Response of Subcutaneous Xenografts of Endometrial Cancer in Nude Mice to Inhibitors of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathways: An Effective Therapeutic Strategy for Endometrial Cancer

Objective: This study was designed to explore whether inhibition of the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways can inhibit the growth of xenografts of endometrial cancer cell lines with different estrogen receptors (ER) profiles in vivo and to provide preliminary laboratory basis for the probability of endometrial adenocarcinoma treatment with blockage of the two pathways, especially to endometrial cancer with low ER status. Methods: Human endometrial cancer Ishikawa bearing ER and HEC-1Awith low ER status cells were subcutaneously injected into BALB/c nude mice to establish endometrial cancer xenograft tumor models. The effects of PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, MAPK/ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 and their combinations on the growth of the xenograft tumors and apoptotic state of Ishikawa and HEC-1Acells were tested in vivo using the inhibitory rate, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling assay, H/E-stain. Western blot analysis was used to detect the alterations of activated ERK (P-ERK) and AKT (P-AKT) during this process. Results: LY294002, a PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor, induced significant suppression in the growth of both Ishikawa and HEC-1Acell xenograft tumors, concomitant with increased apoptosis in xenografts as evidenced by TUNEL. A similar effect was also observed when the MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway was inhibited by PD98059. Concurrent inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways showed enhanced anti-tumor effects in vivo as indicated by increased apoptosis. At the same time, the levels of P-ERK and P-AKT in both xenograft tumors decreased, and their levels in combination group was the lowest. Conclusions: PD98059, LY294002 and their combinations showed remarkable inhibitory effects on xenograft tumors of endometrial carcinoma cell lines with different expression status of ER in vivo through blockage of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. This suggests that targeting these pathways may be an effective therapeutic strategy against endometrial carcinomas, especially for ER-negative cancers which show poor response to endocrinal therapy.

Abemaciclib, a Recent Novel FDA-Approved Small Molecule Inhibiting Cyclin-Dependant Kinase 4/6 for the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Mini-Review

Abemaciclib (Verzerio®) is a cell cycle inhibitor of both CDK4 and CDK6. In 2017, abemaciclib was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and, in 2018 by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2−) advanced breast cancer. In this mini-review, we provide a series of information for respectively their targets and its selectivity, results on preclinical trial, clinical phase I, II and III trials, and some perspectives. We also describe the batch and flow steps used for the synthesis of this cancer drug.

Pathophysiological roles of Pim-3 kinase in pancreatic cancer development and progression

Pim-3 is a member of the provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus(Pim)family proteins that exhibit serine/threonine kinase activity.Similar to the other Pim kinases(Pim-1 and Pim-2),Pim-3 is involved in many cellular processes,including cell proliferation,survival,and protein synthesis.Although Pim-3is expressed in normal vital organs,it is overexpressed particularly in tumor tissues of endoderm-derived organs,including the liver,pancreas,and colon.Silencing of Pim-3 expression can retard in vitro cell proliferation of hepatocellular,pancreatic,and colon carcinoma cell lines by promoting cell apoptosis.Pim-3 lacks the regulatory domains similarly as Pim-1 and Pim-2 lack,and therefore,Pim-3 can exhibit its kinase activity once it is expressed.Pim-3 expression is regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by transcription factors(e.g.,Ets-1)and post-translational modifiers(e.g.,translationally-controlled tumor protein),respectively.Pim-3 could promote growth and angiogenesis of human pancreatic cancer cells in vivo in an orthotopic nude mouse model.Furthermore,a Pim-3 kinase inhibitor inhibited cell proliferation when human pancreatic cancer cells were injected into nude mice,without inducing any major adverse effects.Thus,Pim-3 kinase may serve as a novel molecular target for developing targeting drugs against pancreatic and other types of cancer.

