The effect of membrane pores wettability on CO_2 removal from CO_2/CH_4 gaseous mixture using NaOH, MEA and TEA liquid absorbents in hollow fiber membrane contactor

The present paper renders a modeling and a 2D numerical simulation for the removal of CO_2from CO_2/CH_4gaseous stream utilizing sodium hydroxide(NaOH),monoethanolamine(MEA)and triethanolamine(TEA)liquid absorbents inside the hollow fiber membrane contactor.Counter-current arrangement of absorbing agents and CO_2/CH_4gaseous mixture flows are implemented in the modeling and numerical simulation.Non-wetting and partial wetting modes of operation are considered where in the partial wetting mode,CO_2/CH_4gaseous mixture and liquid absorbents fill the membrane pores.The deteriorated removal of CO_2in the partial wetting mode of operation is mainly due to the mass transfer resistance imposed by the liquid in the pores of membrane.The validation of numerical simulation is done based on the comparison of simulation results of CO_2removal using Na OH and experimental data under non-wetting mode of operation.The comparison illustrates a desirable agreement with an average deviation of less than 5%.According to the results,MEA provides higher efficiency for CO_2removal in comparison with the other liquid absorbents.The order for CO_2removal performance is MEAN Na OHN TEA.The influence of non-wetting and partial wetting modes of operation on CO_2removal are evaluated in this article as one of the novelties.Besides,the percentage of CO_2sequestration as a function of gas velocity for various percentages of membrane pores wetting ranging from 0(non-wetting mode of operation)to 100%(complete wetting mode of operation)is studied in this research paper,which can be proposed as the other novelty.The results indicate that increase in some operational parameters such as module length,membrane porosity and absorbents concentration encourage the removal percentage of CO_2from CO_2/CH_4gaseous mixture while increasing in membrane tortuosity,gas velocity and initial CO_2concentration has unfavorable influence on the separation efficiency of CO_2.

Simulation and energy performance assessment of CO_2 removal from crude synthetic natural gas via physical absorption process

The paper presents an energy performance assessment of CO2 removal for crude synthetic natural gas （SNG） upgrade by Selexol absorption process. A simplified process simulation of the Selexol process concerning power requirement and separation performance was developed. The assessment indicates that less pressure difference between crude SNG and absorption pressure favors the energy performance of CO2 removal process. When both crude SNG and absorption pressures are 20 bar, CO2 removal process has the best energy performance. The optimal specific power consumption of the CO2 removal process is 566 kJ/kgCO2. The sensitivity analysis shows that the CO2 removal efficiency would significantly influence the total power consumption of the removal process, as well as higher heating value （HHV） and CO2 content in SNG. However, the specific power consumption excluding crude SNG and SNG compressions changes little with the variance of CO2 removal efficiency. If by-product CO2 is compressed for CO2 capture, the process would turn into a CO2-sink for the atmosphere. Correspondingly, an increase of 281 kJ/kgCO2 in specific power consumption is required for compressing the separated CO2.

Effects of CO_2 enrichment and spikelet removal on rice quality under open-air field conditions

The increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide（CO_2） concentration adversely affect several quality traits of rice grains, but the biochemical mechanism remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to determine how changes in the source-sink relationship affected rice quality. Source-sink manipulation was achieved by free-air CO_2 enrichment from tillering to maturity and partial removal of spikelet at anthesis using a japonica rice cultivar Wuyunjing 23. Enrichment with CO_2 decreased the head rice percentage and protein concentration of milled rice, but increased the grain chalkiness. In contrast, spikelet removal resulted in a dramatic increase in the head rice percentage and protein concentration, and much less grain chalkiness. Neither CO_2 enrichment nor spikelet removal affected the starch content, but the distribution of starch granule size showed distinct treatment effects. O n average, spikelet removal decreased the percentage of starch granules of diameter 〉10 and 5–10 μm by 23.6 and 5.6%, respectively, and increased those with a diameter of 2–5 and 〈2 μm by 4.6 and 3.3%, respectively. In contrast, CO_2 elevation showed an opposite response： increasing the proportion of large starch granules（〉5 μm） and decreasing that of 〈5 μm. The starch pasting properties were affected by spikelet removal much more than by CO_2 elevation. These results indicated that the protein concentration and starch granule size played a role in chalkiness formation under these experimental conditions.

