Lipid Production,Oxidative Status,Antioxidant Enzymes and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Coccomyxa chodatii SAG 216-2 in Response to Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles

The extensive use of nanoparticles(NPs)in diverse applications causes their localization to aquatic habitats,affecting the metabolic products of primary producers in aquatic ecosystems,such as algae.Synthesized calcium oxide nanoparticles(CaO NPs)are of the scarcely studied NPs.Thus,the current work proposed that the exposure to CaO NPs may instigate metabolic pathway to be higher than that of normally growing algae,and positively stimulate algal biomass.In this respect,this research was undertaken to study the exposure effect of CaO NPs(0,20,40,60,80,and 100μg mL^(−1))on the growth,photosynthesis,respiration,oxidative stress,antioxidants,and lipid production of the microalga Coccomyxa chodatii SAG 216-2.The results showed that the algal growth concomitant with chlorophyll content,photosynthesis,and calcium content increased in response to CaO NPs.The contents of biomolecules such as proteins,amino acids,and carbohydrates were also promoted by CaO NPs with variant degrees.Furthermore,lipid production was enhanced by the applied nanoparticles.CaO NPs induced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide,while lipid peroxidation was reduced,revealing no oxidative behavior of the applied nanoparticles on alga.Also,CaO NPs have a triggering effect on the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase,catalase,ascorbate peroxidase,and guaiacol peroxidase.The results recommended the importance of the level of 60μg mL^(−1) CaO NPs on lipid production(with increasing percentage of 65%compared to control)and the highest dry matter acquisition of C.chodatii.This study recommended the feasibility of an integrated treatment strategy of CaO NPs in augmenting biomass,metabolic up-regulations,and lipid accumulation in C.chodatii.

Effects of Calcium Oxide on Physicochemical Properties of Spray-dried Bayberry Powder

[Objective] Effects of different contents of calcium oxide on physicochemi- cal properties of spray-dried bayberry powder were studied. [Method] Bayberry pow- der produced from bayberry juice adding 0, 2 and 4 g/L calcium oxide using the spray drying technique has been selected. The physicochemical properties of the spray-dried bayberry powder were investigated by determining moisture content, colour, apparent density, wettability, angle of repose and moisture absorption rate of bayberry powder. [Result] The results showed that the content of calcium oxide had a significant effect on the moisture content and colour of bayberry powder. Effects of different contents of calcium oxide on the apparent density of spray-dried bayber- ry powder were not obvious. Adding calcium oxide had a significant effect on the wettability, angle of repose and moisture absorption rate of spray-dried bayberry powder, nevertheless, there was not obvious difference on these properties between adding 2 and 4 g/L calcium oxide. [Conclusion] The results confirmed that the con- tent of calcium oxide had a significant effect on the properties of spray-dried bay- berry powder.

Effect of Calcium Oxide Additive on the Performance of Iron Oxide Sorbent for High-Temperature Coal Gas Desulfurization

The effect of calcium oxide additive in iron oxide sorbent for hot gas desulfurization was investigated by XRD and TPR techniques.XRD characterization showed that CaO was highly dispersed after the calcination of sorbents.Calcium sulfate formed in the desulfurization was decomposed and regenerated to CaO by reacting with CO before the next sulfidation process.Calcium participated in every sulfidation/regeneration cycle and contributed to the enhancement of sulfur capacity.The TPR results showed that the reduction temperature of the sorbent increased with the increase of the content of calcium.Calcium played a role of retarding reduction.Therefore,the addition of calcium oxide additive will benefit the utilization of iron oxide sorbent in strongly reducing atmospheres.

Role of barium nitrate on the sulfur fixation of calcium oxide

In this paper, the effect of Ba(NO 3) 2 on the efficiency of sulfur fixation of calcium oxide during coal combustion was studied. The results showed that addition of barium nitrate to the CaO can enhance the sulfur removal rate of CaO significantly. The X \|ray diffraction spectrum of residual ash of coal added some sulfur fixative expressed that Ba\+\{2+\} can form a compound of Ba\|Al\|Si\|O which encloses the CaSO\-4 to prevent it's decomposition, so Ba\+\{2+\} can improve the action of sulfur fixation of CaO. The combustion character of the original coal and original coal added sulfur fixative was researched with thermal\|gravity analyzer and the results expressed that adding some sulfur fixative to the coal will make the combustion character of coal change little.