Stress-activated kinases as therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a dismal disease with high incidence and poor survival rates.With the aim to improve overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients,new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed.Protein kinases are key regulatory players in basically all stages of development,maintaining physiologic functions but also being involved in pathogenic processes.c-Jun N-terminal kinases(JNK)and p38 kinases,representatives of the mitogen-activated protein kinases,as well as the casein kinase 1(CK1)family of protein kinases are important mediators of adequate response to cellular stress following inflammatory and metabolic stressors,DNA damage,and others.In their physiologic roles,they are responsible for the regulation of cell cycle progression,cell proliferation and differentiation,and apoptosis.Dysregulation of the underlying pathways consequently has been identified in various cancer types,including pancreatic cancer.Pharmacological targeting of those pathways has been the field of interest for several years.While success in earlier studies was limited due to lacking specificity and off-target effects,more recent improvements in small molecule inhibitor design against stress-activated protein kinases and their use in combination therapies have shown promising in vitro results.Consequently,targeting of JNK,p38,and CK1 protein kinase family members may actually be of particular interest in the field of precision medicine in patients with highly deregulated kinase pathways related to these kinases.However,further studies are warranted,especially involving in vivo investigation and clinical trials,in order to advance inhibition of stress-activated kinases to the field of translational medicine.

Sorafenib in breast cancer treatment:A systematic review and overview of clinical trials

AIM:To evaluate the current role of sorafenib,an oral multikinase inhibitor in the treatment of breast cancer.METHODS:An extensive search of the literature until March 2016 was carried out in Medline and clinicaltrials.gov,by using the search terms "sorafenib" and "breast cancer".Papers found were checked for further relevant publications.Overall,21 relevant studies were found,18 in advanced breast cancer(16 in stage Ⅳ and two in stages Ⅲ-Ⅳ) and three in early breast cancer.RESULTS:Among studies in advanced breast cancer,there were two trials with sorafenib as monotherapy,four trials of sorafenib in combination with taxanes,two in combination with capecitabine,one with gemcitabine and/or capecitabine,one with vinorelbine,one with bevacizumab,one with pemetrexed and one with ixabepilone,three trials of sorafenib in combination with endocrine therapy and two trials in women with brain metastases undergoing whole brain radiotherapy.In addition,there was one trial of sorafenib added to standard chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting,and two trials in the neoadjuvant setting.In general,sorafenib was well tolerated in breast cancer patients,though its dosage had to be adjusted in some trials,and discontinuation rates were high,particularly for the combination of sorafenib with anastrozole.Sorafenib monotherapy and combinations with taxanes,bevacizumab and ixabepilone showed inadequate efficacy,while efficacy results from combinations with gemcitabine and/or capecitabine and possibly tamoxifen were more promising.CONCLUSION:At present,sorafenib should not be used for the treatment of breast cancer outside of clinical trials and more clinical data are needed in order to support its standard use in breast cancer therapy.

Role of senescence induction in cancer treatment

Cellular senescence is a form of permanent cell cycle arrest that can be triggered by a variety of cell-intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, including telomere shortening,DNA damage, oxidative stress, and exposure to chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation. Although the induction of apoptotic cell death is a desirable outcome in cancer therapy, mutations and/or deficiencies in the apoptotic signaling pathways have been frequently identified in many human cancer types,suggesting the importance of alternative apoptosis-independent therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. A growing body of evidence has documented that senescence induction in tumor cells is a frequent response to many anticancer modalities including cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 small molecule inhibitor-based targeted therapeutics and T helper-1 cytokine-mediated immunotherapy. This review discusses the recent advances and clinical relevance of therapy-induced senescence in cancer treatment.