A novel application of the SAWD-Sabatier-SPE integrated system for CO_2 removal and O_2 regeneration in submarine cabins during prolonged voyages

To improve the working and living environment of submarine crews, an integrated system of CO2 removal and O2 regeneration was designed to work under experimental conditions for 50 people in a submarine cabin during prolonged voyages. The integrated system comprises a solid amine water desorption （SAWD） unit for CO2 collection and concentration, a Sabatier reactor for CO2 reduction and a solid polymer electrolyte （SPE） unit for O2 regeneration by electrolysis. The performances of the SAWD-Sabatier-SPE integrated system were investigated. The experimental results from the SAWD unit showed that the average CO2 concentration in the CO2 storage tank was more than 96% and the outlet CO2 concentration was nearly zero in the first 45 min, and less than 1/10 of inlet CO2 after 60 min when input CO2 was 0.5% （1000 L）. About 950 L of CO2 was recovered with a recovery rate of 92%-97%. The output CO2 concentration was less than 0.2%, which showed that the adsorption-desorption performance of this unit was excellent. In the CO2 reduction unit we investigated mainly the start-up and reaction performance of the Sabatier reactor. The start-up time of the Sabatier reactor was 6, 8 and 10 rain when the start-up temperature was 187.3, 179.5 and 168 ℃, respectively. The product water was colorless, transparent, and had a pH of 6.9-7.5, and an electrical conductivity of 80μs/cm. The sum of the concentration of metal ions （Ru^3＋, Al^3＋, Pb^2＋） was 0.028% and that of nonmetal ions （Cl^-, SO4^2-） was 0.05%. In the O2 regeneration unit, the O2 generation rate was 0.48 m^3/d and the quantity was 2400 L, sufficient to meet the submariners＇ basic oxygen demands. These results may be useful as a basis for establishing CO2-1evel limits and O2 regeneration systems in submarines or similar enclosed compartments during prolonged voyages.

Hierarchical Reduced Graphene Oxide-MnO_(2)@Polypyrrole Coaxial Nanotube Composite Hydrogel as a Potential Adsorbent for Cr(Ⅵ)Removal

A hierarchical reduced graphene oxide-MnO_(2)@polypyrrole coaxial nanotube composite hydrogel was prepared via oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of MnO_(2)nanotubes,followed by the hydrothermal treatment of graphene oxide and MnO_(2)@polypyrrole coaxial nanotubes.The stable composite hydrogel with a hierarchical network was composed of one-dimensional MnO_(2)@polypyrrole coaxial nanotube and two-dimensional graphene nanosheet and characterized by scanning electron microscope,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements.The composite hydrogel can be used as an efficient adsorbent for Cr(Ⅵ)removal due to the synergistic interaction between graphene and MnO_(2)@polypyrrole and the hierarchical structure of the hydrogel.Moreover,the composite hydrogel is easily separated because of its stable monolith,and it is reusable(76.8%of removal ability remaining after five adsorption-desorption cycles).The simple fabrication and cost-effective separation process together with the excellent absorption performance endow the composite hydrogel with great potential for practical wastewater treatment.

