Distribution of general aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in sediment core taken from the Canadian basin and the Chukchi Sea

The occurrence percentage and abundance of General Aerobic Hetero- trophic Bacteria （GAB） were determined by using the method of MPN for 182 sub- samples from 10 sediment cores taken from the Canadian basin and the Chukchi Sea at two different culturing temperatures. The results showed that the general occurrence percentage of GAB was quite high, average abundanees of GAB at cultured temperatares of 4℃ and 25℃ were 4.46 ×10^7 and 5.47×10^7 cells·g^-1（wt）, respectively. The highest abundance of GAB occurred at 20 -22 cm section in the sediment. GAB abundances changed among the section of sediments, but there is a trend ： the a-bundances at the middle or lower sections were lower than those at upper section. Cultivation at 25℃ could improve the occurrence percentage and abundances of GAB, which suggests that the increasing of temperature may change the living circum-stances of GAB. The differences of GAB among the latitudes areas indicated that occurrence percentage and abundances of GAB in middle latitude areas were higher than those in the higher or lower latitude areas, and were more obvious at 4℃ than those at 25℃. The GAB abundances in sediment under the shallower water seemed to be low- er than those in sediments under the deeper water and this status was more obvious at 25℃ than that at 4℃.

Low ^(210)Pb in the upper thermocline in the Canadian Basin: scavenge process over the Chukchi Sea

210pb was measured during the 3rd Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition cruise to investigate its spa- tial pattern in the western Arctic Ocean, as well as its relation with the thermocline in the Canadian Basin. The specific activities varied from 0.04 to 2.72, 〈0.013 to 4.37, and 0.1 to 4.85 Bq/m3 for dissolved, particu- late, and bulk 210pb, respectively, corresponding to respective averages of 0.65, 0.43, and 1.08 Bq/m3. In the Canadian Basin, the minimum 210pb activities occurred in the thermocline, which was characterized by low temperature of-1.52℃ and salinity of 33.1. Combining the spatial distribution of 210pb and hydrographical characteristics in the western Arctic Ocean, this scenario was ascribed to the effective scavenging of 210pb when the Pacific water flowed across the Chukchi Shelf. Quantitatively, this interpretation was supported by both the shorter residence times and higher scavenging efficiencies （SE） of dissolved 210pb over the Chukchi Shelf. The highest SE values were observed in the Herald Shoal and bottom waters over the slope.

Geographical distribution of general aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in surficial sediments from the Chukchi Sea and Canadian Basin

This paper determined the abundance of General Aerobic heterotrophic Bacteria （GAB） in surficial sediments from the Chukchi Sea and the Canadian basin by using MPN and discussed their geographical distribution. The result shows that the determination percentages of the GAB were high, even till 100 percentage. The abundance range and averages of GAB for 4℃and 25℃ were from 4.00 × 10^2 to 2.40× 10^6 , 1.71×10^6 ind.·g^-1 （wet sample ） and from 2.40 ×10^5 to 2.40×10^7 , 1.10×10^7 ind. ·g^-1 （wet sample ） respectively. Not only the abundance range but also the averages of GAB in 25℃ were higher than that in 4℃. The abundance of GAB in sediments show a tendency that it is roughly greater in the lower latitudinal area than in the higher latitudinal area. The abundance of GAB increased from east to west as for the longitudinal distribution. With the water depth increasing, the abundance of GAB at 4℃ decreased, but GBA at 25℃ is not changed obviously with water depth. It seems that warmer circumstantial temperature is more suitable for some GAB.