PRMT5和CDKN2B在宫颈癌组织的表达及临床意义

目的研究蛋白精氨酸甲基转移酶5(PRMT5)、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂2B(CDKN2B)在宫颈癌中的表达及临床意义。方法收集2019年3月—2020年3月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院妇产科诊治宫颈癌患者88例。免疫组织化学法检测宫颈癌和癌旁组织中PRMT5、CDKN2B表达;采用Spearman相关分析PRMT5与CDKN2B表达的相关性;比较不同临床特征宫颈癌癌组织中PRMT5、CDKN2B表达的差异;Kaplan-Meier曲线评估PRMT5、CDKN2B表达对宫颈癌患者无进展生存预后的影响;多因素Cox回归分析宫颈癌患者无进展生存预后的影响因素。结果癌组织中PRMT5蛋白阳性率70.45%(62/88),高于癌旁组织6.82%(6/88)(χ^(2)=75.155,P<0.001)。宫颈癌组织中CDKN2B阳性率22.73%(20/88),低于癌旁组织79.55%(71/88)(χ^(2)=75.336,P<0.001)。宫颈癌中PRMT5与CDKN2B呈负相关(r=-0.734,P<0.001)。FIGOⅠB2~ⅡA期、有淋巴结转移宫颈癌组织中PRMT5阳性率高于FIGOⅠA~ⅠB1期、无淋巴结转移者,而CDKN2B阳性率则降低(χ^(2)/P=6.359/0.012、4.606/0.032、5.205/0.023、3.893/0.048)。PRMT5阳性组3年累积无进展生存率74.19%(46/62),低于PRMT5阴性组92.31%(24/26)(Log-Rankχ^(2)=4.386,P=0.017)。CDKN2B阴性组3年累积无进展生存率75.00%(51/68),低于CDKN2B阳性组95.00%(19/20)(Log-Rankχ^(2)=4.423,P=0.012)。FIGO分期ⅠB2~ⅡA期、合并淋巴结转移、PRMT5阳性、CDKN2B阴性是影响宫颈癌患者无进展生存预后的独立危险因素[OR(95%CI)=1.407(1.159~1.696),1.464(1.201~1.784),1.614(1.189~2.192),1.595(1.191~2.136)]。结论宫颈癌组织中PRMT5表达升高,CDKN2B表达降低,两者与宫颈癌患者的不良临床病理特征有关,是评估宫颈癌预后的标志物。

BRAF、TP53、Pax8-PPARγ在甲状腺癌中的表达及疗效预测价值

目的探讨肿瘤蛋白P53(TP53)、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(BRAF)、配对盒基因8-过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(Pax8-PPARγ)在甲状腺癌中的表达及疗效预测价值。方法将2020年4月至2022年4月该院收治的150例甲状腺癌患者纳入研究。检测患者甲状腺癌组织及癌旁组织中TP53、BRAF、Pax8-PPARγmRNA的表达水平,分析其与临床病理因素的关系,基于受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线及决策曲线分析TP53、BRAF、Pax8-PPARγmRNA表达水平预测^(131)I治疗效果的价值。结果甲状腺癌组织中的TP53、BRAF、Pax8-PPARγmRNA表达水平高于癌旁组织(P<0.05)。甲状腺癌患者淋巴结转移、肿瘤最大径、包膜浸润与TP53、BRAF、Pax8-PPARγmRNA表达水平有关(P<0.05)。采用放射性^(131)I清除术后残留的甲状腺组织(简称清甲)失败患者组织TP53、BRAF、Pax8-PPARγmRNA表达水平均高于清甲成功患者(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,TP53、BRAF、Pax8-PPARγmRNA联合预测甲状腺癌患者清甲失败的曲线下面积优于三者单独预测(P<0.05)。决策曲线显示,三者联合预测甲状腺癌清甲失败发生的净收益率优于单一预测(P<0.05)。结论TP53、BRAF、Pax8-PPARγ在甲状腺癌组织中呈高表达,联合检测有助于预测^(131)I治疗效果,为临床确定合理治疗方案及时机提供参考。

miRNA-7-EGFR/ERK通路用于卵巢癌治疗的研究进展

卵巢癌(OC)在女性生殖系统肿瘤中致死率最高,治疗多选择手术切除加辅助化疗,然而易出现耐药性,导致患者预后差。miRNA-7在卵巢癌细胞中低表达,通过靶向表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)信号通路发挥抗肿瘤作用。本综述介绍miRNA-7-EGFR/ERK通路在卵巢癌治疗中的作用,为卵巢癌的治疗提供新的思路。

乳腺癌患者血清丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂Kazal 1型、着丝粒蛋白U水平及预后分析

