Analysis of pressure response at an observation well against pressure build-up by early stage of CO_(2)geological storage project

To ensure a safe and stable CO_(2)storage,pressure responses at an observation well are expected to be an important and useful field monitoring item to estimate the CO_(2)storage behaviors and the aquifer parameters during and after injecting CO_(2),because it can detect whether the injected CO_(2)leaks to the ground surface or the bottom of the sea.In this study,pressure responses were simulated to present design factors such as well location and pressure transmitter of the observation well.Numerical simulations on the pressure response and the time-delay from pressure build-up after CO_(2)injection were conducted by considering aquifer parameters and distance from the CO_(2)injection well to an observation well.The measurement resolution of a pressure transmitter installed in the observation well was presented based on numerical simulation results of the pressure response against pressure build-up at the injection well and CO_(2)plume front propagations.Furthermore,the pressure response at an observation well was estimated by comparing the numerical simulation results with the curve of CO_(2)saturation and relative permeability.It was also suggested that the analytical solution can be used for the analysis of the pressure response tendency using pressure build-up and dimensionless parameters of hydraulic diffusivity.Thus,a criterion was established for selecting a pressure transducer installed at an observation well to monitor the pressure responses with sufficient accuracy and resolution,considering the distance from the injection well and the pressure build-up at the injection well,for future carbon capture and storage(CCS)projects.

Analysis of impact pressure,rock-breaking effect,and ground vibration induced by the disposable CO_(2)fracturing tube

The technology of expansion fracturing with liquid CO_(2)(EFLCO_(2))has attracted increasing attention due to reduced vibration and damage.The disposable fracturing tube has been developed and is gradually replacing the Cardox tube.However,there is a lack of impact pressure testing of disposable tubes under real working conditions,selection of gas explosion design parameters,and systematic analysis of blasting vibration.This limitation has constrained the widespread application of disposable fracturing tubes in engineering.A joint monitoring of the pressure-time curves in the disposable tubes and boreholes was conducted.The rock-breaking effect of varying hole spacing parameters in the EFLCO_(2)design was analyzed,and a systematic study was carried out on the vibration peak value,frequency,and energy characteristics.The results show that(1)the pressure distribution characteristics,stress peak value,and duration in the disposable tubes are different from those of Cardox tubes,which show multi-peak distribution,low-pressure peak value,and short duration.The correlation between the pressure in the disposable tube,filling pressure,and liquid CO_(2)weight is established,and a theoretical calculation method for the borehole wall pressure is proposed;(2)The hole spacing in rocks of different hardness is suggested;and(3)At the same scale distance,the peak particle velocity(PPV)caused by EFLCO_(2)(PPVCO_(2))is significantly smaller than that caused by blasting(PPVexplosive).The ratio of PPVexplosive to PPVCO_(2)is a power function related to scale distance,and a distance-related zonality exist in this relationship.The frequency composition of the vibration signal caused by EFLCO_(2)is relatively simple with a narrow frequency band.Its PPV and energy are mainly concentrated in the low-frequency band.This research contributes to the optimization of disposable fracturing tubes,gas explosion design,and vibration hazard control.

Casein kinase-2 inhibition promotes retinal ganglion cell survival after acute intraocular pressure elevation

Intraocular pressure elevation can induce retinal ganglion cell death and is a clinically reversible risk factor for glaucoma,the leading cause of irreversible blindness.We previously demonstrated that casein kinase-2 inhibition can promote retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal regeneration in rats after optic nerve injury.To investigate the underlying mechanism,in the current study we increased the intraocular pressure of adult rats to 75 mmHg for 2 hours and then administered a casein kinase-2 inhibitor(4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole or 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole)by intravitreal injection.We found that intravitreal injection of 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-azabenzimidazole or 2-dimethylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1H-benzimidazole promoted retinal ganglion cell survival and reduced the number of infiltrating macrophages.Transcriptomic analysis showed that the mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway was involved in the response to intraocular pressure elevation but was not modulated by the casein kinase-2 inhibitors.Furthermore,casein kinase-2 inhibition downregulated the expression of genes(Cck,Htrsa,Nef1,Htrlb,Prph,Chat,Slc18a3,Slc5a7,Scn1b,Crybb2,Tsga10ip,and Vstm21)involved in intraocular pressure elevation.Our data indicate that inhibition of casein kinase-2 can enhance retinal ganglion cell survival in rats after acute intraocular pressure elevation via macrophage inactivation.

