The activity of caesium-137 (Bq/kg) in the crustaceous lichens and other samples was determined to prove the feasibility that crustaceous lichens work as a sensitive biology monitor to record the caesium-137 (Bq/kg...The activity of caesium-137 (Bq/kg) in the crustaceous lichens and other samples was determined to prove the feasibility that crustaceous lichens work as a sensitive biology monitor to record the caesium-137 (Bq/kg) radiation levels of terrestrial environment. The measurements were performed with GEM series HPGe ( high-purity Germanium) coaxial detector system (ADCAM -100 ) made by EC & GORTEC Company in USA. It was found that the activity of caesium-137 (Bq/kg) in the crustaceous lichens was one order of magnitude higher than that found in surface soil, and was over throe orders of magnitude higher than those found in the familiar biological samples. These results proved that crustaceous lichens may be one of the most sensitive biological monitors about the remote transmission and environmental radiation levels of caesium-137.展开更多
研究不同土地利用方式对小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征的影响有助于更好的理解土地利用方式变化引发的环境效应问题,对区域生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义。选择陕北延安市湫沟小流域为研究对象,利用^(137)Cs示踪技术,定量评价了...研究不同土地利用方式对小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征的影响有助于更好的理解土地利用方式变化引发的环境效应问题,对区域生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义。选择陕北延安市湫沟小流域为研究对象,利用^(137)Cs示踪技术,定量评价了不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀和养分流失状况及其相互变化关系,结果表明:(1)土地利用方式显著影响小流域土壤侵蚀状况。土壤侵蚀模数介于-18.67-151.27 t km^(-2) a^(-1)之间,大小顺序为沟道>苹果园>林地>草地>灌木,均为微度侵蚀。其中,除灌木地发生沉积以外,其它土地利用方式均发生了土壤侵蚀现象。(2)不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀模数空间变异明显,除沟道为轻度变异以外,其它土地利用均为中等变异。(3)土壤全氮含量、有机质含量、N/P比和C/P比在不同土地利用方式下的变化特征表现一致,大小顺序均为灌木>草地>林地>沟道>苹果园,且在不同利用方式间均存在显著性差异。但全磷含量表现为灌木>苹果园>沟道>草地>林地,且与土壤全氮含量和有机质含量极显著正相关。同全国平均水平相比,土壤全氮含量偏低,全磷含量适中;C/N超过全国平均水平,而N/P和C/P远低于全国平均水平,小流域土壤氮限制严重。(4)土壤侵蚀是该小流域养分流失的重要诱因。不同土地利用方式土壤养分流失变化特征与土壤侵蚀模数表现一致,且两者呈极显著正相关关系;但与土壤全氮、全磷、有机质、N/P比及C/P比呈极显著负相关关系,与C/N比关系不显著。展开更多
This study aims to assess conservation practices in Izta-Popo National Park(Central Mexico) by evaluating the mechanisms of sediment transfer. We applied a methodology based on fallout ^(137)Cs and optically stimulate...This study aims to assess conservation practices in Izta-Popo National Park(Central Mexico) by evaluating the mechanisms of sediment transfer. We applied a methodology based on fallout ^(137)Cs and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) analysis. This was tested in the upper catchment of Amalacaxco Gorge, selected for being one of the sectors of the park in which man-made actions have been implemented in last decades to favor forest growth in the alpine grassland and to reduce the effect of water runoff. We quantified the ^(137)Cs activity using gamma and beta spectrometry of fine sediment grains extracted from the surface of parcels of 0.4 m2 in areas of natural forest, natural alpine grassland, alpine grassland with conservation practices, ravines and trails. In general, ^(137)Cs values increases as local slope decreases as it was expected. The natural forest is the most stable area in terms of soil erosion and sediment accumulation and, mean ^(137)Cs activity was taken as reference to assess cumulative zones, with higher ^(137)Cs values and erosive, with lower. We found that trails are accumulative surfaces but in other areas, erosion predominates. Man-made ditches, trenches and afforestation in the alpine grassland have higher ^(137)Cs values than thenatural grassland, which indicates that conservation practices are limiting the sediment transfer from hillslopes to channels, however, soil retention is less than in the natural grassland. Additionally, we evaluated the luminescence(OSL) values obtained from samples extracted from the sediment transported in ravines that are cutting into different sectors of the study area to assess the grade of resetting of fluvial materials. These luminescence results indicated that the sediment transported in ravines that are cutting into the natural forest and alpine grassland is bleached more efficiently than the sediment transported in the alpine grassland with conservation practices. Results of fallout ^(137)Cs and luminescence strongly suggest that man-made actions in this part of the Izta-Popo National Park are dramatically modifying the natural mechanisms of sediment transfer and favoring soil erosion. We conclude that made ditches, trenches and afforestation are not an effective conservation practice in Amalacaxco Gorge because they are promoting soil erosion instead of reducing it.展开更多
The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relativel...The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the 137Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes inthe Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two 137Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq · m-2 wereestablished preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied arearespectively. By analyzing the patterns of 137Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolianprocesses of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppicedunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition,while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using 137Csmodel, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice展开更多
