Chronic consumption of thermally processed palm oil or canola oil modified gut microflora of rats

Dietary oils have critical influences on human health,and thermally cooking or frying modify the components and nutritional functions of oils.Palm oil was the most widely used oil in food processing industry,but its health effects remain debatable.In the current study,we aimed to compare the effects of thermally oxidized palm oil and canola oil on gut microbiota.Palm oil or canola oil were heated at 180°C for 10 h to prepare high-fat diets.Rats were fed high-fat diets for 3 months,and hematological properties,gut microflora composition and intestinal gene expression were examined.The results indicated that heated canola oil consumption elevated plasma total cholesterol and LDL-c levels compared with unheated canola oil,but heated palm oil do not had these effects;and consumption of heated palm oil significantly elevated the relative abundance of Lactobacillucs and Roseburia in gut,compared with non-heated palm oil or two canola oil groups.Moreover,intestinal expression of IL-22 was increased in heated palm oil fed animal,though ZO-1 and GPR41 were reduced.In conclusion,heating process may enhance the effects of palm oil on proliferation of probiotics Lactobacillucs,and weaken the effects of canola oil on cholesterol transport and metabolism.

FCC coprocessing oil sands heavy gas oil and canola oil. 2. Gasoline hydrocarbon type analysis

This study set out to gain a deeper understanding of a fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)coprocessing approach using canola oil mixed with bitumen-derived heavy gas oil(HGO),for the production of partially-renewable gasoline,with respect to its composition and quality.The FCC coprocessing approach may provide an alternative solution to reducing the carbon footprint and to meet government regulatory demands for renewable transportation fuels.In this study,a mixture of 15 v%canola oil in HGO was catalytically cracked with a commercial equilibrium catalyst under typical FCC conditions.Cracking experiments were performed using a bench-scale Advanced Cracking Evaluation(ACE)unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity of 8 h^(à1),490–530C,and catalyst/oil ratios of 4–12 g/g.The total liquid product samples were injected via an automatic sampler and a prefractionator(to removet254C)into a gas chromatographic system containing a series of columns,traps,and valves designed to separate each of the hydrocarbon types.The analyzer gives detailed hydrocarbon types of à200C gasoline,classified into paraffins,iso-paraffins,olefins,naphthenes,and aromatics by carbon number up to C_(11)(C_(10)for aromatics).For a feed cracked at a given temperature,the gasoline aromatics show the highest selectivity in terms of weight percent conversion,followed by saturated iso-paraffins,saturated naphthenes,unsaturated iso-paraffins,unsaturated naphthenes,unsaturated normal paraffins,and saturated normal paraffins.As conversion increases,both aromatics and saturated iso-paraffins increase monotonically at the expense of other components.Hydrocarbon type analysis and octane numbers with variation in feed type,process severity(temperature and catalyst/oil ratio),and conversion are also presented and discussed.

Enrichment of <i>Artemia</i>(Leach) nauplii with Canola Oil: Effect on <i>Heros severus</i>(Heckel) Larvae Performance and Environmental Stress

The effect of canola oil enriched Artemia (Leach) nauplii on growth, survival, resistance to environmental stresses of temperature and oxygen deficiency and fatty acid composition in severum fish, Heros severus (Heckel), larvae were investigated. The larvae (average weight 3 mg ± 0.83) were fed 4 times daily starting at the onset of exogenous feeding for 18 days. Triplicate groups of fish were offered one of two treatments: 1) newly hatched Artemia (Leach) nauplii (unenriched) and 2) canola oil enriched Artemia (Leach) nauplii. Then all groups of fish were switched to the commercial diet for an additional period of 18 days. Statistical analysis of growth after 18 days and at the end of the experiment (36 days), showed that the highest specific growth rates (9.65% ± 0.3), (17.44% ± 0.31) the average weight (17 mg ± 0.95), (65.2 mg ± 0.53) were observed in treatment 2 respectively, but there was no significant difference in survival rate between treatments. The best result of resistance to oxygen deficiency (5 min) was observed in larvae reared on treatment 2 with 75.67% ± 0.66 after 36 days. Result of temperature stress showed no significant difference between treatments. The larvae were also found to convert n-3 fatty acids to EPA and DHA.