Unveiling the pressure-driven metal–semiconductor–metal transition in the doped TiS_(2)

Conventional theories expect that materials under pressure exhibit expanded valence and conduction bands,leading to increased electrical conductivity.Here,we report the electrical properties of the doped 1T-TiS_(2) under high pressure by electrical resistance investigations,synchrotron x-ray diffraction,Raman scattering and theoretical calculations.Up to 70 GPa,an unusual metal-semiconductor-metal transition occurs.Our first-principles calculations suggest that the observed anti-Wilson transition from metal to semiconductor at 17 GPa is due to the electron localization induced by the intercalated Ti atoms.This electron localization is attributed to the strengthened coupling between the doped Ti atoms and S atoms,and the Anderson localization arising from the disordered intercalation.At pressures exceeding 30.5 GPa,the doped TiS_(2) undergoes a re-metallization transition initiated by a crystal structure phase transition.We assign the most probable space group as P2_(1)2_(1)2_(1).Our findings suggest that materials probably will eventually undergo the Wilson transition when subjected to sufficient pressure.

Prediction of the Pore-Pressure Built-Up and Temperature of Fire-Loaded Concrete with Pix2Pix

Concrete subjected to fire loads is susceptible to explosive spalling, which can lead to the exposure of reinforcingsteel bars to the fire, substantially jeopardizing the structural safety and stability. The spalling of fire-loaded concreteis closely related to the evolution of pore pressure and temperature. Conventional analytical methods involve theresolution of complex, strongly coupled multifield equations, necessitating significant computational efforts. Torapidly and accurately obtain the distributions of pore-pressure and temperature, the Pix2Pix model is adoptedin this work, which is celebrated for its capabilities in image generation. The open-source dataset used hereinfeatures RGB images we generated using a sophisticated coupled model, while the grayscale images encapsulate the15 principal variables influencing spalling. After conducting a series of tests with different layers configurations,activation functions and loss functions, the Pix2Pix model suitable for assessing the spalling risk of fire-loadedconcrete has been meticulously designed and trained. The applicability and reliability of the Pix2Pix model inconcrete parameter prediction are verified by comparing its outcomes with those derived fromthe strong couplingTHC model. Notably, for the practical engineering applications, our findings indicate that utilizing monochromeimages as the initial target for analysis yields more dependable results. This work not only offers valuable insightsfor civil engineers specializing in concrete structures but also establishes a robust methodological approach forresearchers seeking to create similar predictive models.

Cloud Top Pressure Retrieval Using Polarized and Oxygen A-band Measurements from GF5 and PARASOL Satellites

Cloud top pressure(CTP)is one of the critical cloud properties that significantly affects the radiative effect of clouds.Multi-angle polarized sensors can employ polarized bands(490 nm)or O_(2)A-bands(763 and 765 nm)to retrieve the CTP.However,the CTP retrieved by the two methods shows inconsistent results in certain cases,and large uncertainties in low and thin cloud retrievals,which may lead to challenges in subsequent applications.This study proposes a synergistic algorithm that considers both O_(2)A-bands and polarized bands using a random forest(RF)model.LiDAR CTP data are used as the true values and the polarized and non-polarized measurements are concatenated to train the RF model to determine CTP.Additionally,through analysis,we proposed that the polarized signal becomes saturated as the cloud optical thickness(COT)increases,necessitating a particular treatment for cases where COT<10 to improve the algorithm's stability.The synergistic method was then applied to the directional polarized camera(DPC)and Polarized and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectance(POLDER)measurements for evaluation,and the resulting retrieval accuracy of the POLDER-based measurements(RMSEPOLDER=205.176 hPa,RMSEDPC=171.141 hPa,R^(2)POLDER=0.636,R^(2)DPC=0.663,respectively)were higher than that of the MODIS and POLDER Rayleigh pressure measurements.The synergistic algorithm also showed good performance with the application of DPC data.This algorithm is expected to provide data support for atmosphere-related fields as an atmospheric remote sensing algorithm within the Cloud Application for Remote Sensing,Atmospheric Radiation,and Updating Energy(CARE)platform.

