Primary Study on Reasons for the Growth Re-cession of Fragrant Camphor Trees at the West Lake Scenic Area and Diagnosis Procedure

Fragrant camphor tree is the city tree of Hangzhou which takes a large proportion of the ancient trees in Hangzhou City. Recently, with the free open of the attractions around the West Lake and the implementation of the comprehensive pro- ject for protecting the West Lake, a part of ancient fragrant camphor trees are fac- ing problems such as altered living conditons. Some of them are showing a decline in growth vigor or even close to death, which will produce extremely negative influ- ences on the maintaining and sustainable development of the West Lake Scenic Area if without any timely measures for the rescue and rejuvenation of the trees. Therefore, strengthening the protection and management of ancient fragrant camphor trees at the West Lake Scenic Area and carrying out researches on the procedure for diagnosing the reasons for the growth recession of the ancient fragrant camphor trees at the West Lake Scenic Area are of great significance for the future protec- tion and rejuvenation of the ancient trees around the West Lake. The factors influ- encing the growth of ancient trees and indexes for judging the growth condition were listed and the reasons for the growth recession were systematically summa- rized in this paper. In addition, measures for the rejuvenation of the ancient fragrant camphor trees were also simply discussed.

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves （CTLs）,which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were ＋6 （sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate）,＋5.2 （sulfonate）,＋2.2 （suloxides）,＋0.6 （thiols and thiothers）,＋0.2 （organic sulfides）.Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds （organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate） assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.

Study on Essential Oil Extracted from Camphor Tree Wood

Essential oil of camphor tree wood was aualyzed by GC-MS system, thirty-three components of which were identified. The essential oil is consisted of monoterpenes and sesquiterpepes （43.73%）, fatty acids （26.61%）, unsaturated fatty acids, ketone and aldehyde components.

樟树精油中6种低含量成分的高效分离及抗氧化性能研究

采用分段减压蒸馏结合柱层析方法,以目标成分含量大于80.0%为目标,开展了樟树精油中<10.0%低含量成分的高效分离研究,获得了柠檬烯(93.2%)、乙酸龙脑酯(87.5%)、反式-橙花叔醇(85.8%)、β-石竹烯(91.1%)、4-松油醇(92.6%)、α-松油醇(87.2%)等6种组分,收率分别为36.0%、14.0%、11.0%、21.0%、38.0%和10.0%。进一步研究了各组分的抗氧化性能,结果表明,乙酸龙脑酯、反式-橙花叔醇、4-松油醇和α-松油醇组分的IC_(50)值分别为96.6、87.6、73.6和105.4 mg/m L,抗氧化性能优于单萜标准品;柠檬烯和β-石竹烯组分的IC_(50)值分别为66.2和48.5 mg/m L,抗氧化性能低于单萜标准品。

樟树5种化学型精油组成及其胰脂肪酶抑制活性研究

采用GC和GC-MS方法分析确定了樟树5种精油化学成分组成,进一步研究了5种不同类型精油的胰脂肪酶抑制活性。结果表明:5种精油主成分分别为:芳樟醇(91.98%)、樟脑(81.25%)、龙脑(91.88%)、反式-橙花叔醇(52.63%)和桉叶油素(57.73%)。精油的胰脂肪酶抑制活性顺序为:反式-橙花叔醇型>桉叶油素型>芳樟醇型>樟脑型>龙脑型。其中反式-橙花叔醇型精油IC50为(20.02±3.27)mg/mL,当其精油浓度为100 mg/mL时,胰脂肪酶抑制率达90.17%±1.56%。