Production of Bio-Calcium Oxide Derived from Hatchery Eggshell Waste Using an Industrial-Scale Car Bottom Furnace

The valorization of eggshell waste as bio-calcium oxide is crucial for pollution prevention and supporting sustainable development.There are several reports on the thermal conversion of eggshell waste to calcium oxide for the partial or complete substitution of natural lime applications.However,this paper reports the thermal decomposition of large amounts of hatchery eggshell waste on an industrial-scale car bottom furnace for the first time.The hatchery eggshell waste was sundried and placed into five stacked trays in the car bottom furnace.The calcination of the eggshell waste was conducted at 900℃ for 3 and 4 h under an atmosphere of air.Both the physical and chemical properties of the eggshell samples and the bio-quicklime products were carefully examined by TGA,SEM,XRD,FTIR,and XRF.The results demonstrate that the purity of calcium oxide in the quicklime products increased from 79%to 87%upon increasing the calcination time from 3 to 4 h.However,the color of the calcined eggshell samples at the surface of the pile was white while the color of the product beneath the surface was black or dark gray.The purity of the calcium oxide of both the black and white calcined samples was 76.4%and 91.5%,respectively.These results indicate the limited efficacy of the car bottom furnace for thermal decomposition of the large amount of eggshell waste to calcium oxide.Additionally,the production cost of bio-calcium oxide is approximately twice the cost of industrial grade lime.For further industrial applications,the furnace should contain the mixing equipment for improving the thermal decomposition of the large pile of eggshell waste.Furthermore,the oil burner system may be used in order to reduce fuel costs.

Styrene epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide over calcium oxide catalysts prepared from various precursors

A series of CaO samples were prepared by calcination of commercially available and synthesis of calcium salt precursors such as calcium acetate, carbonate, hydroxide and oxalate etc. CaO samples were found to be effective for the epoxidation of styrene using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in the presence of acetonitrile. To determine the influence of the physicochemical properties and surface basicity on the catalytic activity, the prepared CaO samples were characterized using thermogravimetry （TG）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, N2-adsorption and temperature-programmed desorption of CO2 （CO2-TPD）. The results indicate that the amounts of very strong basic sites and high basicity strength on CaO sample are key factors for its excellent catalytic performance. In contrast, the surface area, porosity and the surface structure of CaO sample have a relatively minor effect on the catalytic activity. CaO sample, obtained by the decomposition of Ca（OH）2, prepared by precipitating calcium nitrate with sodium hydroxide in ethylene glycol solution, exhibits the highest amount of very strong basic sites and stronger strength of basic sites, and therefore it catalyses the epoxidation of styrene with the highest rate among the tested CaO samples. Under the selected reaction conditions, the selectivity of 97.5% to styrene oxide at a conversion in excess of 99% could be obtained.

Optimization of Lab-Scale Preparation of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil Using Modified Calcium Oxide as Catalyst

Statistical analysis of product yield for biodiesel preparation by transesterification process was performed using the Minitab software. A standard RSM Design tool known as CCD was applied to study the transesterification reaction variables. The obtained parameters were verified experimentally for the transesterification reaction of rubber seed oil using solid metal oxide catalyst. The factors affecting the methyl ester yield during transesterification reaction were identified as the catalyst content, molar ratio of oil to alcohol and reaction time. High methyl ester yield and fast reaction rate could be obtained even if reaction temperature was relatively low, which is quite favorable to the industrial production of biodiesel from the rubber seed oil. 98.54% of methyl ester was formed from the transesterification of RSO with methanol. R-squared is a statistical measure of how close the data are to the fitted regression line. It is also known as the coefficient of determination, or the coefficient of multiple determination for multiple regression. In this study, an R2 value of 0.98 is obtained.