PRP点注联合CO_2点阵激光治疗烧伤后增生瘢痕的效果观察

观察自体富小板血浆(PRP)点注技术与CO_2点阵激光技术联合治疗烧伤后增生瘢痕的临床疗效和安全性。方法 将在本院烧伤整形科就诊的烧伤后并发瘢痕增生患者列为本次研究对象,依据访谈和研究知情同意书签署结果将知情同意参与本次研究的30例患者纳为观察组,并选择未参与本研究,接受常规治疗的30例患者作为对照组。对照组按照瘢痕增生常规给予CO_2点阵激光治疗;观察组采用自体PRP微针点注技术联合CO_2点阵激光治疗。每2个月治疗一次,连续治疗3次为一疗程,观察并记录治疗前后两组的皮损治疗效果、温哥华瘢痕量表(VSS)评分以及治疗过程中的不良反应发生率。结果 观察组统计共90.00%的治疗有效率高于对照组统计66.67%的治疗有效率,组间统计学差异明显(P<0.05);两组到诊时的首次VSS测试结果,平均得分相近(P>0.05),一疗程后,两组的VSS评分均有明显下降,观察组的下降幅度大于对照组(P<0.01);治疗过程中,观察组的不良反应发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 自体PRP点注技术联合CO_2点阵激光治疗烧伤后瘢痕增生,不仅疗效显著,且安全性高,还能有效改善VSS评分,值得临床推广用。

Reactions in a Mixture of CH_4 and CO_2 under the Action of Microwave Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure

Reactions between CH_4 and CO_2 under the action of continuous microwave discharge at atmospheric pressure were studied in a special homemade reactor. The main products were CO and H2, while acetylene and ethylene were also found in the products. Experimental results show that conversions of CH4 and CO2 could be higher than 90% without the presence of any catalyst. Effects of CO2/CH4 molar ratio and total flow rate of the feed gas on the reaction were also investigated.

Removal of high concentration CO_2 from natural gas at elevated pressure via absorption process in packed column

Carbon dioxide （CO2） removal is an essential step in natural gas （NG） processing to provide high quality gas stream products and minimize operational difficulties. This preliminary study alms to investigate the removal of CO2 at high concentration level from the mixture of CO2-NG gas stream at elevated pressure via absorption process. This is to explore the possibility of exploring high CO2 content natural gas reserves by treatment at offshore platform. A mixed amine solvent, Stonvent-II, was used for the absorption of approximately 75 vol% CO2 in CO2-NG stream at a pressure of 10 barg. The initial solvent temperature was varied in order to study the impact of initial temperature on the absorption performance. Preliminary study at temperatures of 35 ℃ and 45 ℃ indicates that Stonvent-II was able to perform almost 100% removal of CO2 under both conditions. However, the CO2 absorption effect took place faster when the initial liquid temperature was lower. This is because when the initial liquid temperature is high, the temperature increase in the packing bed caused by the reaction heat is high which impacts the efficiency of absorption negatively.

Effect of Co-solvent and Pressure on the Thermal Decomposition of 2,2′Azobis-(isobutyronitrile) in Supercritical CO_2

The thermal decomposition of 2, 2'-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) in supercritical CO2 with cosolvent methanol or cyclohexane has been studied by using UV/Vis spectroscopic method at 335.15 K and at 12.0 MPa and 14.0 MPa. Both of the cosolvents can accelerate the decomposition rate, and the effect of methanol is more significant than that of the cyclohexane.

The impacts of gas impurities on the minimum miscibility pressure of injected CO_2-rich gas–crude oil systems and enhanced oil recovery potential

An effective parameter in the miscible-CO_2 enhanced oil recovery procedure is the minimum miscibility pressure(MMP)defined as the lowest pressure that the oil in place and the injected gas into reservoir achieve miscibility at a given temperature. Flue gases released from power plants can provide an available source of CO_2,which would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere, for injection into a reservoir. However, the costs related to gas extraction from flue gases is potentially high. Hence, greater understanding the role of impurities in miscibility characteristics between CO_2 and reservoir fluids helps to establish which impurities are tolerable and which are not. In this study, we simulate the effects of the impurities nitrogen(N_2), methane(C_1), ethane(C_2) and propane(C_3) on CO_2 MMP. The simulation results reveal that,as an impurity, nitrogen increases CO_2–oil MMP more so than methane. On the other hand, increasing the propane(C_3)content can lead to a significant decrease in CO_2 MMP, whereas varying the concentrations of ethane(C_2) does not have a significant effect on the minimum miscibility pressure of reservoir crude oil and CO_2 gas. The novel relationships established are particularly valuable in circumstances where MMP experimental data are not available.