道路类型对南昌樟树铅含量及地下丛枝菌根真菌影响

该文为探究道路土壤铅污染对行道树和土壤丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌的影响,在南昌市选择了6条行道树为樟树的不同类型道路,测定分析了土壤-樟树铅含量及AM真菌群落特征。结果表明,不同类型的道路上土壤铅含量存在显著差异,快速路和主干路的铅含量高于支路,车流量是重要驱动因素。樟树根、茎、叶、果的平均铅含量分别是0.41、1.13、1.43、0.53 mg/kg。主干路上樟树体内铅含量整体较高,支路上樟树铅含量相对较低,土壤铅含量与樟树根系铅含量显著正相关。AM真菌的根系侵染率、孢子密度和物种丰富度在不同类型道路间有差异但规律性不明显。6条道路样地土壤中共鉴定出AM真菌8属20种,无梗囊霉属为优势属,各样地菌种数在10~15种之间,铅污染显著影响了土壤AM真菌孢子密度。综上所述,交通是导致道路土壤铅积累的重要因素,进而造成行道樟树对铅的吸收,同时土壤AM真菌也受到铅污染的一定影响。因此,科学治理和修复土壤铅污染对生态环境保护和人类健康有重要意义。

Physiological Changes and Cold Tolerance of Three Camphor Species During Natural Winter Temperature Fluctuations

The dynamic changes in the malondialdehyde（MDA）, superoxide dismutase（SOD）, soluble sugar, proline, and soluble protein contents, as well as the relative electrolyte conductivity and the corresponding cold resistance, of Cinnamomum bodinieri Level., C. camphora L., and C. caudiferum Kisterm were investigated during the winter months of October 2009 to April 2010. During the short period of temperature decline that lasted until mid-December, the changes in the relative electrolyte conductivity and MDA content with temperature were insignificant. In January, SOD activity continued to increase and then peaked as a result of rapid increases in soluble sugar, proline, soluble protein, as well as the inhibition of the relative electrolyte conductivity and decrease in MDA content. These physiological changes protected the camphor trees from cold damage during winter. From February to March, SOD activity and the soluble protein and proline contents increased with the increase in temperature. However, the relative electrolyte conductivity and MDA content decreased, indicating that the cell membrane damaged by low temperature was gradually being repaired. The cold dip in April led to slight increases in the relative electrolyte conductivity and MDA content. Using a fuzzy mathematics method, the cold resistance adaptability of the camphor trees was divided into three periods namely, the enhancement setting stage, the vigorous stage, and the reducing stage. The cold tolerance abilities were ranked as the following order： C. bodinieri Level〉C. camphora L.〉C. caudiferum Kisterm.

香樟树红叶色素的提取及稳定性研究

以香樟树红叶为原料,采用溶剂浸提法提取香樟树红叶色素。以色素特征吸光度为指标,研究红叶色素的提取工艺和稳定性。结果表明:最佳提取工艺为料液比1:40(g/mL)、乙醇体积分数40%、提取温度70℃、提取时间2.5h。稳定性试验得出,在较低温度(20~60℃)、避光条件下,红叶色素的稳定性较好;红叶色素在酸性、中性和弱碱性(pH1~9)条件下稳定,在强碱性(pH10~14)条件下不稳定;红叶色素具有较好的抗氧化性和抗还原性;冰醋酸对红叶色素的稳定性影响不大,而葡萄糖对其有一定影响;金属离子Fe^(2+)、Fe^(3+)、Cu^(2+)Pb^(2+)对红叶色素的稳定性影响明显。通过显色反应得出香樟树红叶色素主要含有二氢黄酮醇类物质。

广东省古樟树空间分布及生长状况研究

在广东省古树名木普查的基础上,对广东省古樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)的空间分布及生长状况进行统计分析。结果表明,广东省现存古樟树5816株,树龄主要以100~299 a为主;古樟树空间分布差异较大,粤北地区分布数量最多,其次为珠三角地区、粤西地区及粤东地区;古樟树群是古樟树留存至今的重要载体,群内留存古樟树1241株,占古樟树总数的21.34%;广东省古樟树生长势与生长环境整体状况较好,但仅有36.24%的古樟树采取了保护与复壮措施,针对存在的人为蓄意破坏、保护经费不足、乡村开发与古树保护相矛盾等问题提出相应的建议,以期实现古树与城乡发展和谐共存。

Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Medium-chain Biodiesel from Cinnamonum camphora Seed Oil

The non-edible camphor tree seed oil was extracted and catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production. The oil yield from camphor tree seeds reached 35.2% of seed weight by twice microwave-assisted extractions. Gas chromatography showed that free fatty acid content in camphor tree seed oil was 1.88%, and the main fatty acids were capric acid(53.4%) and lauric acid(38.7%). With immobilized lipase Candida sp. 99–125as catalyst, several important factors for reaction conditions were examined through orthogonal experiments.The optimum conditions were obtained: water content and enzyme loading were both 15% with a molar ratio of 1:3.5(oil/ethanol), and the process of alcoholysis was in nine steps at 40 °C for 24 h, with agitation at170 r·min-1. As a result, the medium-chain biodiesel yield was 93.5%. The immobilized lipase was stable when it was used repeatedly for 210 h.

樟树加工剩余物热压成型制备育苗容器及性能评价的研究

为拓宽樟树加工剩余物高值化利用途径,以樟树加工剩余物为增强材料,以脲醛预聚物和淀粉胶黏剂为黏合剂,通过热压成型工艺优化制备育苗容器,研究了育苗容器成型性、抗破损率以及成型配比对育苗容器性能的影响。脲醛聚合物(UF)与淀粉胶黏剂(SA)配比为3:7,育苗容器的成型性大于95%,抗破损率达到1.71%±0.06%。湿强剂(WA)与增强剂(ST)比例为5:5,育苗容器成型性大于90%,抗破损率达到1.69%±0.04%。热压成型压力22 MPa、热压温度120℃、不排气及保压时间5.5 min时,育苗容器的拉伸强度及膨胀率性能最佳。

园林施工中反季节种植技术的应用研究

为了深入研究园林中反季节种植技术应用情况,论文概述了反季节种植技术的原理、影响因素及应用原则,以樟树为例,从土壤处理、苗木选择、苗木修剪、苗木栽种、苗木管理及养护等方面详细介绍了反季节种植技术的应用过程,并且明确了选苗、修剪、种植及养护等环节的技术要点及注意事项。

特异性气味物质防治枣树皮暗斑螟田间试验

为了明确特异性气味物质对枣树皮暗斑螟的防治效果,以辣椒碱、花椒粉、香樟木油作为趋避剂,涂抹于枣树新甲口处,调查对皮暗斑螟防治效果及甲口愈合情况。研究结果表明:枣树开甲后甲口处涂抹香樟木油对皮暗斑螟防治效果最好,达到90%,伤口愈合率达93.3%;涂抹辣椒碱和花椒粉对皮暗斑螟防治效果较差,仅为6.7%和30%,伤口愈合较差,伤口愈合率分别为6.7%和36.7%。

樟树熟果红色素提取工艺及稳定性研究

为开发利用樟树果实的丰富资源,增加其经济附加值及为寻找新的天然食品着色剂提供依据,从提取工艺条件、pH、温度、时间等方面对樟树熟果红色素的提取方法及其稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,最佳的提取工艺条件为料液比1:25,pH1,提取温度60℃,提取时间90min;该色素在可见区最大吸收波长为509nm;该色素受pH值影响较大,在pH1时的A509nm较大,色泽鲜艳,对温度不稳定。在pH5时的A509nm较小,但对温度较稳定,在pH>9时色素变色;色素对金属离子的稳定性较高,Fe3+使色素溶液变色,Cu2+对色素有增色效果,但加速了色素的降解,Ca2+对色素有一定的降解作用,Mg2+、Na+对色素无不良影响;食品添加剂VC、柠檬酸对色素有一定增色效果,苯甲酸钠对色素有降色效果,蔗糖和淀粉对色素的影响不大;氧化还原剂对色素有破坏作用。