目的 探讨乳腺癌患者血清丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂Kazal 1型(SPINK1)、着丝粒结合蛋白(CENPU)表达水平及其与患者预后的关系。方法 选择2018年8月—2021年8月在本院确诊为乳腺癌的115例患者作为乳腺癌组,并根据2年预后将患者分为预后良好组(92例)与预后不良组(23例);另选择98名同期健康体检者作为对照组。采用ELISA检测血清中SPINK1水平,采用qRT-PCR法检测血清CENPU表达水平;ROC曲线分析血清SPINK1、CENPU水平对乳腺癌患者预后不良的预测价值;Cox回归模型分析乳腺癌患者2年预后的影响因素。结果 乳腺癌患者血清SPINK1、CENPU水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。有淋巴结转移、TNM分期Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者血清中SPINK1、CENPU水平明显高于无淋巴结转移、TNM分期Ⅰ+Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者(P<0.05)。预后不良组患者血清SPINK1、CENPU水平高于预后良好组(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,SPINK1、CENPU预测预后不良的曲线下面积(AUC)分别是0.844(95%CI=0.744~0.943)、0.877(95%CI=0.801~0.953),二者联合预测的AUC为0.946(95%CI=0.899~0.994)。SPINK1、CENPU、淋巴结转移、TNM分期是乳腺癌患者2年内预后不良的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 SPINK1和CENPU水平在乳腺癌患者血清中高表达,是乳腺癌患者预后不良的危险因素,可能作为评估乳腺癌患者预后的标志物。

IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2在结直肠癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨核因子κb激酶亚基ε的抑制剂(IKBKE)、Yes相关蛋白1(YAP1)和转录增强结构域转录因子2(TEAD2)在结直肠癌(CRC)组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法收集2016年1月至2017年12月在蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院手术切除的142例CRC组织及对应癌旁组织,采用免疫组化法检测标本中IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2的表达情况。分析3种蛋白在CRC组织中表达的相关性,分析蛋白阳性率与患者临床病理参数及预后的关系;绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,比较这些蛋白不同表达情况患者的生存差异。采用Cox回归分析影响患者预后的危险因素。结果CRC组织中IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2的阳性率均显著高于癌旁组织(65.5%比9.9%,73.9%比14.1%,66.9%比8.5%,均P<0.05)。IKBKE的表达与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、肿瘤-淋巴结-远处转移(TNM)分期有关,YAP1和TEAD2的表达均与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、远处转移及TNM分期有关。Spearman秩相关分析显示CRC组织中IKBKE与YAP1、TEAD2表达均呈正相关(均P<0.01)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2阳性表达组的总生存率降低。Cox回归分析显示IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2阳性、肿瘤分化程度高、TNM分期高是CRC患者预后的独立危险因素。结论CRC中IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2阳性表达与肿瘤的分化程度、TNM分期、转移等因素有关,可能成为CRC治疗的潜在靶点;检测这3个蛋白的表达有助于评估预后。

侯仰韶治疗肺癌患者表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂相关性皮疹经验

文章总结导师侯仰韶主任医师治疗肺癌患者表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)相关性皮疹经验。肺癌是世界上常见恶性肿瘤之一,我国肺癌患者的发病率和病死率逐年上升。随着肺癌治疗药物不断的更新换代,EGFR-TKIs已成为表皮生长因子受体(Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor,EGFR)基因突变肺癌患者的常规治疗手段,在临床中广泛使用。EGFR-TKIs与传统化疗药物相比,具有更长的生存期、更少的不良反应等优势。但伴随EGFR-TKIs治疗出现的皮疹、瘙痒等不良反应,仍影响着患者的生活质量和服药依从性。中药在肺癌治疗中有独特的优势,能够缓解放化疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗的不良反应,改善患者症状,延长生存周期。侯仰韶主任医师认为,肺癌患者热毒蕴结于肺,素体亏虚,EGFR-TKIs治疗后,药物毒邪伤及肺脾,湿热内生,透表可发为皮疹。EGFR-TKIs治疗后的肺癌患者主要证型可归属于湿热内蕴兼肺脾气虚证。因此,侯仰韶主任医师以清热解毒、燥湿止痒、健脾益肺为治则,自拟“扶正解毒抑瘤方”,应用于临床。此外,导师在肺癌的治疗中,重视“同病类证类治”的治疗理念,临床中根据患者症状,在自拟方扶正解毒抑瘤方的基础上进行加减化裁,取得良好治疗效果。文章就导师侯仰韶主任医师临床治疗EGFR-TKIs相关性皮疹经验做简要阐述,并附病例1则,予以佐证。