Quality of Canola Oil Obtained by Conventional and Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Quality of canola oil obtained by the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), using CO2 with ethanol as a co-solvent, was evaluated and compared to that of the conventionally-obtained oils using either n-hexane or chloroform methanol mixture. Physical characteristics, chemical properties, fatty acid composition and phenolic profile of oils were investigated. The SFE oil showed significantly lower melting point, peroxide value (PV) and higher free fatty acids (FFAs) and iodine value (IV) than the n-hexane-extracted one. There were no significant differences in the fatty acid composition of different oils. The SFE oil showed significantly higher phenolic content (35.91, 10.15, 3.16, 0.32 and47.48mg/g of sinapic acid, sinapine, sinapoyl glucose, canolol and total phenolics) as compared to 0.08, 0.70, 0.88, 0.45 and0.71mg/g, respectively in the n-hexane-extracted oil. These results indicate the superiority of SFE and advocate its use for the extraction of highly stable and functional canola oil for further health and nutraceutical uses. The present results have an industrial and technological relevance as SFE could be competitive with the traditional extraction techniques providing an environmental approach and enhancing the obtained oil quality and stability. After recovery of the initial installation costs, SFE could be more economic than conventional extraction. However, further economical studies are needed to validate this last conclusion.

Effect of Seed Heat-Treatment on the Oxidative Stability of Canola Oil Body Emulsions

Enhancement of oxidative stability of canola oil extracted from seed subjected to prior heat-treatment has been attributed to heat-induced generation of antioxidants from phenolic precursors occurring in canola seed. Dispersion of aqueous extracts of intact seed oil bodies (OBs) in water is a novel and interesting way of producing natural and oxidatively stable food emulsions with minimal use of synthetic antioxidants and emulsifiers. As there is growing interest in natural food emulsions containing unsaturated oils, we investigated whether the oxidative stability of canola OB emulsions could be further improved by subjecting canola seed to heat-treatment prior to oil body extraction. Oil-in-water (5%, w/w) emulsions of OBs extracted from canola seed before and after heat-treatment were considerably more resistant to oxidation than emulsions prepared from refined canola oil and Tween? 40 emulsifier. However, only small amounts (0.9% - 4.5% by weight) of the phenolic compounds present in canola seed were transferred to the OBs after aqueous extraction, and consequently there was no discernible effect on oxidative stability as a result of prior heat-treatment of the seed. Thus, in contrast to oil, there is no oxidative stability benefit to be gained by subjecting canola seed to heat-treatment prior to extraction of OBs.

Co-hydrotreating light cycle oil-canola oil blends

Canola oil and light cycle oil （LCO） blends were co-hydrotreated over a commercial hydrotreating catalyst （NiMo/Al2O3） to produce diesel fuel with a green diesel component. High hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodesul- phurization and hydrodenitrogenation catalytic activities were achieved for all three feedstocks tested in the temperature range of 350-380℃ with a hydrogen pressure of 7 MPa and a gas/oil ratio of 800 nL/L. The hydrocrack- ing conversion of the 360℃ ＋ materials in the feedstocks increased by 5% and 15% when 5 and 7.5 wt-% canola oil was added to the LCO, respectively. Compared to the pure LCO, the cetane index of the diesel product formed from hydrotreating the two canola oil-LCO blends increased by 2.5 and 4, respectively. Due to the higher hydrogen requirement to crack and deoxygenate the triglycerides contained in the canola oil, a higher hydrogen consumption was needed to hydrotreat the canola oil-LCO blends.

Yield Attributes and Oil Safety in the Hyperaccumulator Canola Plant Grown in a Bioremediated Sewaged Soil

A field experiment was carried out at Abu-Rawash sewage farm to appraise the effect of certain novel remediative amendments on the quality of oil as well as the vegetative parameters and yield criteria of canola plant used as hyperaccumulator for the remediation of sewaged soils. The treatments included fallow soil （irrigated without growing canola）, soil cultivated with canola （Brassica napus L.） and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza （AM）, soil inoculation with Thiobacillus sp. （a mixture of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidant）, soil treated with a mixture of 250 mg bentonite plus 250 mg rock phosphate/kg soil and inoculated with phosphate dissolving bacteria （PDB）, and soil treated with all the aforementioned remediative amendments. Results indicated that the vegetative parameters and yield criteria of canola plant did not exhibit any serious adverse impact under all treatments applied. The concentrations of Zn and Cu in canola oil extracted from plants grown in soil inoculated with AM and/or Thiobacillus sp. far exceeded the safe permissible levels. On the other hand, the content of both PTEs in the oil extracted from canola plants grown in soil treated with either probentonite or with mixture of all remediative amendments followed the permissible safe levels.