High-pressure Phase Equilibria for Binary Ethanol System Containing Supercritical CO_2

High-pressure phase behavior of supercritical (SC) CO2+ethanol system was investigated at 333.2 K,348.2K, 353.2K, 368.2K, 413.2K and 453.2K and pressure from 2.0MPa to 14.3MPa. The measurement was carried out in a cylindrical autoclave with a moveable piston and a window for adjustment and observation of phase equilibria at given T and p. The samples were taken from two coexisting phases and were analyzed to obtain their compositions. It is shown that the solubility of SC CO2 in ethanol increases drastically with pressures at the given temperature, but the content of ethanol in CO2-rich phase increase faintly.

A Numerical Simulation Study of Temperature and Pressure Effects on the Breakthrough Pressure of CO_(2)in Unsaturated Low-permeability Rock Core

Gas breakthrough pressure is a key parameter to evaluate the sealing capacity of caprock,and it also plays important roles in safety and capacity of CO_(2)geological storage.Based on the published experimental results,we present numerical simulations on CO_(2)breakthrough pressure in unsaturated low-permeability rock under 9 multiple P-T conditions(which can keep CO_(2)in gaseous,liquid and supercritical states)and thus,a numerical method which can be used to accurately predict CO_(2)breakthrough pressure on rock-core scale is proposed.The simulation results show that CO_(2)breakthrough pressure and breakthrough time are exponential correlated with P-T conditions.Meanwhile,pressure has stronger effects on experimental results than that of temperature.Moreover,we performed sensitivity studies on the pore distribution indexλ(0.6,0.7,0.8,and 0.9)in van Genuchten-Muale model.Results show that with the increase ofλ,CO_(2)breakthrough pressure and breakthrough time both show decreasing trends.In other words,the larger the value ofλis,the better the permeability of the caprock is,and the worse the CO_(2)sealing capacity is.The numerical method established in this study can provide an important reference for the prediction of gas breakthrough pressure on rock-core scale and for related numerical studies.

Integrated vacuum pressure swing adsorption and Rectisol process for CO_(2) capture from underground coal gasification syngas

An integrated vacuum pressure swing adsorption(VPSA) and Rectisol process is proposed for CO_(2) capture from underground coal gasification(UCG) syngas. A ten-bed VPSA process with silica gel adsorbent is firstly designed to pre-separate and capture 74.57% CO_(2) with a CO_(2) purity of 98.35% from UCG syngas(CH_(4)/CO/CO_(2)/H_(2)/N_(2)= 30.77%/6.15%/44.10%/18.46%/0.52%, mole fraction, from Shaar Lake Mine Field,Xinjiang Province, China) with a feed pressure of 3.5 MPa. Subsequently, the Rectisol process is constructed to furtherly remove and capture the residual CO_(2)remained in light product gas from the VPSA process using cryogenic methanol(233.15 K, 100%(mass)) as absorbent. A final purified gas with CO_(2) concentration lower than 3% and a regenerated CO_(2) product with CO_(2) purity higher than 95% were achieved by using the Rectisol process. Comparisons indicate that the energy consumption is deceased from 2.143 MJ·kg^(-1) of the single Rectisol process to 1.008 MJ·kg^(-1) of the integrated VPSA & Rectisol process, which demonstrated that the deployed VPSA was an energy conservation process for CO_(2) capture from UCG syngas. Additionally, the high-value gas(e.g., CH_(4)) loss can be decreased and the effects of key operating parameters on the process performances were detailed.