Development of small molecule extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERKs) inhibitors for cancer therapy

The mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2) signaling pathway is widely activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli, and its dysregulation is associated with the proliferation, invasion, and migration of cancer cells. ERK1/2 is located at the distal end of this pathway and rarely undergoes mutations, making it an attractive target for anticancer drug development. Currently, an increasing number of ERK1/2 inhibitors have been designed and synthesized for antitumor therapy, among which representative compounds have entered clinical trials. When ERK1/2 signal transduction is eliminated, ERK5 may provide a bypass route to rescue proliferation, and weaken the potency of ERK1/2 inhibitors. Therefore, drug research targeting ERK5 or based on the compensatory mechanism of ERK5 for ERK1/2 opens up a new way for oncotherapy. This review provides an overview of the physiological and biological functions of ERKs, focuses on the structure-activity relationships of small molecule inhibitors targeting ERKs, with a view to providing guidance for future drug design and optimization, and discusses the potential therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance.

Comprehensive proteomic signature and identification of CDKN2A as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target of colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND The carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer(CRC)involves many different molecules and multiple pathways,and the specific mechanism has not been elucidated until now.Existing studies on the proteomic signature profiles of CRC are relatively limited.Therefore,we herein aimed to provide a more comprehensive proteomic signature profile and discover new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets by performing proteomic analysis of CRC and paired normal tissues.AIM To investigate the proteomic signature and identify novel protein prognostic biomarkers of CRC.METHODS Cancer tissues and paired normal tissues were collected from 48 patients who underwent surgical removal at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital from January 2020 to June 2021.Data independent acquisition(DIA)quantitative proteomic analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry(nano-UHPLC–MS/MS)to identify differen tially expressed proteins,among which those with a P adj value(t test,BH correction)<0.05 and an absolute fold change(|log2FC|)>2 were identified as potential markers.Differentially expressed proteins were selected by bioinformatics analysis and validated by immunohistochemical tissue microarrays,and their association with prognosis was further analyzed with the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database to identify prognostic protein biomarkers of CRC.RESULTS Significantly differential protein expression was observed between cancer tissues and normal tissues.Compared with normal tissues,1115 proteins were upregulated and 705 proteins were downregulated in CRC based on P adj<0.05 and|log2FC|>2,and bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differentially expressed proteins were involved in multiple biological processes associated with tumorigenesis,including ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes,focal adhesion,extracellular matrix-receptor interactions and other tumor metabolism processes.Moreover,cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A(CDKN2A)expression was markedly upregulated in CRC,as validated by immunohistochemistry(0.228 vs 0.364,P=0.0044),and was significantly enriched in tumor proliferation and signal transduction pathways such as the cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways.High CDKN2A expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis(P=0.021).These results demonstrated that CDKN2A functions as a driver of CRC.CONCLUSION Our study provides a comprehensive proteomic signature of CRC and highlights CDKN2A as a potential powerful prognostic marker and precision therapeutic target.

Synthesis and preliminary cytotoxic evaluation of substituted indoles as potential anticancer agents

A variety of indole derivatives were designed, synthesized and preliminarily evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity in the A431 and H460 cell lines. All the compounds examined conferred unusual potency in a tumor cell cytotoxicity assay. The findings showed the indole derivatives would be a promising candidate for the development of new anticancer agents.