Effects of Mixing Canola and Palm Oils with Sunflower Oil on the Formation of Trans Fatty Acids during Frying

GLC analysis was conducted to indicate the formation of trans- C18 fatty acids of sunflower, canola and palm oils during frying. Blends of sunflower oil and palm oil or canola oil were obtained by mixing sunflower oil with palm or canola oils at the volume ratios of 60: 40, 40: 60 and 20: 80 (v/v), then heated at 180?C ± 5?C for 5, 10, 15 and 20 h in the atmospheric oxygen. GLC results demonstrate that the formation of trans C18-fatty acids was generally dependent upon the frying time and oil mixing ratios. Furthermore, mixing sunflower oil with oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (palm or canola oils) lowered the formation of trans-C18 fatty acids during frying.

Feasibility of a New Granular Rapid Release Elemental S Fertilizer in Preventing S Deficiency of Canola on a S-Deficient Soil

Our previous research has indicated that granular elemental S (ES) fertilizers are not effective in the year of application and also are not consistently as effective as sulphate-S in increasing seed yield of canola in subsequent years, especially when applied at seeding in spring, because of slow dispersion of elemental S particles from granules for subsequent oxidation of ES to sulphate-S. A field experiment was established in autumn 2010 to determine the relative effectiveness of a new rapid release elemental S (RRES, now called Vitasul) fertilizer, in comparison to sulphate-S fertilizer, with various combinations of application times and placement methods (applied at 20 kg&middotS&middotha-1) on seed yield, straw yield, oil and protein concentration in seed, N and S uptake, partial factor productivity (PFP—kg&middotseed&middotkg-1 applied N&middotha-1—blanket application of 120 kg&middotN&middotha-1), S use efficiency (SUE—increase in kg&middotseed&middotkg-1 applied S&middotha-1) and percent recovery of applied S in seed + straw (%) of canola in 2011, 2012 and 2013 growing seasons on a S-deficient Gray Luvisol loam soil at Star City, Saskatchewan. The 11 treatments included two granular S sources (RRES and potassium sulphate) and five application time/placement method combinations (broadcast in autumn and incorporated in spring, broadcast in spring pre-tillage [broadcast and incorporated], broadcast in spring pre-emergence, sideband in spring and seedrow-placed in spring), plus a zero-S control. There was a significant response of seed yield of canola to applied S in all 3 years, but the responses varied with S source and with application time-placement combinations in different years. Seed yield increased considerably with all sulphate-S treatments compared to the zero-S control, although seed yield tended to be slightly lower in some spring and/or autumn broadcast treatments than the other sulphate-S treatments. Compared to the zero-S control, seed yield also increased significantly with all RRES treatments, but the increase was greater with autumn applied RRES than the spring applied RRES in many cases. Autumn applied RRES produced only slightly lower seed yield but spring applied RRES produced much lower seed yield than the highest yielding spring applied sulphate-S treatments. In 2011, straw yields increased significantly with applied S in some S treatments, but there was no significant effect of S fertilization on straw yield in 2012 and 2013. Oil concentration in canola seed increased only with sulphate-S fertilizer treatments in 2011, and it increased with both sulphate-S and ES sources in 2012 and 2013. There was no effect of any S treatment on the protein concentration in canola seed. The response trends of total N uptake and PFP were usually similar to seed yield for both S sources, but total S uptake, SUE and % recovery of applied S were lower with RRES than sulphate-S in many/most cases. In conclusion, the findings suggested the potential of spring broadcast pre-emergence RRES or autumn broadcast RRES in preventing S deficiency in hybrid canola, although seed yields were still slightly lower than the ideal highest yielding spring broadcast/incorporated sulphate-S treatment.