Efficient removal of Al(Ⅲ)and P507 from high concentration MgCl_(2)solution based on in-situ reaction strategy

For a highly efficient recycling of a wastewater containing a high concentration of MgCl_(2),Al(Ⅲ)and P507 were scheduled to be removed in advance.In this study,the in-situ removal of Al(Ⅲ)and P507 from a high concentration MgCl_(2)solution at different pH values and Al/P molar ratios was investigated.The results showed that P507 formed organic complexes of Al_(x)(OH)_y^(Z+)-P507 at pH of 2.0-4.0.At pH of 4.0-5.0,Al(Ⅲ)precipitated and transferred into Al(OH)_(3)with a flocculent amorphous morphology.Active sites on the Al(OH)_(3)surface enhanced the removal efficiency of P507.At pH of 6.0-6.5,Al(Ⅲ)and Mg(Ⅱ)formed layered crystalline Al(OH)_(3)and MgAl_(2)(OH)_(8with)small pore channels and fewer active sites,resulting in a reduced removal efficiency of P507.When the Al/P molar ratio exceeded 13 and the pH was between 4.0 and 5.0,the removal rates of both Al(Ⅲ)and P507 were higher than98%,while the concentration loss of Mg(Ⅱ)was only 0.2%-0.9%.

TiO2-PES Fibrous Composite Material for Ammonia Removal Using UV-A Photocatalyst

This study focused on the development and characterization of TiO2-PES composite fibers with varying TiO2 loading amounts using a phase inversion process. The resulting composite fibers exhibited a sponge-like structure with embedded TiO2 nanoparticles within a polymer matrix. Their photocatalytic performance for ammonia removal from aqueous solutions under UV-A light exposure was thoroughly investigated. The findings revealed that PeTi8 composite fibers displayed superior adsorption capacity compared to other samples. Moreover, the study explored the impact of pH, light intensity, and catalyst dosage on the photocatalytic degradation of ammonia. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms closely followed the Langmuir model, with the results indicating a correlation between qm values of 2.49 mg/g and the porous structure of the adsorbents. The research underscored the efficacy of TiO2 composite fibers in the photocatalytic removal of aqueous under UV-A light. Notably, increasing the distance between the photocatalyst and the light source resulted in de-creased hydroxyl radical concentration, influencing photocatalytic efficiency. These findings contribute to our understanding of TiO2 composite fibers as promising photocatalysts for ammonia removal in water treatment applications.

PRP点注联合CO_2点阵激光治疗烧伤后增生瘢痕的效果观察

观察自体富小板血浆(PRP)点注技术与CO_2点阵激光技术联合治疗烧伤后增生瘢痕的临床疗效和安全性。方法 将在本院烧伤整形科就诊的烧伤后并发瘢痕增生患者列为本次研究对象,依据访谈和研究知情同意书签署结果将知情同意参与本次研究的30例患者纳为观察组,并选择未参与本研究,接受常规治疗的30例患者作为对照组。对照组按照瘢痕增生常规给予CO_2点阵激光治疗;观察组采用自体PRP微针点注技术联合CO_2点阵激光治疗。每2个月治疗一次,连续治疗3次为一疗程,观察并记录治疗前后两组的皮损治疗效果、温哥华瘢痕量表(VSS)评分以及治疗过程中的不良反应发生率。结果 观察组统计共90.00%的治疗有效率高于对照组统计66.67%的治疗有效率,组间统计学差异明显(P<0.05);两组到诊时的首次VSS测试结果,平均得分相近(P>0.05),一疗程后,两组的VSS评分均有明显下降,观察组的下降幅度大于对照组(P<0.01);治疗过程中,观察组的不良反应发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 自体PRP点注技术联合CO_2点阵激光治疗烧伤后瘢痕增生,不仅疗效显著,且安全性高,还能有效改善VSS评分,值得临床推广用。