多种地震属性预测致密砂岩河道——以西加盆地Deep basin地区为例

为了准确描述西加盆地致密砂岩储层的河道展布,以西加盆地Deep basin油田的致密砂岩储层为例,通过对晚白垩世Dunvegan致密砂岩储层在地震上的异常特征分析,总结出了致密砂岩河道的展布特征。利用地震相干分析技术确定了河道边界为北东向展布,宽度范围为2～3km;利用频谱分解技术预测出了河道主体的砂体发育,结合测井相、沉积相资料确定相对较好储层为河道上倾方向,即工区中东部地区,钻井验证东北部河道区获初产油256bbl/d。以上成果认识为钻探部署、经济开发提供了地质依据。

楚科奇海-加拿大海盆表层沉积物中的粘土矿物

楚科奇海—加拿大海盆表层沉积物中主要存在3种粘土矿物组合:1)伊利石—高岭石—绿泥石—蒙皂石,仅见于加拿大海盆北部;2)伊利石—绿泥石—蒙皂石—高岭石,主要见于楚科奇海中部;3)伊利石—绿泥石—高岭石—蒙皂石,普遍见于研究区内除上述两海区以外的广大区域。就各粘土矿物的区域变化而言,总体上由楚科奇海向加拿大海盆,伊利石和高岭石呈含量增加趋势,绿泥石和蒙皂石含量呈减少趋势。根据粘土矿物的质量分数和粘土矿物间比值的区域变化,可大体以(74°30′N,175°W)和(71°30′N,150°W)两点连线为界,将研究区分为南、北两个明显不同的粘土矿物分区:南区以绿泥石和蒙皂石含量较高为主要特征,其中S/I和S/K普遍较高、而K/I和K/CH则普遍较低;北区则以伊利石和高岭石含量较高为主要特征,其中S/I和S/K普遍较低,而K/I和K/CH则普遍较高。粘土矿物的这种分布格局和区域变化表明,在北冰洋的楚科奇海—加拿大海盆海域,不论是粘土矿物的来源还是其分布变化的控制因素,都存在着明显的南、北之别:在该海域的南部,粘土矿物主要来源于阿拉斯加的岩石风化产物、育空河的入海物质以及东西伯利亚海沿岸主要河流的入海物质,其分布主要受来自太平洋的水流结构和西伯利亚沿岸流所控制;而在该海域的北部,粘土矿物则主要来源于加拿大马更些河的入海物质和由北冰洋欧亚海盆扩散而来的细粒物质,其分布主要受北冰洋的跨极漂流、来自大西洋的水流结构以及波弗特涡流等所控制。

加拿大西加盆地泥盆系页岩气储层特征

西加盆地作为加拿大最重要页岩气产地,其中尤以泥盆纪页岩最为著名,针对该页岩气储层特征的研究对于页岩气富集规律研究、开发方案设计以及有利区优选意义重大。在岩心分析、测井识别、岩心观察以及实验室分析基础上,采用薄片鉴定、XRD全岩分析、储层物性分析、有机地球化学分析、含气量测定以及页岩三轴应力分析等手段,开展岩石学、矿物学、储层物性、有机地球化学、含气性以及岩石力学等页岩气储层特征相关研究。研究结果表明目的页岩气储层为灰色、黑灰色硅质、钙质泥岩;骨架矿物为石英、方解石;孔隙类型则以裂缝、有机孔为主,岩心分析孔隙度为1.32-6.88%;总有机碳含量百分数为0.23%～8.37%;含气量为0.76～2.95 m^3/t;页岩的静态杨氏模量与泊松比分别为32.4～41.2 GPa,0.24～0.28.表明西加盆地泥盆纪页岩储层具有脆性矿物含量高、物性良好、有机质成熟度高、含气量高且易于压裂的特点。综合认为加拿大西加盆地泥盆系页岩气储层具有很好的勘探开发潜力。

楚科奇海和加拿大海盆表层沉积物中好气异养细菌的地理分布

本文用MPN法测定楚科奇海和加拿大海盆表层沉积物中好气异养细菌(GAB)的含量,并对其地理学分布进行分析。结果表明,研究区GAB的检出率高达100%。4℃时GAB的含量范围、平均含量为4.00×102—2.40×106个.g-1、1.71×106个.g-1。25℃时GAB的含量范围、平均含量为2.40×105—2.40×107个.g-1、1.10×107个.g-1。无论是含量范围,还是平均含量,均是25℃时的培养结果大于4℃时的培养结果。GAB含量的地理分布趋势是随纬度增高,含量呈降低趋势。在经度变化上则为由东向西,含量呈降低趋势。对沉积物所处水深的分析,表明其在4℃培养得出来的GAB含量随水深增加有下降的趋势,25℃培养出来的GAB含量受环境影响较小,与水深变化关系不明显。