Evaluation of surface temperature and pressure derived from MERRA-2 and ERA5 reanalysis datasets and their applications in hourly GNSS precipitable water vapor retrieval over China

Temperature and pressure play key roles in Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) precipitable water vapor(PWV) retrieval. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) and European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) have released their latest reanalysis product: the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2(MERRA-2) and the fifthgeneration ECMWF reanalysis(ERA5), respectively. Based on the reanalysis data, we evaluate and analyze the accuracy of the surface temperature and pressure products in China using the the measured temperature and pressure data from 609 ground meteorological stations in 2017 as reference values.Then the accuracy of the two datasets and their performances in estimating GNSS PWV are analyzed. The PWV derived from the pressure and temperature products of ERA5 and MERRA-2 has high accuracy. The annual average biases of pressure and temperature for ERA5 are-0.07 hPa and 0.45 K, with the root mean square error(RMSE) of 0.95 hPa and 2.04 K, respectively. The annual average biases of pressure and temperature for MERRA-2 are-0.01 hPa and 0.38 K, with the RMSE of 1.08 h Pa and 2.66 K, respectively.The accuracy of ERA5 is slightly higher than that of MERRA-2. The two reanalysis data show negative biases in most regions of China, with the highest to lowest accuracy in the following order: the south,north, northwest, and Tibet Plateau. Comparing the GNSS PWV calculated using MERRA-2(GNSS MERRA-2 PWV) and ERA5(GNSS ERA5 PWV) with the radiosonde-derived PWV from 48 co-located GNSS stations and the measured PWV of the co-location radiosonde stations, it is found that the accuracy of GNSS ERA5 PWV is better than that of GNSS MERRA-2 PWV. These results show the different applicability of surface temperature and pressure products from MERRA-2 and ERA5 data, indicating that both have important applications in meteorological research and GNSS water vapor monitoring in China.

Pressure effect on magnetic phase transition and spin-glass-like behavior of GdCo_2B_2

We systematically investigate the effect of pressure on the magnetic properties of GdCo2B2 on the basis of alternating current（AC） susceptibility,AC heat capacity and electrical resistivity measurements under pressures up to 2.2 GPa.A detailed magnetic phase diagram under pressure is determined.GdCo2B2 exhibits three anomalies that apparently reflect magnetic phase transitions,respectively,at temperatures TC= 20.5 K,T1= 18.0 K and TN= 11.5 K under ambient pressure.Under pressures up to 2.2 GPa,these anomalies are observed to slightly increase at TCand T1,and they coincide with each other above 1.6 GPa.Conversely,they decrease at TN and disappear under pressures higher than 1.4 GPa.The results indicate that the low-temperature magnetic phases can be easily suppressed by pressure.Moreover,the spin-glass-like behavior of GdCo2B2 is examined in terms of magnetization,aging effect and frequency dependence of AC susceptibility.A separation between the zero-field-cooled（ZFC） and field-cooled（FC） magnetization curves becomes evident at a low magnetic field of 0.001 T.A long-time relaxation behavior is observed at 4 K.The freezing temperature Tfincreases with frequency increasing.

煤矿充填固碳理论基础与技术构想

在国家“双碳”目标背景下,如何减少煤炭行业的碳排放、实现碳封存已成为亟待解决的难题。煤炭行业作为高碳化石能源生产者和主体碳排放源提供者,在生产和消费过程中引发的大宗固废堆存、大型采空区形成和大量CO_(2)排放是制约煤炭可持续开发利用与绿色健康发展的瓶颈所在。为协同解决二氧化碳封存与矿山固废消纳问题,将大宗固废处置、固废高值化利用、CO_(2)封存、采空区利用有机结合,提出了二氧化碳充填的理念,从碳汇能力评估角度界定了二氧化碳充填的3种类型。具体开展工作包括:①分析了CO_(2)充填料浆输运过程和矿化反应过程涉及到的基础理论,给出了各个过程的数学方程以及碳封存量计算公式,指出了温度、湿度等因素对矿化反应机理、碳封存量和充填体强度的影响规律。②总结了现阶段CO_(2)矿化的工艺方法、主要碱性工业固废的CO_(2)封存能力和CO_(2)矿化强化措施。在此基础上提出了基于直接湿法矿化和间接矿化的2种CO_(2)充填材料制备工艺,满足矿井充填的流动性、凝固特性和强度要求。③针对CO_(2)充填过程中的CO_(2)物理封存问题,提出了窄条带式胶结充填和综采架后胶结充填2种技术路径,前者通过在弱充填条带中构筑多贯通孔隙的充填体CO_(2)物理封存,后者借助充填支架和链式自行充填挡板在长壁工作面采空区中间断构筑充填带,控制顶板垮落,形成CO_(2)物理化学封存空间。④为了评估CO_(2)充填的碳平衡效果,依据全生命周期法界定了CO_(2)充填中碳足迹及碳消纳的计算边界。然后,梳理了CO_(2)充填过程中的碳足迹及碳消纳,分别考虑了CO_(2)的来源、用量、损耗、转化等因素。给出了包括原料运输、充填料浆制备、井下注入与充填等过程中的碳足迹及碳消纳计算方法。研究成果有望降低CO_(2)封存的能耗及成本,对煤炭绿色开采及其可持续开发利用具有深远的意义。