加气灌溉对番茄地土壤CO_2排放的调控效应

【目的】CO_2是大气中最重要的温室气体,对全球变暖起到重要作用。加气灌溉通过改善土壤通气状态,提高作物产量、品质及水分利用效率等已被大量研究证实,然而加气灌溉引起的土壤环境效应研究较少,且通过静态箱法系统地研究加气灌溉对设施菜地土壤CO_2排放影响的研究尚未见报道。因此,分析加气灌溉对土壤CO_2排放的影响,对评估加气灌溉技术的农田生态效应具有重要作用。【方法】供试番茄品种为‘飞越’,通过温室小区试验利用文丘里计作为加气设备,通过地下滴灌系统实现水气结合的加气灌溉方式。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对温室番茄地土壤CO_2排放进行原位观测,研究加气灌溉对土壤CO_2排放的调控效应。试验按灌水量(充分灌溉、亏缺灌溉)和加气(加气、不加气)的双因素设计,设置4个处理,分别为:加气亏缺灌溉(AI1)、不加气亏缺灌溉(CK1)、加气充分灌溉(AI2)和不加气充分灌溉(CK2),每个处理3个重复。研究加气和充分灌溉较不加气和亏缺灌溉对温室番茄地土壤CO_2排放、土壤水分、土壤温度和土壤有机碳的影响。【结果】番茄整个生育期,不同加气灌溉模式下土壤CO_2排放通量随移植后天数增加呈波动性变化,总体呈现先增加后减小的趋势,峰值均出现在番茄开花坐果期。加气和充分灌溉处理较对应的不加气和亏缺灌溉处理增加了番茄整个生育期土壤CO_2平均排放通量和排放量,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。AI1、CK1、AI2和CK2处理土壤CO_2平均排放通量分别为229.31、193.66、259.10和224.76 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1),且以AI2处理土壤CO_2排放量最大(6 383.43 kg·hm^(-2)),分别是AI1、CK1和CK2处理的1.12、1.32和1.13倍。此外,不同加气灌溉模式下土壤充水孔隙率(WFPS)在番茄整个生育期内大致呈下降的趋势;土壤温度(T)大致呈上升的趋势,且同一时刻处理间土壤温度差异较小;而土壤有机碳(SOC)含量呈波动性变化且番茄整个生育期SOC含量变化幅度较小。加气灌溉较对应的不加气灌溉降低了T和WFPS,增加了SOC含量,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);充分灌溉较对应的亏缺灌溉增加了WFPS和SOC,但不显著,对T的影响不一。此外,经相关性分析可知,土壤CO_2排放通量与土壤充水孔隙率呈负相关,与土壤温度和有机碳呈正相关,但相关性均不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】通过温室小区试验得出,加气灌溉增加了土壤CO_2排放,但不显著(P>0.05)。研究结果为评估加气灌溉技术的农田生态效应和设施菜地温室气体减排提供了一定的参考和科学依据。

大气CO_2浓度倍增对宁夏枸杞生长的影响

以大气CO_2浓度和温度升高为主要特征的全球气候变化对农业生态系统、森林生态系统产生显著的影响。自20世纪90年代以来,气候变化,特别是大气CO_2浓度升高对植物的生理影响及植物的响应已成为一个重要的生理生态学研究热点问题（张晶晶等,2006;邓可洪等,2006;贾夏等,2005;

Effect of Allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root extracted by supercritical CO_2 extraction on Chinese fir

Allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root was extracted by technology ofsupercritical CO_2 extraction under orthogonal experiment design, and it was used to analyzeallelopathic activity of Chinese-fir through bioassay of seed germination. The results showed thatas to the available rate of allelochemicals, the pressure and temperature of extraction were themost important factors. The allelochemicals of Chinese-fir root extracted by pure CO_2 and ethanolmixed with CO_2 have different allelopathic activities to seed germination, and the allelochemicalsextracted by ethanol mixed with CO_2 had stronger inhibitory effects on seed germination than thatextracted by pure CO_2.

火力发电企业CO_2排放量和减排分析

分析了电力企业CO2排放量的计算模式,提出IPCC排放因子计算模式、实测方法、物料衡算方法和宏观模型方法,并就影响排放因子的因素进行校核,提出电力生产低碳发展静脉循环经济模式下的捕获和资源化应用CCU减排思路.