Fermentation Characteristics of Silage of Sugar Cane Treated with Calcium Oxide,Lactobacillus buchneri and Their Associations

We evaluated the fermentation products, the gaseous and effluent losses of sugarcane silages without calcium oxide (CaO) or with CaO addition, at the levels of zero, 0.8%, 1.6% and 2.4%, in association with the microbial additive Lactobacillus buchneri inoculated at the levels of zero, 50.000, 100.000 e 150.000 ufc/g of sugarcane, wet bases. The variety RB855536, harvested after 12 months of first growth was used. The experiment design was the completely randomized design, in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement. They were evaluated in the silages, the contents of volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, ethanol, and the pH, as well as the gaseous and effluent losses. In the analysis of the data, the SAS system was utilized. It was observed on interaction effect of the chemical and microbial additive over the contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, ethanol and over the gaseous and effluents losses. However, there was no interaction effect regarding to pH. When it was observed on interaction effect of additives, the effects of the levels of one additive were evaluated by regression analysis in each level of each other, and vice-versa. The level 1.6% of CaO associated to the level 50,000 ufc/g of natural matter of Lactobacillus buchneri provided adequate levels of lactic acid (superior to 4.5%), and of acetic acid (around 1%), moderate content of propionic acid (0.55%), low content of butyric acid (0.05%) and controlled the production of ethanol and the gaseous and effluent losses. The pH of the silages were influenced by CaO addition, but were not affected consistently by microbial inoculation.

Chemical Analysis of Magnesia and Magnesia-Alumina Refractory Materials——Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method for determination of calcium oxide content

1 Scope This standard specifics the determination of calcium oxide coutent by flame atomic absorption spectrometric method.

Unsaturated transport properties of water molecules and ions in graphene oxide/hydrated calcium silicate nanochannels:from basic principles to complex environmental performance effects

The problems of traditional concrete such as brittleness,poor toughness and short service life of concrete engineering under acid rain or marine environment need to be solved urgently.Hydrated calcium silicate(C-S-H)is a key component to improve the mechanical properties and durability of concrete.However,the traditional method of concrete material design based on empirical models or comparative tests has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of concrete.The synthesis method,molecular structure and properties of C-S-H were systematically described in this paper;The interface structure and interaction of graphene oxide/calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H/GO)were discussed.On this basis,the saturated and unsaturated transport characteristics of ions and water molecules in C-S-H/GO nanochannels under the environment of ocean and acid rain were introduced.The contents of this review provide the basis for improving the multi-scale transmission theory and microstructure design of concrete.It has important guiding significance for analyzing and improving the service life of concrete in complex environment.

NiO-CaO materials as promising catalysts for hydrogen production through carbon dioxide capture and subsequent dry methane reforming

In this work, CaO-NiO mixed oxide powders were evaluated as consecutive CO;chemisorbents and catalytic materials for hydrogen production thought the CH;reforming process. Between the NiO impregnated CaO and CaO-NiO mechanical composite, the first one presented better chemical behaviors during the CO;capture and CH;reforming processes, obtaining syngas（H;+ CO） as final product. Results showed that syngas was produced at two different temperature ranges, between 400 and 600 °C and at T > 800 °C, where the first temperature range corresponds to the CH;reforming process but the second temperature range was attributed to a different catalytic reaction process: CH;partial oxidation. These results were confirmed through different isothermal and cyclic experiments as well as by XRD analysis of the final catalytic products, where the nickel reduction was evidenced. Moreover, when a CO-O;flow was used during the carbonation process a triple process was achieved:（i） CO oxidation,（ii） CO;chemisorption and（iii） CH;reforming. Using this gas flow the hydrogen production was always higher than that obtained with CO;.

The role of nickel oxide additive in lowering the carbon dioxide sorption temperature of CaO

A new type of calcium-based regenerable carbon dioxide （CO_2） sorbent, CaO-NiO, was synthesized via the sol-gel method. The as synthesized CO_2 sorbent was in the form of nanoparticles. The CO_2 sorption temperature and capacity of the sorbent were examined using thermogravi- metric analysis （TGA）. The CaO-NiO sorbent is able to capture CO_2 at a lower sorption temperature （465 ℃） than pure calcium oxide （CaO） （600 ℃）. The role of NiO in the CaO-NiO sorbent in lowering the CO_2 sorption temperature was also investigated. The sorbent was char- acterized by X-ray diffractometer （XRD）, N_2 adsorption-desorption analysis, high resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. CaO and NiO were found to coexist in the sorbent. Neither solid solution nor mixed metal oxide was formed. NiO did not react with CO_2 in the sorption process; but it worked like a catalyst to promote the CaO carbonation reaction. It is suggested that this new CaO-NiO sorbent may have a promising application as an effective CO_2 sorbent with lower energy consumption.