Deforestation to reclaim land often triggers severe soil erosion in the Guizhou Karst Plateau. 137Cs dating of the deposited sediments in the karst depression bottom was used to estimate soil losses by surface erosion...Deforestation to reclaim land often triggers severe soil erosion in the Guizhou Karst Plateau. 137Cs dating of the deposited sediments in the karst depression bottom was used to estimate soil losses by surface erosion since deforestation started in 1979 on hillslopes in the Shirenzhai catchment, Puding County, Guizhou Province. The catchment has a drainage area of 0.054 km2. The average 137Cs contents of the top and peak layers in five cores of the depression bottom (with an area of 2652 m2), collected in 2009, were 2.35 and 7.25 Bq kg-1, respectively. The medium depths in the depression (which ranged between 84 cm and 113.5 cm with a mean value of 92.1 cm) showed the presence of sediments deposited in 1979. The total volume and weight of the deposited sediments since 1979 were estimated to be 1965 m3 and 2496 t, respectively. The depression bottom can be treated as a temporary impoundment and its sediment trapping efficiency was estimated to be 0.7. The relevant average soil erosion rate on the hillslopes was 2315 t km-2 yr-1 since 1979. The mean 137Cs inventory of the five cores was 7693 Bq m-2, which was ~10 times the local reference inventory of 782 Bq m-2. The total 137Cs activity of the sediments in the bottom was 20.4×106 Bq, and the relevant 137Cs inventory loss from the hillslopes was 358 Bq m-2 (since 1954), which accounted for 45.8% of the reference inventory. As soil erosion was not severe before and after the period of deforestation and following cultivation in 1979-1990, the erosion rates on the hillslopes could potentially reach 7000 t km-2 yr-1.展开更多
According to variations of 137Cs and clay contents, 44 flood couplets were identified in a profile of res- ervoir deposit with a vertical length of 28.12 m in the Yuntaishan Gully. Couplet 27 at the middle of the prof...According to variations of 137Cs and clay contents, 44 flood couplets were identified in a profile of res- ervoir deposit with a vertical length of 28.12 m in the Yuntaishan Gully. Couplet 27 at the middle of the profile had the highest average 137Cs content of 12.65 Bq·kg?1, which indicated the 1963s' deposits, then 137Cs content decreased both downward and upward in the profile. The second top and bottom couplets had average 137Cs contents of 2.15 Bq·kg?1 and 0.92 Bq·kg?1, respectively. By integrated analysis of reservoir construction and management history, variations of 137Cs contents over the profile, sediment yields of flood couplets and rainfall data during the period of 1958-1970, individual storms related to the flood couplets were identified. 44 floods with a total sediment yield of 2.36×104 m3 occurred and flood events in a year varied between 1 and 10 times during the period of 1960-1970. 7-10 flood events occurred during the wet period of 1961-1964 with very wet autumn, while only 1-2 events during the dry period of 1965-1969. Average annual specific sediment yield was 1.29×104 t·km?2·a?1 for the Yuntaishan Gully during the period of 1960-1970, which was slightly higher than 1.11 ×104 t·km?2·a?1 for the Upper Yanhe River Basin above the Ganguyi Hydrological Station and slightly lower than 1.40 ×104 t·km?2·a?1 for the nearby Zhifang Gully during the same period. Annual specific sediment yields for the Yuntaishan Gully were correlated to the wet season's rainfalls well.展开更多
Reliable information about soil conservation capacities of different natural ecosystems is an important reference for the design of targeted erosion and sediment control strategies. The objective of this paper is to q...Reliable information about soil conservation capacities of different natural ecosystems is an important reference for the design of targeted erosion and sediment control strategies. The objective of this paper is to quantify the soil conservation capacities of different natural ecosystems that can represent dif-ferent climatic zones. The 137Cs technique has been used to estimate soil redistribution rates in differ-ent natural ecosystems over the past 40 years in Wolong Nature Reserve. The reserve, transiting from the Chengdu plain to the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, maintains rich ecosystems from subtropical to frigid. The net soil erosion rates of 5 selected ecosystems that represent a warm coniferous-broadleaf-mixed forest, a cold-resistant deciduous taiga forest, a cold-resistant shrub, an evergreen cold-resistant taiga forest, and an alpine meadow are 0.17, 0.16, 0.13, 0.11 and 0.06 kg·m-2·a-1, respectively. Their soil con-servation capacities are reversed in order. The reference inventories for ^(137)Cs in different ecosystems range from 1658 to 3707 Bq·m-2 with the altitude. Results of this study indicate that any attempt to de-velop effective erosion and sediment strategies in areas with similar climates should consider natural ecosystem types.展开更多
文摘The activity of caesium-137 (Bq/kg) in the crustaceous lichens and other samples was determined to prove the feasibility that crustaceous lichens work as a sensitive biology monitor to record the caesium-137 (Bq/kg) radiation levels of terrestrial environment. The measurements were performed with GEM series HPGe ( high-purity Germanium) coaxial detector system (ADCAM -100 ) made by EC & GORTEC Company in USA. It was found that the activity of caesium-137 (Bq/kg) in the crustaceous lichens was one order of magnitude higher than that found in surface soil, and was over throe orders of magnitude higher than those found in the familiar biological samples. These results proved that crustaceous lichens may be one of the most sensitive biological monitors about the remote transmission and environmental radiation levels of caesium-137.