凋落茶叶对华中地区酸化茶园土壤N_2O与CO_2排放的影响

采用室内培养试验方法,研究了凋落茶叶添加(0、5、10 g·kg-1和20 g·kg^(-1))对酸化茶园土壤N_2O和CO_2排放特征的影响。结果表明:4种添加水平下,N_2O和CO_2排放通量分别为0.24~3.92μg·kg^(-1)·h^(-1)和0.33~1.84 mg·kg^(-1)·h^(-1);凋落茶叶的添加显著促进了酸化茶园土壤N_2O和CO_2排放(P<0.05),且两种气体的排放通量随着凋落茶叶添加量的增加而增加;凋落茶叶显著提高了酸化土壤pH值(P<0.05),且添加量越多,pH值变幅越大,其一定程度上改善了茶园土壤酸化现象。茶园土壤铵态氮与N_2O排放通量呈极显著相关,而硝态氮与N_2O排放通量未呈显著相关性。土壤可溶性有机碳含量与N_2O和CO_2排放通量均呈极显著相关关系。茶园土壤N_2O排放通量和CO_2排放通量呈极显著正相关。研究结果有助于阐明凋落茶叶对茶园土壤温室气体排放的作用规律,且对了解茶园生态系统碳氮循环有一定的理论意义。

低压电场驱动下膜分离CO_2的研究

以离子交换膜为基础 ,进行预处理和化学改性。研究了不同预处理条件、化学改性方法及低压电场的电压对离子交换膜的CO2 分离效率的影响。结果表明 ,改进处理条件、施加低压电场及在膜中加入亲水物质可明显地增加离子交换膜的二氧化碳通量。

CO_2浓度升高和施氮对冬小麦花前贮存碳氮转运的影响

为探讨大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦花前贮存碳氮转运的影响及氮素营养的调节作用,以小偃22和小偃6号为材料,于2007-2009连续2个生长季,利用开顶式气室进行盆栽试验,对背景CO2浓度(375μLL-1)和高CO2浓度(2007-2008年度680μLL-1,2008-2009年度750μLL-1)条件下不同施氮处理的干物质和氮素在籽粒、花前地上部中的累积以及花后营养器官的转运进行了评价。2007—2008年度设4个施氮水平,分别是0、0.1、0.2和0.3gkg-1土;2008—2009年度设3个施氮水平,分别是0、0.15和0.30gkg-1土。结果表明,施氮和CO2浓度升高促进了干物质和氮素在籽粒和花前营养器官的积累,增加了花前营养器官和地上部贮存干物质和氮素向籽粒的转运量,适量施氮提高了CO2浓度升高对花前营养器官干物质和氮素累积以及花后向籽粒转运的正向效应。与背景CO2浓度相比,高CO2浓度提高了花前营养器官和地上部干物质对籽粒产量的贡献率和转运率,但CO2浓度升高对花前氮素的贡献率和转运率的影响因年份和品种而异。CO2浓度升高后,2007-2008年度各营养器官和地上部,以及2008-2009年度茎鞘和穗的氮素贡献率和转运率均增加,但2008-2009年度2个品种叶片和地上部氮素贡献率在施氮时均显著降低,小偃22叶片和地上部氮素转运率在各施氮水平下以及小偃6号地上部氮素转运率在0.13gkg-1土施氮水平下均明显增加。适量施氮也在大多数情况下增强了CO2浓度升高对营养器官干物质和氮素的贡献率和转运率的正向效应。说明CO2浓度升高后小麦产量和氮素积累增加与其促进花前干物质和氮素积累及花后向籽粒的转运密切相关。