二氧化碳-水-岩作用机理及微观模拟方法研究进展

系统综述CO_(2)-水-岩复杂作用机理、多孔介质反应输运(溶解、沉淀及沉淀运移)微观模拟、CO_(2)-水-岩系统微观模拟3个方面的研究进展,指出目前研究存在的主要问题并提出了关于未来研究方向的建议。CO_(2)注入储集层后,不仅存在常规渗流体系的流动和传质作用,还会产生溶解、沉淀及沉淀运移等特殊物理化学现象,其耦合作用导致多孔介质的孔渗参数变化规律复杂。孔隙尺度的微观渗流模拟,可以得到孔喉三维空间内的详细信息,且能显性观察到多孔介质流-固界面随反应的变化。目前研究主要在复杂作用机理解耦合、多矿物差异性反应表征、沉淀生成机理及表征(晶体成核和矿物脱落)、沉淀-流体相互作用模拟方法、多物理化学过程耦合渗流机制等方面存在局限。未来研究中,需要创新实验方法对“溶解—沉淀—沉淀运移”解耦合,提高矿物地球化学反应相关参数实验测试的准确度,在不同沉淀机理可靠表征的基础上,建立沉淀-流体相互作用模拟方法,并有机耦合各个物理化学过程,最终实现对CO_(2)-水-岩系统中“溶解—沉淀—沉淀运移”的耦合渗流模拟。

Pressure Effect on the Local Composition SurroundingEthyl Acetoacetate in Supercritical CO_2 - Ethanol Mixture

The keto-enol tautomerization of ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) in supercritical CO2-ethanol mixture has been investigated at 308.15 K and at different pressures using UV-Visspectroscopy. A method for calculating the local composition about EAA has been developed based on the relationship between the equilibrium constant and dielectric property of the mixing solvent. The results indicate that the local concentration of ethanol surrounding EAA is much higher than that in the bulk.

Carbon dioxide partial pressure and its diffusion flux in karst surface aquatic ecosystems:a review

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions from aquatic ecosystems are an important component of the karst carbon cycle process and also a key indicator for assessing the effect of karst carbon sinks.This paper reviewed the CO_(2)partial pressure(pCO_(2))and its diffusion flux(FCO_(2))in karst surface aquatic ecosystems,mainly rivers,lakes,and reservoirs,and their influencing factors summarized the methods for monitoring CO_(2)emissions in karst aquatic ecosystems and discussed their adaptation conditions in karst areas.The pCO_(2)and FCO_(2)decreased in the order of rivers>reservoirs>lakes,and the values in karst lakes were eventually significantly lower than those in global lakes.The pCO_(2)and FCO_(2)of karst aquatic ecosystems had patterns of variation with diurnal,seasonal,water depth and hydrological cycles,and spatial and temporal hetero-geneity.The sources of CO_(2)in karst waters are influenced by both internal and external sources,and the key spatial and temporal factors affecting the CO_(2)emissions from karst rivers,lakes,and reservoirs were determined in terms of physicochemical indicators,biological factors,and bio-genic elements;additionally,the process of human activity interference on CO_(2)emissions was discussed.Finally,a conceptual model illustrating the impacts of urban devel-opment,agriculture,mining,and dam construction on the CO_(2)emissions at the karst surface aquatic ecosystem is presented.Meanwhile,based on the disadvantages existing in current research,we proposed several important research fields related to CO_(2)emissions from karst surface aquatic ecosystems.