Carbon monoxide production using a steel mill gas in a combined chemical looping process

Up to 9% of the global CO_(2) emissions come from the iron and steel industry. Here, a combined chemical looping process to produce CO, a building block for the chemical industry, from the CO_(2) -rich blast furnace gas of a steel mill is proposed. This cyclic process can make use of abundant Fe_(3)O_(4) and CaO as solid oxygen and CO_(2) carriers at atmospheric pressure. A proof of concept was obtained in a laboratory-scale fixed bed reactor with synthetic blast furnace gas and Fe_(3)O_(4) /CaO = 0.6 kg/kg. CO production from the proposed process was investigated at both isothermal conditions(1023 K) and upon imposing a temperature program from 1023 to 1148 K. The experimental results were compared using performance indicators such as CO yield, CO space time yield, carbon recovery of the process, fuel utilisation, and solids’ utilisation.The temperature-programmed CO production resulted in a CO yield of 0.056 ± 0.002 mol per mol of synthetic blast furnace gas at an average CO space time yield of 7.6 mmol kgFe^(-1) s^(-1) over 10 cycles, carbon recovery of 48% ± 1%, fuel utilisation of 23% ± 2%, and an average calcium oxide and iron oxide utilisation of 22% ± 1% and 11% ± 1%. These experimental performance indicators for the temperature-programmed CO production were consistently better than those of the isothermal implementation mode by 20% to 35%. Over 10 consecutive process cycles, no significant losses in CO yield were observed in either implementation mode. Process simulation was carried out for 1 million metric tonnes per year of equivalent CO_(2) emissions from the blast furnace gas of a steel mill to analyse the exergy losses in both modes of operation. Comparison of the exergy efficiency of the temperature-programmed process to the isothermal process showed that the former is more efficient because of the higher CO concentration achievable,despite 20% higher exergy losses caused by heat transfer required to change temperature.

Preparation of TiCl4 with the Titanium Slag Containing Magnesia and Calcia in a Combined Fluidized Bed

This paper describes a new method for producing TiCl4 by chloridizing materials of high content CaO and MgO, in which a combined fluidized bed is used as a reactor to avoid agglomeration between particles caused by molten CaCl2 and MgCl2. The combined fluidized bed consists of at least a riser tube and a semi-circulating fluidized bed. Two kinds of high titanium slag, in which the total mass content of CaO and MgO is 2.03% and 9.09% respectively, are employed to examine the anti-agglomeration effect and the conversion of the materials when the temperature ranges are between 923.15K and 1073.15K, gas apparent velocity 0.7--1.1m.s-1, and inlet amount of solid materials is 4.6-7.0kg·h^-1. It is found that the anti-agglomeration effect in the combined fluidized bed is satisfactory and the new method can achieve a TiCl4 production capacity of 14.0-75.4t·m^-2·d^-1 in relation to 25.0-- 40.0t·m^-2·d^-1 from the conventional bubble bed. Furthermore, low-temperature chloridization, for example, at 923K or 973K, can also be used to produce TiCl4 and avoid agglomeration.

Removal of biomass tar by steam reforming over calcined scallop shell supported Cu catalysts

In this study, the main purpose is to develop low-cost catalysts with high activity and stability for high quality syngas production via steam reforming of biomass tar in biomass gasification process. The calcined waste scallop shell（CS） supported copper（Cu） catalysts are prepared for steam reforming of biomass tar. The prepared Cu supported on CS catalysts exhibit higher catalytic activity than those on commercial CaO and Al;O;. Characterization results indicate that Cu/CS has a strong interaction between Cu and CaO in CS support, resulting in the formation of calcium copper oxide phase which could stabilize Cu species and provide new active sites for the tar reforming. In addition, the strong basicity of CS support and other inorganic elements contained in CS support could enhance the activity of Cu/CS. The addition of a small amount of Co is found to be able to stabilize the catalytic activity of Cu/CS catalysts,making them reusable after regeneration without any loss of their activities.

Carbonaceous residues from biomass gasification as catalysts for biodiesel production

Tars and alkali ashes from biomass gasification processes currently constitute one of the major problems in biomass valorisation, generating clogging of filters and issues related with the purity of syngas production. To date, these waste residues find no useful applications and they are generally disposed upon generation in the gasification process. A detailed analysis of these residues pointed out the presence of high quantities of Ca （〉30 wt%）. TG experiments indicated that a treatment under air at moderate temperatures （400-800 ~C） decomposed the majority of carbon species, while XRD indicated the presence of a crystalline CaO phase. CaO enriched valorized materials turned out to be good heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from vegetable oils, providing moderate to good activities （50%-70% after 12 h） to fatty acid methyl esters in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol.