加拿大海盆与楚科奇海沉积物岩芯中好气异养细菌的分布

本文用MPN法测定了两种培养温度下加拿大海盆与楚科奇海10根沉积物岩芯中182份样品的好气异养细菌(GAB)的检出率和含量。结果发现沉积物中GAB检出率高,GAB平均值为4.46×107个·g-1(4℃)和5.47×107个·g-1(25℃)。最高GAB含量出现于20—22cm层,GAB含量在沉积物各层位间波动,总体上呈现中下层沉积物GAB含量低于表层之势。25℃培养时能提高GAB检出率和含量。温度的提高将可能改变测区沉积物GAB的生存环境和生存状况。纬度区间的差异似显出测区中部GAB检出率和含量高于高、低纬度区间之状(4℃培养明显于25℃)。浅水区沉积物中的GAB含量较低,而水越深则GAB含量似越高,以25℃为明显。

西加拿大盆地与济阳坳陷页岩油气成藏条件对比分析及启示

通过对西加拿大盆地页岩油气藏地质条件的分析,发现中国东部济阳坳陷页岩油气成藏条件具备与之可对比的3个特点。一是西加拿大盆地页岩油气储层的沉积环境多为海相,页岩分布范围广、均质性好,在落基山脉(南北轴向)向东侧翘倾的整个前陆盆地范围内形成了一个大范围的储集背景;而济阳坳陷页岩层多为陆相湖泊成因,具有典型的分隔-孤立盆地背景,沉积层完整,源-汇对称吻合度高。二是西加拿大盆地海相页岩生烃母质存在2种类型,Ⅰ型和Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根多来源于海洋浮游生物藻类,Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根多来源于陆表海环境沉积的孢子花粉;而济阳坳陷陆相页岩的生烃母质以Ⅰ—Ⅱ型干酪根为主,多为浮游生物轮藻、沟鞭藻、颗石藻等。三是在西加拿大盆地泥盆系沉积层中普遍见到有机质热演化孔,岩石密度较低;而在济阳坳陷的页岩中则少见该类孔隙,且由于页岩层处于成岩中—晚期而呈致密结构。此外,西加拿大盆地与济阳坳陷页岩油气的开发条件也存在较大差异,西加拿大盆地页岩地层中含有比例较大的长英质刚性颗粒,岩石脆性、可压性等工艺-地质条件较好;而济阳坳陷页岩组分中多含硬度较低的碳酸盐矿物,刚性颗粒含量极低,难以建立后期压裂投产所必备的支撑结构。济阳坳陷陆相页岩油气的"甜点"应聚焦于韵律层理缝隙带、曲率变化形成的不规则裂缝及矿物结晶和有机质热解形成的微-纳米孔。

西加盆地泥盆系Muskwa页岩地质特征及有利区带分析

为了研究加拿大泥盆系Muskwa页岩勘探开发潜力,针对页岩有效厚度、有机质含量、孔隙度、脆性矿物含量等开展研究。研究结果表明Muskwa页岩平面分布面积大,有效厚度较高,有机质含量高,脆性矿物含量高,成熟度由东北向西南部逐渐增加,是有利的页岩油气开发目标。受沉积古地形及次级盆地影响,在BC省的Horn River次盆,页岩连续沉积厚度大、埋深大、成熟度高,是有利的页岩气开发区。在AB省障壁礁体围绕形成的台地区,页岩相对厚度较小,开发潜力次之。

How a New Cenozoic Geology and Glacial History Paradigm Explains Arkansas-Red River Drainage Divide Area Topographic Map Evidence in and near Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, USA