Lenvatinib-induced multiorgan adverse events in Hurthle cell thyroid cancer: A case report

BACKGROUND The management of metastatic progressive radioiodine-resistant differentiated thyroid cancer remains challenging for clinicians.The availability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs),sorafenib and lenvatinib,within the last decade has expanded treatment options;however,these lead to significant adverse effects,which may curtail their use.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 47-year-old female with Hurthle cell thyroid cancer who underwent total thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine ablation.During followup,she developed noniodine-avid renal and pulmonary metastases.With respect to her pre-existing diabetes,hypertension,and polycystic kidney disease,the tumor board decided against performing renal metastasectomy because of the risk of future renal decline requiring dialysis.Metastases were treated using sorafenib,which provided stability followed by progression within a year.We switched to lenvatinib,which led to disease regression.However,the patient experienced severe adverse effects,including cardiomyopathy,bicytopenia,renal impairment,and the rarely reported nephrotic syndrome.Renal metastasis is a rare manifestation of Hurthle cell thyroid cancer with only two reported cases in literature.We report the experience of our first case of renal metastasis and its treatment with TKIs.This case serves as a reminder of the adverse drug reactions associated with TKI use.CONCLUSION We advocate close monitoring of patients’hematological and renal profiles as well as their cardiac status using an echocardiogram.

PGK1-coupled HSP90 stabilizes GSK3βexpression to regulate the stemness of breast cancer stem cells

Objective:Glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK3β)has been recognized as a suppressor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling,which is critical for the stemness maintenance of breast cancer stem cells.However,the regulatory mechanisms of GSK3βprotein expression remain elusive.Methods:Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectral assays were performed to identify molecules binding to GSK3β,and to characterize the interactions of GSK3β,heat shock protein 90(Hsp90),and co-chaperones.The role of PGK1 in Hsp90 chaperoning GSK3βwas evaluated by constructing 293T cells stably expressing different domains/mutants of Hsp90α,and by performing a series of binding assays with bacterially purified proteins and clinical specimens.The influences of Hsp90 inhibitors on breast cancer stem cell stemness were investigated by Western blot and mammosphere formation assays.Results:We showed that GSK3βwas a client protein of Hsp90.Hsp90,which did not directly bind to GSK3β,interacted with phosphoglycerate kinase 1 via its C-terminal domain,thereby facilitating the binding of GSK3βto Hsp90.GSK3β-bound PGK1 interacted with Hsp90 in the“closed”conformation and stabilized GSK3βexpression in an Hsp90 activity-dependent manner.The Hsp90 inhibitor,17-AAG,rather than HDN-1,disrupted the interaction between Hsp90 and PGK1,and reduced GSK3βexpression,resulting in significantly reduced inhibition ofβ-catenin expression,to maintain the stemness of breast cancer stem cells.Conclusions:Our findings identified a novel regulatory mechanism of GSK3βexpression involving metabolic enzyme PGK1-coupled Hsp90,and highlighted the potential for more effective cancer treatment by selecting Hsp90 inhibitors that do not affect PGK1-regulated GSK3βexpression.

癌症治疗中PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路及靶向抑制剂研究进展

目的为磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(PI3K/AKT/mTOR)通路抑制剂的开发、临床应用提供参考。方法归纳PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路在多类型癌症进展中的作用,比较该通路靶向抑制剂的治疗作用。结果PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路可促进肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移,促进耐药性产生。该通路抑制剂有PI3K靶向抑制剂、AKT靶向抑制剂、mTOR靶向抑制剂和PI3K/mTOR双靶向抑制剂,可延长患者的生存期,具有一定的肿瘤抑制作用。其中,PI3K和mTOR靶向抑制剂较AKT靶向抑制剂发展相对较好,多用于乳腺癌的治疗、延缓耐药性产生等。结论PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路促进癌症发展,其靶向抑制剂具有良好的靶向抗肿瘤效果,但应进一步增强特异性和选择性,减少不良反应。

