural cyclooxygenase(COX)inhibitors.The majority of natural COX inhibitors could be used as a selective therapeutic agent for complementary medicine and clinical applications.Currently,the inflammation is commonly treated by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs),several medications of which,however,have been linked to renal and gastrointestinal side effects.A variety of inhibitors of COX-2 that are selective(celecoxib,rofecoxib,valdecoxib and others)have been designed as NSAIDs mostly with enhanced stomach safety profiles.This helps to improve the compliance and functions in the geriatric patients as they have so many complications and problems associated with the diseases.The use of complementary medicine in combination with clinical therapy might give better results than medicine alone.Some disease condition like cancer which shows the COX-2 expressions could also have treatment related problems in such cases the selective inhibitors used as a complementary medicine.On the other hand,elevated cardiovascular risks have brought increasing worries about the safety of using specific inhibitors of COX-2.This current review focuses on how quinoline heterocycle was used for creation of inhibitors of COX-2 since 2009 along with its clinical significance in complementary medicine.These agents included the variety of substituents on the ring or ring attached to other heterocycles.As a result,the quinoline heterocycle will be used for creating and finding anti-inflammatory COX-2 medicines.

黑逍遥散调控p38MAPK/ATF2/COX-2信号通路对阿尔茨海默病大鼠神经炎症的影响

目的 观察黑逍遥散对Aβ_(1-42)所致阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠学习记忆能力的影响,并从p38MAPK/ATF2/COX-2信号通路介导的炎症级联反应探讨其作用机制。方法 双侧海马注射1μL Aβ_(1-42)溶液复刻AD大鼠模型。筛选造模成功的大鼠50只,随机分为模型组、盐酸多奈哌齐组(0.5 mg/kg)和黑逍遥散低、中、高剂量组(4.25、8.5、17 g/kg),连续给药42 d。Morris水迷宫实验检测定位航行与空间探索能力,HE染色观察海马神经元病理结构改变,ELISA法检测海马组织Aβ_(1-42)、iNOS、PGE_(2)表达,RT-qPCR法检测海马组织p38、ATF2、COX-2 mRNA表达,Western blot法检测海马组织p-p38、p-ATF2、COX-2蛋白表达。结果 与模型组比较,黑逍遥散中、高剂量组和盐酸多奈哌齐组逃避潜伏期缩短(P<0.01),有效区域运动距离、目标象限滞留时间百分比增加(P<0.01),海马CA1区神经元排列有序,胞体清晰,凋亡细胞减少,海马组织Aβ_(1-42)、iNOS、PGE_(2)水平降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),p38、COX-2 mRNA表达降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),p38、p-p38、p-ATF2、COX-2蛋白表达降低(P<0.01)。结论 黑逍遥散可改善Aβ_(1-42)所致AD大鼠的认知能力,其机制可能与阻断p38MAPK/ATF2/COX-2信号通路传导,进而减轻炎症反应有关。

COX-2在骨骼肌纤维化中的机制探究

目的:探究环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)在骨骼肌纤维化机制中的作用及其与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的关系。方法:72只20周雄性C57小鼠,随机分为正常组、模型组、干预组。采用定点击打法造骨骼肌损伤模型。正常组不进行造模,模型组和干预组进行造模处理。造模成功后,正常组、模型组给予每日1 mL生理盐水灌胃处理,干预组给予每日COX-2特异性抑制剂塞来昔布灌胃处理,剂量为100 mg/kg溶于1 mL生理盐水中。每组根据取材时间又分为3 d、7 d、14 d、21 d四个亚组(n=6)。采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测各组骨骼肌组织切片中COX-2和β-catenin的表达情况。结果:正常组小鼠骨骼肌组织中COX-2和β-catenin呈少量表达。与正常组相比,模型组COX-2和β-catenin表达均明显增加(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,干预组COX-2和β-catenin表达明显减少(P<0.01)。结论:COX-2在骨骼肌纤维化中可能通过干预β-catenin的表达来产生影响。