气相色谱-质谱法分析芥花油中的挥发性成分和脂肪酸

研究芥花油的挥发性成分和脂肪酸的组成及相对含量。采用顶空气相色谱-质谱法直接分析芥花油的挥发性成分和相对含量;将芥花油中的脂肪酸酯化后采用气相色谱-质谱法进行分离鉴定,峰面积归一化法计算单个脂肪酸的相对含量。当顶空进样器在170℃平衡20min、芥花油质量为3.0g时,挥发性物质的种类和丰度最强。在最佳进样条件下,共鉴定出39种挥发性物质,占挥发性成分总量的98.20%;含量最高的是醛类,共20种,占比61.52%;醇类共10种,占比17.74%;烯类共4种,占比13.70%;其他种类5种,占比5.24%。含量在5%以上的物质有6种,它们分别是王醛,(E)-2-十烯醛,(E,E)-2-十一烯醛,1-甲氧基-2-丙烯,已醛,1-甲基环丙烷甲醇。芥花油中共检测出19种脂肪酸,包括饱和脂肪酸共11种,占比5.94%;单不饱和脂肪酸共6种,占比9.92%;多不饱和脂肪酸共2种,占比84.14%。含量最高的是α-亚麻酸(63.25%),其次是亚油酸(20.89%)。

姜酮酚纳米乳液制备工艺优化及其稳定性研究

采用超声法制备姜酮酚纳米乳液,选用两种乳化剂(吐温85或卵磷脂),以乳液粒径和多分散指数(PDI)为标准,以乳化剂用量、超声时间、超声功率和芯材质量分数为变量,设计三因素三水平的正交试验,对制备条件进行优化。结果表明:使用吐温85制备乳液的最佳条件是:乳化剂用量为1%Tween 85、超声功率250 W、超声时间15 min、姜酮酚质量分数为0.1%。使用卵磷脂制备乳液的最佳条件是:乳化剂用量为1%卵磷脂、超声功率350 W、超声时间15 min、姜酮酚质量分数为0.2%。所制得的姜酮酚纳米乳液为水包油(O/W)型,经反复测量可知2种乳液粒径分别为(144.1±3.76)nm和(241.4±2.12)nm,姜酮酚的包封率分别为(96.5±2.51)%和(87.47±1.84)%,可以较好地将姜酮酚包封在其中。在4,25℃下贮藏35 d,结果姜酮酚纳米乳液在低温环境下贮藏稳定性较好。试验结果为脂溶性营养物的包埋保护提供一定技术参考。

Canola油低温浑浊现象的原因

研究了 Canola油中混入棉籽油和棕榈油导致浑浊的鉴别方法，基本排除了 Canola油在低温下浑浊是由 于搀假的可能性。蜡和一些高分子、高熔点物质在低温下析出 ， 是引起 Canola油浑浊的真正原因。介绍了这些沉淀 物质的组成及蜡含量的测定方法，并提出了解决问题的方法。

饲料中不同脂肪源对黄鳝生长的影响

试验旨在探究饲料中不同脂肪源对黄鳝(Monopterus albus)生长性能的影响,确定黄鳝养殖生产中最适的饲料脂肪源。试验选择体重约20 g的健康的黄鳝500尾,按照单因素实验设计,均分为5个处理组,每组5个重复,每个重复20尾黄鳝。各组黄鳝分别投喂以鱼油、豆油、棕榈油、亚麻籽油和菜籽油为脂肪源的饲料。投喂10周后,检测各组黄鳝的增重率、特定生长率及饲料系数等生长性能指标。结果显示,投喂含有鱼油和豆油的饲料之后,其试验末重、增重率和特定生长率显著高于投喂棕榈油组、亚麻籽油和菜籽油组(P<0.05)。投喂含有鱼油和豆油的饲料后,其饲料系数显著低于投喂棕榈油组、亚麻籽油和菜籽油组(P<0.05)。不同脂肪源饲料对黄鳝的脏体比和肝体比形体指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。研究结果表明,黄鳝养殖生产中使用鱼油和豆油对其生长性能效果较好,可以考虑使用豆油替代部分鱼油进行养殖。

Investigated Cold Press Oil Extraction from Non-Edible Oilseeds for Future Bio-Jet Fuels Production