miR-532-3p、MAPK在非小细胞肺癌患者靶向治疗耐药中的表达及其相关性分析

目的 探究微小RNA-532-3p (miR-532-3p)、有丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)在非小细胞肺癌患者靶向治疗耐药中的表达及其相关性。方法 选取2013年6月至2016年1月榆林市第一医院肿瘤诊疗中心收治的表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因突变非小细胞肺癌EGFR酪氨酸澈酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKIs)耐药患者30例作为耐药组,非耐药患者32例为非耐药组。血清中miR-532-3p、MAPK水平分别采用实时荧光定量PCR法、酶联免疫吸附法检测;χ^(2)检验分析血清miR-532-3p、MAPK表达水平与化疗客观有效率的关系;Kaplan-Meier法分析血清miR-532-3p、MAPK表达水平与5年生存期的关系;采用Cox回归模型分析影响非小细胞肺癌患者预后不良的因素。结果 耐药组患者的血清miR-532-3p水平为2.09±0.24,明显高于非耐药组的1.05±0.16,MAPK水平为(1.04±0.57) mg/L,明显低于非耐药组的(7.63±3.28) mg/L,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);化疗3个周期后,miR-532-3p低表达患者治疗有效率为62.50%,明显高于miR-532-3p高表达患者的33.33%,而MAPK低表达患者的治疗有效率为25.81%,明显低于MAPK高表达患者的70.97%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Kaplan-Meier分析结果显示,血清miR-532-3p低表达非小细胞肺癌患者5年累积生存率为84.4%,明显高于血清miR-532-3p高表达者的50.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血清MAPK低表达非小细胞肺癌患者5年累积生存率为61.3%,略低于血清MAPK高表达者的74.2%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);经多因素Cox回归模型分析结果显示,miR-532-3p高表达、MAPK低表达是非小细胞肺癌患者发生靶向治疗耐药的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 miR-532-3p、MAPK与非小细胞肺癌EGFR-TKIs耐药有关,检测两者表达可能为非小细胞肺癌的治疗提供新思路。

血清miR-124-3p、miR-361-5p与晚期胃癌患者临床病理特征、化疗敏感性和PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的关系

目的 分析血清微小RNA(miR)-124-3p、miR-361-5p与晚期胃癌患者临床病理特征、化疗敏感性和磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/丝苏氨酸蛋白激酶/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(PI3K/AKT/mTOR)信号通路的关系。方法 选取2020年3月—2022年2月云南省第三人民医院消化内科收治的晚期胃癌患者90例为研究组,另选取同期医院健康体检者45例为健康对照组。比较2组血清miR-124-3p、miR-361-5p表达水平,分析血清miR-124-3p、miR-361-5p与晚期胃癌患者临床病理特征及PI3K、AKT、mTOR mRNA水平的相关性。结果 研究组血清miR-124-3p、miR-361-5p相对表达量低于健康对照组(t/P=34.613/<0.001、31.233/<0.001)。低分化晚期胃癌患者血清miR-124-3p、miR-361-5p水平低于中分化和高分化患者(P<0.05),且中分化患者血清miR-124-3p水平低于高分化患者(P<0.05),而中分化与高分化患者血清miR-361-5p水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);TNM分期Ⅳ期血清miR-124-3p、miR-361-5p水平低于ⅢB期患者(t/P=17.314/<0.001、20.734/<0.001)。90例患者完成2个周期以上化疗,化疗敏感占37.78%(34/90),化疗抵抗占62.22%(56/90)。化疗敏感亚组血清miR-124-3p、miR-361-5p相对表达量高于化疗抵抗亚组(t/P=33.766/<0.001、32.659/<0.001),化疗敏感亚组PI3K、AKT、mTOR mRNA相对表达量低于化疗抵抗亚组(t/P=14.134/<0.001、15.936/<0.001、7.104/<0.001)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,晚期胃癌患者血清miR-124-3p、miR-361-5p与PI3K、AKT、mTOR相对表达量均呈负相关(miR-124-3p:r/P=-0.315/0.011、-0.402/0.002、-0.554/<0.001;miR-361-5p:r/P=-0.356/0.006、-0.427/<0.001、-0.510/<0.001)。结论 血清miR-124-3p、miR-361-5p与晚期胃癌分化程度、TNM分期及化疗敏感性有关,可能通过负调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路而与化疗抗性有关。