文摘研究不同土地利用方式对小流域土壤侵蚀及其养分流失特征的影响有助于更好的理解土地利用方式变化引发的环境效应问题,对区域生态保护和高质量发展具有重要意义。选择陕北延安市湫沟小流域为研究对象,利用^(137)Cs示踪技术,定量评价了不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀和养分流失状况及其相互变化关系,结果表明:(1)土地利用方式显著影响小流域土壤侵蚀状况。土壤侵蚀模数介于-18.67-151.27 t km^(-2) a^(-1)之间,大小顺序为沟道>苹果园>林地>草地>灌木,均为微度侵蚀。其中,除灌木地发生沉积以外,其它土地利用方式均发生了土壤侵蚀现象。(2)不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀模数空间变异明显,除沟道为轻度变异以外,其它土地利用均为中等变异。(3)土壤全氮含量、有机质含量、N/P比和C/P比在不同土地利用方式下的变化特征表现一致,大小顺序均为灌木>草地>林地>沟道>苹果园,且在不同利用方式间均存在显著性差异。但全磷含量表现为灌木>苹果园>沟道>草地>林地,且与土壤全氮含量和有机质含量极显著正相关。同全国平均水平相比,土壤全氮含量偏低,全磷含量适中;C/N超过全国平均水平,而N/P和C/P远低于全国平均水平,小流域土壤氮限制严重。(4)土壤侵蚀是该小流域养分流失的重要诱因。不同土地利用方式土壤养分流失变化特征与土壤侵蚀模数表现一致,且两者呈极显著正相关关系;但与土壤全氮、全磷、有机质、N/P比及C/P比呈极显著负相关关系,与C/N比关系不显著。
文摘This study aims to assess conservation practices in Izta-Popo National Park(Central Mexico) by evaluating the mechanisms of sediment transfer. We applied a methodology based on fallout ^(137)Cs and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) analysis. This was tested in the upper catchment of Amalacaxco Gorge, selected for being one of the sectors of the park in which man-made actions have been implemented in last decades to favor forest growth in the alpine grassland and to reduce the effect of water runoff. We quantified the ^(137)Cs activity using gamma and beta spectrometry of fine sediment grains extracted from the surface of parcels of 0.4 m2 in areas of natural forest, natural alpine grassland, alpine grassland with conservation practices, ravines and trails. In general, ^(137)Cs values increases as local slope decreases as it was expected. The natural forest is the most stable area in terms of soil erosion and sediment accumulation and, mean ^(137)Cs activity was taken as reference to assess cumulative zones, with higher ^(137)Cs values and erosive, with lower. We found that trails are accumulative surfaces but in other areas, erosion predominates. Man-made ditches, trenches and afforestation in the alpine grassland have higher ^(137)Cs values than thenatural grassland, which indicates that conservation practices are limiting the sediment transfer from hillslopes to channels, however, soil retention is less than in the natural grassland. Additionally, we evaluated the luminescence(OSL) values obtained from samples extracted from the sediment transported in ravines that are cutting into different sectors of the study area to assess the grade of resetting of fluvial materials. These luminescence results indicated that the sediment transported in ravines that are cutting into the natural forest and alpine grassland is bleached more efficiently than the sediment transported in the alpine grassland with conservation practices. Results of fallout ^(137)Cs and luminescence strongly suggest that man-made actions in this part of the Izta-Popo National Park are dramatically modifying the natural mechanisms of sediment transfer and favoring soil erosion. We conclude that made ditches, trenches and afforestation are not an effective conservation practice in Amalacaxco Gorge because they are promoting soil erosion instead of reducing it.