樟树幼林叶绿素含量的高光谱遥感估算模型

高光谱遥感的快速发展使得定量估算植被叶绿素含量成为可能.采用美国ASD公司生产的野外光谱辐射仪测量樟树幼林的冠层光谱,并对观测叶片进行同步叶绿素含量的测定;采用统计相关分析法,分析樟树冠层光谱与叶绿素含量之间的相关关系,并建立相应的估算模型.结果表明:樟树幼林叶绿素含量的敏感波段位于400、556、621 nm;通过建立各敏感段与叶绿素含量之间的估算模型并进行精度检验,得出了叶绿素含量估算的高光谱模型分别为y=exp(1.191+1458.912x)和y=3.29×exp(1458.912x).说明利用高光谱遥感数据可以估测樟树幼林的叶绿素含量.

莰酮及其衍生物的生物活性

樟树中含有樟脑,樟脑的主要化学成分为莰酮,由于莰酮难溶于水的性质,限制了其成为绿色农药的原料。研究了莰酮及其可溶性衍生物莰酮磺酸对果蝇的驱避、触杀、熏蒸作用,并作了比较,结果表明莰酮衍生物的以上3种作用优于莰酮。为研制和开发樟树源绿色农药提供了理论依据。

樟树植物资源分布及化学成分研究进展

本文综述了樟树植物资源分布、主要化学类型以及樟树各组织部位的化学成分研究进展。樟树是我国亚热带常绿阔叶林中重要的材用和特种经济树种,主要分布于我国长江以南、西南各省以及台湾南部,不仅材质优良,抗虫害、耐水湿,且其根、皮、枝、叶、果实均可提取樟脑及樟油等,是医药卫生、化工、食品、香料的重要原料。充分了解樟树植物资源分布及化学成分研究进展,将为深入开发和综合利用樟树资源奠定坚实的理论和应用基础。

樟树籽仁油醇解工艺研究

以樟树籽仁油为原料,研究在合成中碳链甘油三酯过程中醇解的工艺条件,主要对樟树籽仁油醇解工艺参数,如醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂的用量等作了探讨,并从理论上加以分析,用正交法确定了醇解的最佳工艺参数,为樟树籽仁油生产中碳链甘油三酯提供关键技术。

樟树果实红色素的抑菌活性

从樟树果实中提取红色素,检测该色素的抑菌活性及稳定性。结果表明,樟树果实红色素对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和痢疾杆菌的生长有较强的抑制活性,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为4.0mg/mL、1.0mg/mL和3.0mg/mL;该色素经酸、碱、热处理后仍具有较强的抑菌活性;0.1mol/L的Zn2+及0.1mg/mL的淀粉、葡萄糖对该色素的抑菌活性影响较小,0.1mol/mL的Cu2+、Fe3+、Ca2+、Na+等均具增效作用。食品防腐实验表明,该色素有较好的食品防腐作用。

凋落物对樟树和马尾松混交林土壤呼吸的影响

采用Li-8100开路式土壤C通量测定系统,对樟树—马尾松混交林土壤呼吸速率、温度和湿度进行了1a的观测。结果表明:添加凋落物和去除凋落物处理对土壤呼吸的影响具极显著差异(p<0.001)。混交林去除、添加凋落物和对照处理土壤呼吸的季节变化趋势均呈单峰曲线,最大值分别出现在7月、6月和6月,分别是2.86、3.88、3.62μmol.m-2.s-1;最小值均出现在1月,分别为0.66、1.11、0.91μmol.m-2.s-1。土壤呼吸的温度敏感系数Q10表现为添加凋落物(1.87)>去除凋落物(1.84)>对照(1.75)。去除凋落物处理下土壤呼吸速率年均降低了24.3%;添加凋落物处理下土壤呼吸速率年均增加了39.6%。因此,凋落物是影响森林CO2通量的一个重要因子。