A new Cenozoic geology and glacial history paradigm (new paradigm), fundamentally different from the accepted Cenozoic geology and glacial history paradigm (accepted paradigm), describes a thick North American continental icesheet (located where continental icesheets are usually reported to have been) which by deep erosion and uplift of surrounding regions created and occupied a deep “hole” (the accepted paradigm does not see this thick ice sheet or the deep “hole”). Unusual erosional landform features in the southeast Oklahoma Pontotoc County region including the asymmetric Canadian-Red River drainage divide, a large escarpment-surrounded basin in which most south-oriented Clear Boggy Creek headwaters begin, and a large escarpment-surrounded upland on which the south-oriented Blue River begins, are used to test the new paradigm’s ability to use large and prolonged south-oriented melt water floods to explain previously unexplained or poorly explained detailed topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence. Numerous low points (referred to as divide crossings) indicate large and prolonged south-oriented melt water floods did flow across what is now the Canadian-Red River drainage divide (an interpretation also consistent with Clear Boggy Creek escarpment-surrounded basin and Blue River escarpment-surrounded upland shapes). The new paradigm described massive and prolonged melt water floods also account for previously unrecognized deep regional erosion (which is determinable from detailed topographic map evidence). East-oriented Canadian River valley headward erosion (from the Arkansas River valley) diverted the long-lived south-oriented meltwater floods to the Arkansas River valley and to what ultimately became the deep “hole’s” only southern exit. Previous southeast Oklahoma drainage history interpretations (made from the accepted paradigm perspective in which Rocky Mountain glacier melt water flowed to east-oriented rivers) do not provide adequate water volumes or flow directions to explain the detailed topographic map drainage system and erosional landform evidence, which the new paradigm’s massive and prolonged south-oriented melt water floods do explain.

基于SDSM的兰江流域未来气候情景预估

在第2代加拿大地球系统模型(the second generation Canadian earth system model,CanESM2)中的3种典型浓度路径(representative concentration pathways,RCPs)情景(RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下,基于统计降尺度模型(statistical down scaling model,SDSM)研究兰江流域未来年份温度和降水量的变化趋势。结果表明:1)SDSM在兰江流域具有较好的适用性,各站点最高温度、最低温度、降水量的解释方差分别为70.62%~79.74%、69.61%~78.76%、28.56%~41.45%;2)3种RCPs情景下温度均呈上升趋势,且上升幅度随辐射强迫度上升而同步增大,至21世纪末,RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下的最高温度分别较基准期上升0.06℃、1.22℃、2.76℃,最低温度分别较基准期上升0.35℃、1.15℃、3.01℃;3)RCP2.6情景下的降水量总体呈下降趋势,至2080—2100年下降0.98%,RCP4.5情景下的降水量呈先上升后下降趋势,至2050—2079年达到峰值,较基准期上升12.03%,RCP8.5情景下的降水量呈先下降后快速上升趋势,至2080—2100年上升38.08%。研究结果可为兰江流域内水资源管理、生态文明建设及社会经济可持续发展提供依据和理论支持。

加拿大海盆双扩散阶梯结构分布与热通量研究

基于2008年中国第三次北极科学考察的CTD数据,研究了北冰洋加拿大海盆的双扩散现象。双扩散对流导致的阶梯状均匀混合在加拿大海盆广泛存在,在加拿大中央海盆及门捷列夫海脊观测到了明显的双扩散阶梯。阶梯结构在深度分布上有显著的空间差异,在100~500 m深度范围内都可能存在双扩散阶梯,稳定的阶梯结构位于温跃层所在深度,阶梯高度1~5 m,深度较大的阶梯通常是复合阶梯。基于双扩散热通量定律,估计由双扩散引起的向上垂直热通量约为0.05~0.22 W/m2,表明大西洋水的热量对加拿大中央海盆上层水的热收支不是重要的。但在楚科奇海台区和加拿大海盆南部海域不存在双扩散阶梯,大西洋水的热量可能对上层海洋结构产生显著影响。