文摘The worldwide fallout of caesium-137 (137Cs) associated with the nuclear weapon tests during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this note, the 137Cs technique is introduced into the studies of wind erosion and its modern processes inthe Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Two 137Cs reference inventories of 982.11 and 2 376.04 Bq · m-2 wereestablished preminarily, distributed in the south and middle-north parts of the studied arearespectively. By analyzing the patterns of 137Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolianprocesses of erosion and deposition in nearly 40 years have been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppicedunes (S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition,while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using 137Csmodel, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB403200)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41001162)+3 种基金Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-306)National Key Technology R&D Program (Grant Nos. 2006BAC01A09 and 2008BAD98B07)Provincial Governor Foundation of Guizhou (Grant No. 2010-95)Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry (Grant No. SKLEG9008)
文摘Deforestation to reclaim land often triggers severe soil erosion in the Guizhou Karst Plateau. 137Cs dating of the deposited sediments in the karst depression bottom was used to estimate soil losses by surface erosion since deforestation started in 1979 on hillslopes in the Shirenzhai catchment, Puding County, Guizhou Province. The catchment has a drainage area of 0.054 km2. The average 137Cs contents of the top and peak layers in five cores of the depression bottom (with an area of 2652 m2), collected in 2009, were 2.35 and 7.25 Bq kg-1, respectively. The medium depths in the depression (which ranged between 84 cm and 113.5 cm with a mean value of 92.1 cm) showed the presence of sediments deposited in 1979. The total volume and weight of the deposited sediments since 1979 were estimated to be 1965 m3 and 2496 t, respectively. The depression bottom can be treated as a temporary impoundment and its sediment trapping efficiency was estimated to be 0.7. The relevant average soil erosion rate on the hillslopes was 2315 t km-2 yr-1 since 1979. The mean 137Cs inventory of the five cores was 7693 Bq m-2, which was ~10 times the local reference inventory of 782 Bq m-2. The total 137Cs activity of the sediments in the bottom was 20.4×106 Bq, and the relevant 137Cs inventory loss from the hillslopes was 358 Bq m-2 (since 1954), which accounted for 45.8% of the reference inventory. As soil erosion was not severe before and after the period of deforestation and following cultivation in 1979-1990, the erosion rates on the hillslopes could potentially reach 7000 t km-2 yr-1.
基金Supported by CAS(Grant No.KZCX3-SW 422)NNSF(Grant Nos.90502002,40271015)+1 种基金ISWC(B105101-109)IAEA(12322/RO)
文摘According to variations of 137Cs and clay contents, 44 flood couplets were identified in a profile of res- ervoir deposit with a vertical length of 28.12 m in the Yuntaishan Gully. Couplet 27 at the middle of the profile had the highest average 137Cs content of 12.65 Bq·kg?1, which indicated the 1963s' deposits, then 137Cs content decreased both downward and upward in the profile. The second top and bottom couplets had average 137Cs contents of 2.15 Bq·kg?1 and 0.92 Bq·kg?1, respectively. By integrated analysis of reservoir construction and management history, variations of 137Cs contents over the profile, sediment yields of flood couplets and rainfall data during the period of 1958-1970, individual storms related to the flood couplets were identified. 44 floods with a total sediment yield of 2.36×104 m3 occurred and flood events in a year varied between 1 and 10 times during the period of 1960-1970. 7-10 flood events occurred during the wet period of 1961-1964 with very wet autumn, while only 1-2 events during the dry period of 1965-1969. Average annual specific sediment yield was 1.29×104 t·km?2·a?1 for the Yuntaishan Gully during the period of 1960-1970, which was slightly higher than 1.11 ×104 t·km?2·a?1 for the Upper Yanhe River Basin above the Ganguyi Hydrological Station and slightly lower than 1.40 ×104 t·km?2·a?1 for the nearby Zhifang Gully during the same period. Annual specific sediment yields for the Yuntaishan Gully were correlated to the wet season's rainfalls well.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40321101)
文摘Reliable information about soil conservation capacities of different natural ecosystems is an important reference for the design of targeted erosion and sediment control strategies. The objective of this paper is to quantify the soil conservation capacities of different natural ecosystems that can represent dif-ferent climatic zones. The 137Cs technique has been used to estimate soil redistribution rates in differ-ent natural ecosystems over the past 40 years in Wolong Nature Reserve. The reserve, transiting from the Chengdu plain to the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, maintains rich ecosystems from subtropical to frigid. The net soil erosion rates of 5 selected ecosystems that represent a warm coniferous-broadleaf-mixed forest, a cold-resistant deciduous taiga forest, a cold-resistant shrub, an evergreen cold-resistant taiga forest, and an alpine meadow are 0.17, 0.16, 0.13, 0.11 and 0.06 kg·m-2·a-1, respectively. Their soil con-servation capacities are reversed in order. The reference inventories for ^(137)Cs in different ecosystems range from 1658 to 3707 Bq·m-2 with the altitude. Results of this study indicate that any attempt to de-velop effective erosion and sediment strategies in areas with similar climates should consider natural ecosystem types.