助孕宁Ⅱ号方调控LPAR3/COX-2/PGE2通路改善PCOS先兆流产大鼠的作用机制研究

目的基于LPAR3/COX-2/PGE2通路探讨助孕宁Ⅱ号方对PCOS先兆流产大鼠的影响及作用机制。方法36只SD雌性大鼠随机分为助孕宁Ⅱ号方高、中、低剂量组、西药(地屈孕酮)组、模型组、空白组,每组6只,除空白组外均采用胰岛素和HCG联合注射法构建PCOS模型大鼠,予来曲唑促排卵构建PCOS先兆流产模型大鼠。各组大鼠于妊娠第1天开始连续灌服不同药物干预,于妊娠第7天处死。收集大鼠血清,采用ELISA法检测药物干预前后各组大鼠血清P、E2、β-hCG、COX-2、PGE2及VEGF水平变化;RT-PCR、Western Blot法测定药物干预前后各组PCOS先兆流产大鼠蜕膜组织中LPAR3、COX-2、PGE2、VEGF mRNA含量及蛋白表达水平。结果与空白组相比,模型组血清E2、P、β-hCG、COX2、PGE2、VEGF水平均降低(P<0.01),蜕膜组织LPAR3、COX-2、PGE2及VEGF的mRNA及蛋白质水平均降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,助孕宁Ⅱ号方可提高大鼠血清E2、P、β-hCG、COX2、PGE2、VEGF,其中高、中剂量均可升高E2、PGE2水平(P<0.01),高剂量可升高P、VEGF水平(P<0.01),中剂量可升高β-hCG水平(P<0.05),高、中、低剂量均可升高COX-2水平(P<0.01)。助孕宁Ⅱ号方可增加大鼠蜕膜组中LPAR3、COX-2、PGE2及VEGF mRNA含量及蛋白表达水平,其中,增加mRNA含量上,高剂量疗效最佳(P<0.05);在增强蛋白表达水平上,高、中剂量均可收到良好疗效(P<0.05)。结论助孕宁Ⅱ号方可以改善PCOS先兆流产性激素水平,改善妊娠结局,其机制可能与调节LPAR3/COX-2/PGE2通路有关。

Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors effects on myocardial function in patients with type 2 diabetes and asymptomatic heart failure

BACKGROUND Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT2i)have shown efficacy in reducing heart failure(HF)burden in a very heterogeneous groups of patients,raising doubts about some contemporary assumptions of their mechanism of action.We previously published a prospective observational study that evaluated mechanisms of action of SGLT2i in patients with type 2 diabetes who were in HF stages A and B on dual hypoglycemic therapy.Two groups of patients were included in the study:the ones receiving SGLT2i as an add-on agent to metformin and the others on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as an add-on to metformin due to suboptimal glycemic control.AIM To evaluate the outcomes regarding natriuretic peptide,oxidative stress,inflammation,blood pressure,heart rate,cardiac function,and body weight.METHODS The study outcomes were examined by dividing each treatment arm into two subgroups according to baseline parameters of global longitudinal strain(GLS),N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,myeloperoxidase(MPO),high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP),and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.To evaluate the possible predictors of observed changes in the SGLT2i arm during follow-up,a rise in stroke volume index,body mass index(BMI)decrease,and lack of heart rate increase,linear regression analysis was performed.RESULTS There was a greater reduction of MPO,hsCRP,GLS,and blood pressure in the groups with higher baseline values of mentioned parameters irrespective of the therapeutic arm after 6 months of follow-up.Significant independent predictors of heart rate decrease were a reduction in early mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity at the interventricular septal annulus ratio and BMI,while the predictor of stroke volume index increase was SGLT2i therapy itself.CONCLUSION SGLT2i affect body composition,reduce cardiac load,improve diastolic/systolic function,and attenuate the sympathetic response.Glycemic control contributes to the improvement of heart function,blood pressure control,oxidative stress,and reduction in inflammation.

基于COX-2/PGE2信号通路探讨温肾消癥汤减轻子宫内膜异位症小鼠疼痛的作用机制

[目的]基于环氧合酶-2/前列腺素E2(cyclooxyfenase-2/prostaglandin E2,COX-2/PGE2)信号通路,探讨温肾消癥汤对子宫内膜异位症(endometriosis,EMS)模型小鼠疼痛的影响及其作用机制。[方法]采用腹腔注射法建立EMS小鼠模型40只作为造模组,并随机将造模组分为EMS模型组(0.2 mL无菌蒸馏水)、温肾消癥汤组(0.2 mL温肾消癥汤浓缩液)、阳性对照组(0.2 mL阿司匹林混悬液),其他10只小鼠设为假手术组。造模21 d中,以Von Frey纤维丝实验与热板实验检测造模组与假手术组小鼠机械疼痛与热敏疼痛阈值。给药的21 d中,以Von Frey纤维丝实验与热板实验检测EMS模型组、温肾消癥汤组、阳性对照组小鼠机械疼痛与热敏疼痛阈值。给药21 d后,每天阴道涂片确定小鼠动情周期。在同一动情周期处死小鼠,并留取血清,腹腔冲洗液(peritoneal fluid,PF),内膜组织(在位、异位),丘脑,脊髓,背根神经节(dorsal root ganglion,DRG)。以酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定各样本中COX-2、PGE2、瞬时电位受体V1(transient receptor potential vanilloid 1,TRPV1)、钠电压门控通道α亚基11(sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha,SCN11A)含量。[结果]与假手术组比较,造模后小鼠足部与腹部痛阈均降低(P<0.05)。与EMS模型组比较,温肾消癥汤组小鼠给药后足部痛阈、腹部痛阈均提高(P<0.05)。与EMS模型组比较,温肾消癥汤组小鼠血清,在位内膜,PF,神经系统(丘脑、脊髓、DRG)中COX-2、PGE2,中枢神经系统(丘脑、脊髓)中TRPV1和外周神经系统(DRG)中SCN11A含量均降低(P<0.05)。与阳性对照组比较,温肾消癥汤组小鼠给药后血清、异位病灶、脊髓中PGE2含量均降低(P<0.05)。[结论]温肾消癥汤能够缓解子宫内膜异位症模型小鼠疼痛,其机制可能与抑制COX-2/PGE2信号通路的过度表达有关。