Cathodic behavior of molten CaCl_2-CaO and CaCl_2-NaCl-CaO

The cathodic behavior of molten CaCl2, CaCl2-CaO and equimolar CaCl2-NaCl-CaO was studied by cyclic voltammograms and constant potential polarization at temperatures of 1123 to 1173 K on molybdenum and titanium electrodes. The diffusion coefficient of Ca2＋ （CaO） in molten CaCl2-CaO was calculated from the linear relationship between the square root of scan rate and the peak current density. The deposition potentials and the potential temperature coefficient of CaO in molten CaCl2-0.5mol%CaO and CaCl2-NaCl-0.5mol%CaO were also obtained from their cyclic voltammograms. The result shows that CaO is more easily reduced than CaCl2. The addition of NaCl in molten CaCl2-CaO induces the underpotential electrodeposition of CaO.

Decomposition process of zircon sand concentrate with CaO-NaOH

The decomposition process for zircon sand concentrate using mixed base of sodium hydroxide partly replaced by calcium oxide was inrestigated.It is found that the decomposition rate of zircon gradually increased with the increase of the reaction temperature and time.The decomposition rate is over 97% with the conditions that CaO/zircon molar ratio is 0.25 ～ 0.75 at 800 ℃ for 1 h.Whereas the decomposition rate decreased when the molar ratio was more than 0.75.Also,thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis(TG-DTA) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) were used to study the reaction mechanism of zircon decomposition process with CaO-NaOH.The results showed that Na_2O,which was generated by the reaction of CaO and Na_4SiO_4,increased the decomposition rate of zircon owing to its spread to the surface of zircon and played a role in decomposition process.

Effect of CeO_2 and CaO Promoters on Ignition Performance for Partial Oxidation of Methane over Ni/MgO-Al_2O_3 Catalyst

The effect of CeO2 and CaO promoters on the ignition performance over Ni/MgO-Al2O3 catalyst for the partial oxidation of methane （POM） to synthesis gas was investigated. It was found that the POM reaction could not be ignited over lwt%Ni/MgO-Al2O3 catalyst without the promoters in the temperature range from 773 K to 1073 K. CeO2 and CaO promoters enhanced the ignition performance and the POM reactivity of lwt%Ni/MgO-Al2O3 catalyst remarkably. Moreover, the improving effect became greater with the increase of the promoter content under the investigated reactiorrconditions. The modification effects of CeO2 and CaO promoters were closely related to the concentration and reducibility of the surface and bulk oxygen species.

Catalytic steam methane reforming enhanced by CO_2 capture on CaO based bi-functional compounds

Sorption enhanced steam methane reforming（SE-SMR） was performed to maximize hydrogen production and contemporary remove COfrom the product stream using bi-functional sorbent-catalyst compounds.Samples were tested at two different scales: micro and laboratory. The CaO amount varied in the CaO-CaAlOsorbent system synthesized by wet mixing(CaO content of 100 wt%, 56 wt%, 30 wt%, or 0 wt% and balance of CaAlO) which were upgraded to bi-functional compounds by impregnation of 3 wt% of Ni. Nitrogen adsorption（BET/BJH）, X-Ray Diffraction（XRD）, Temperature-Programmed Reduction（TPR） and Scanning and Transmission Electronic Microscopy（SEM and TEM, respectively） analyses were performed to characterize structural and textural properties and reducibility of the bi-functional materials and evaluate their catalytic behavior. A fixed sorbent composition CaO-CaAlO(56 wt% of CaO and CaAlObalance), was chosen to study the effect of different weight hourly space times（WHST） and CHstream compositions in SE-SMR activity. Impregnated mayenite at both micro and laboratory scales showed stable Hcontent of almost 74%, with CHconversion of 72% similarly to the values reported by the sample containing 30 wt% of CaO in the post-breakthrough.Sample with 30 wt% of CaO showed promisingly behavior, enhancing Hcontent up to almost 94.5%.When the sorption enhanced reaction is performed roughly 89% of CHconversion is achieved, and after the pre-breakthrough, the catalyst worked at the thermodynamic level. During cycling sorption/regeneration experiments, even if COremoval efficiency slightly decreases, CHconversion and Hyield remain stable.