北京山区辽东栎林土壤释放CO_2的模拟实验研究

模拟北京山区辽东栎林群落，对该类型土壤释放ＣＯ２过程进行了连续３ａ的实验研究，结果表明：辽东栎林土壤呼吸强度平均为５．９２±１．３２μｍｏｌＣＯ２ｍ－２ｓ－１，在不同月份中，以８月份最高，１０月最低，依次为８月＞７月＞６月＞９月＞１０月（Ｐ＜０．０５）；１３：００为土壤日呼吸的最高峰。温度为影响土壤呼吸的主要因子，二者存在极显著相关关系（ｒ＝０．５６６８，ｐ＜０．００１，ｎ＝９４）。据３ａ观测的土壤呼吸日平均值计算得出，模拟辽东栎林土壤释放ＣＯ２的通量估计范围为１７１．５～２７５．１ｋｇＣＯ２ｈｍ－２ｄ－１，平均为２２３．３ｋｇＣＯ２ｈｍ－２ｄ－１。

Cl^-含量对J55钢CO_2腐蚀行为的影响

利用高温高压模拟实验、微观形貌观察和电化学测试研究了介质中Cl^-含量对J55钢CO_2腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,在研究范围内(Cl^-含量为0～200 g/L),随Cl^-含量的增加,J55钢均匀腐蚀速率减小,腐蚀产物膜变得更加致密,对基体保护能力增强,且无明显局部腐蚀。Cl^-含量的变化没有改变电极反应活化控制步骤,但随含量增加,溶液的pH值降低,同时更多Cl^-占据阴极活性点,阻滞了阴极反应,提高了腐蚀电位。Cl^-含量较低时电化学阻抗谱呈现三个时间常数,随Cl^-含量增加,中低频区感抗弧逐渐消失,金属表面被完整的腐蚀产物膜覆盖。

O_2/CO_2煤粉燃烧时细灰颗粒中痕量元素分布特性的实验研究

通过三个煤种在沉降炉中的燃烧实验,采用X-射线荧光光谱仪对实验收集的细灰颗粒物的元素组成进行定量测定,研究了O_2/CO_2煤粉燃烧对痕量元素行为的影响。结果表明,与O_2/N_2燃烧相比,O_2/CO_2燃烧对LPI颗粒物中Cu、Zn和Mn元素的分布形式没有影响,但显著增加了Cu、Zn元素在亚微米颗粒中的富集程度,Mn元素在细灰颗粒上没有出现富集,但O_2/CO_2燃烧时Mn在亚微米和超微米颗粒中的含量均显著减少。

管道倾斜角度对超临界CO_2管内换热特性的影响

在恒热流加热工况下,对超临界CO2在不同倾角的微细圆管内混合对流换热进行了数值模拟。采用FLUENT软件分析了不同倾角时管内截面温度、轴向速度、二次流、上母线传热系数、周向壁面温度和Nuw的变化规律,并引入相对二次流动能定量表示二次流强度。研究发现:倾斜管内顶部流体温度高于底部,周向Nuw在底部高于顶部,速度分布不是中心对称且其峰值出现在管中心轴线下侧;浮升力引发的二次流先增大后减小,且在靠近入口处达到峰值;倾斜管内上母线温度高于下母线,上母线传热系数在拟临界温度附近达到峰值。通过水平管中浮升力判据,得到了浮升力对对流换热的影响规律。

CO_2 浓度升高对水稻根系分泌物的影响——总有机碳、甲酸和乙酸含量变化

在大气 Ｃ Ｏ２ 浓度升高条件下采用水培方法对水稻根系生长及根系分泌物进行了初步研究。 Ｃ Ｏ２ 浓度倍增对水培水稻的根系生长具有明显的促进作用，约为７０％ ，但是根冠比却有所降低。水稻根系单位干重总有机碳、乙酸以及甲酸的释放量在 Ｃ Ｏ２ 浓度倍增条件下变化不明显，但是单株根系分泌物总量、乙酸以及甲酸的释放总量在 Ｃ Ｏ２ 倍增处理下明显增加。推测水稻根系分泌物的增加是高浓度 Ｃ Ｏ２ 下稻田 Ｃ Ｈ４ 排放增加的重要原因之一。