獐牙菜苦苷、灵仙新苷组分配伍对RA模型大鼠血清学指标及踝关节COX-2的影响

目的探讨獐牙菜苦苷、灵仙新苷组分配伍对类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid arthritis,RA)模型大鼠血清学指标及踝关节COX-2的影响。方法选取SPF级SD大鼠5~6周龄36只,雌雄各半。除空白组外,均采用II型胶原诱导法复制(Collagen induced arthritis,CIA)大鼠模型。将造模成功的30只大鼠按随机数字表法分为模型组、阳性药(正清风痛宁)组、獐牙菜苦苷组、灵仙新苷组、獐牙菜苦苷配伍灵仙新苷组(以下简称“獐-灵配伍组”),每组6只。给药组分别给予相应药液灌胃,模型组和空白组给予等量生理盐水灌胃,连续灌胃10 d。实验中对各组大鼠进行一般状态观察记录、关节炎评分(AI),苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法观察大鼠踝关节组织病理变化;酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测大鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、类风湿因子(RF)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(anti-CCP Ab)及前列腺素E2(PGE2)含量;免疫组织化学法(Immunohistochemistry)及蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测大鼠踝关节环氧化酶-2(COX-2)蛋白表达;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应法(Real-time PCR)检测大鼠踝关节COX-2基因表达。结果与空白组比较,模型组大鼠一般状态较差,大鼠左后足趾AI评分及血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、RF、CRP、anti-CCP Ab、PGE2含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05或P<0.01);踝关节组织结构严重破坏,COX-2蛋白及基因表达显著上调(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,各给药组大鼠一般状态呈不同程度好转;AI评分明显降低(P<0.01),血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、RF、CRP、anti-CCP、PGE2含量明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),其中獐-灵配伍组抑制TNF-α、RF、CRP、anti-CCP、PGE2作用最为突出;獐牙菜苦苷在抑制IL-1β作用最突出。踝关节组织病理状态均有不同程度改善;IHC及WB检测结果显示獐-灵配伍组降低踝关节COX-2蛋白表达水平最为显著(P<0.01);PCR检测结果显示獐牙菜苦苷组降低踝关节COX-2基因表达最为显著(P<0.01)。结论獐牙菜苦苷、灵仙新苷及其配伍对RA模型大鼠能起到良好的治疗作用,其中獐-灵配伍组的治疗效果明显优于各单体给药组;獐牙菜苦苷与灵仙新苷具有明显的协同增效作用,其作用机制可能是通过降低炎性细胞因子的分泌,抑制COX-2蛋白活性而发挥作用。

沙利度胺对百草枯中毒大鼠肺纤维化及COX-2的影响

目的探究沙利度胺对于百草枯中毒大鼠肺纤维化以及COX-2的影响。方法选取60只雄性SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为百草枯中毒模型组(PQ组)10只、沙利度胺干预组30只、正常对照组(NS组)10只、沙利度胺对照组10只。百草枯组腹腔注射百草枯溶液22mg/kg;沙利度胺对照组腹腔注射沙利度胺150mg/kg;沙利度胺干预组按照随机数字表法分为三组,每组10只,在注射百草枯溶液后1h,分别给予注射50、100、150mg/kg沙利度胺;正常对照组注射等体积注射生理盐水。染毒后7、14、21d分别处死实验大鼠,无菌操作取肺,光镜下观察肺组织病理变化;计算肺干湿比;大鼠肺组织氧化损伤指标MDA、SOD、GSH的比较;采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定肺组织中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-a)、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6水平;RT-PCR检测NF-kB p65mRNA表达量;免疫组化法检测肺组织中COX-2蛋白的表达。结果与正常对照组相比,百草枯中毒组肺干湿比质量显著高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);沙利度胺干预组150mg/kg与百草枯中毒21d都达到顶峰,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与正常对照组相比,百草枯中毒组大鼠组织中的MDA的含量明显升高,SOD和GSH的含量明显降低(P<0.05);与百草枯中毒组对比沙利度胺干预组100、150mg/kg组大鼠肺组织中的MDA明显降低,SOD和GSH的含量明显升高;与正常对照组相比,百草枯中毒组大鼠中的TNF-a、IL-1β、IL-6的含量以及NF-kBP65mRNA表达量明显升高(P<0.05);与百草枯中毒组对比沙利度胺干预组100、150mg/kg组TNF-a、IL-1β、IL-6明显降低(P<0.05);沙利度胺干预组150mg/kg较百草枯中度组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);在第21天PQ组和沙利度胺干预组150mg/kgCOX-2分别达到最高值:PQ组(0.701±0.083),沙利度胺干预组150mg/kg组(0.416±0.096。结论沙利度胺能减轻百草枯诱导的急性肺损伤和肺水肿,COX-2的表达异常可能是其病理生理变化或发病机制之一。