Bio-jet fuel produced from non-edible oilseeds can be an alternative to fossil fuels with the benefits of increasing national energy security, reducing environmental impact, and fostering rural economic growth. Efficient oil extraction from oilseeds is critical for economic production of bio-jet fuels. Oil extractions from camelina (sativa) and canola (Brassica napus) seeds were conducted using a cold press method. The effect of the frequency controlling the screw rotation speed on the oil recovery and quality was discussed. Characterization of the produced raw vegetable oils, such as heating value, elemental content and main chemical compositions, was carried out. The results showed that the oil recovery increased when the frequency decreased. The highest oil recoveries for camelina and canola seeds were 88.2% and 84.1% respectively, both at 15 Hz. The cold press frequency and processing temperature (97.2°C - 106.0°C) had a minor influence on the qualities and recovery of both camelina and canola oils. In addition, camelina and canola oils produced at 15 Hz underwent catalytic cracking to examine potential hydrocarbon fuels production. It was observed that some of oil physicochemical properties were improved after catalytic cracking. Although more study is needed for further improvement of oil recovery and qualities, cold press could be an efficient method for oil extraction from non-edible oilseeds. Additionally, the preliminary results of upgrading the oils produced show very promising for future bio-jet fuels production.

Optimizing Yield and Quality of Canola Cultivars Using Various Potash Levels

The response of several canola cultivars to different potassium (K) levels was investigated in terms of various agronomic parameters including yields, oil and protein contents in a trial conducted at The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan in Rabi 2010-11. Three cultivars including Bulbul-98, Abaseen-95 and Dure-NIFA, with five levels of potassium i.e. 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg&middotha-1 were used in Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with four replications and factorial arrangement. A larger number of days to 50% flowering (116.6 days), plant height (203.8 cm), leaf area index (4.4), 1000 grain weight (3.5 g), biological yield (13189.3 kg&middotha-1), grain yield (1799.2 kg&middotha-1) and harvest index (13.9%) were obtained in K applied plots than the plots where K was not applied. The highest oil (45.1%) and protein (27.7%) was obtained in plots where K was applied at the rate of 120 and 90 kg&middotha-1, respectively. Among cultivars, Bulbul-98 and Abaseen-95 had higher seed yield and oil percentage. Bulbul-98 had more protein content than Abaseen-95 and Durre-NIFA. On average, cultivars gave higher and at par grain yield at 60, 90 and 120 kg&middotha-1. However, they produced higher and at par oil and protein percentage at 90 and 120 kg&middotha-1. Bul-bul-98 and Abaseen-95 are recommended for higher grain yield and oil content for general culti-vation in Peshawar valley. However, for higher protein content, Bulbul-98 is better. Potassium applied at 60 kg&middotha-1 is recommended for higher grain yield, however, for higher oil and protein content, K at 90 kg&middotha-1 is recommended.

肥皂用遗传工程产品月桂酸CANOLA(英)

介绍了肥皂用遗传工程植物油产品———月桂酸ｃａｎｏｌａ。基于月桂酸ｃａｎｏｌａ皂的发泡量高于椰子油皂的发泡量，而且表现出好于或等同于椰子油皂的温和性。它具有香精油的香味，而且比基于动物脂的皂使用起来更适合敏感皮肤。月桂酸ｃａｎｏｌａ皂易于加工成条形。由于其富含月桂酸，所以具有广泛的应用潜力。它为市场提供了油脂原料。

Effect of Temperature on Optical Properties of Vegetable Oils Using UV-Vis and Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy

UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy are used to test the quality and changes in the composition of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and canola oil (CO) with temperature. The increase of temperature caused a change in the molecular structures of both types of oils seen as a gradual decrease of intensity amplitudes of absorption and fluorescence signals. A significant alteration occurred at ≈200&#176C where almost the main spectra of pheophytin-a, b, carotenoids, lutein and vitamin E in EVOO and linoleic acid and oleic acid in CO disappeared. An independent experiment showed the output of laser changes linearly with the input in oil at constant temperature (i.e., room temperature) where the transmission values of ≈33% and ≈75% are determined for EVOO and CO respectively. However, the transmission through a heated oil exhibited a non-linear behaviour which indicates the molecular optical response to thermal changes. The effect of storage time and adulteration of oils were also evaluated.

Improving crop yield, N uptake and economic returns by intercropping barley or canola with pea

Two field experiments were conducted from 2009 to 2011 on a Gray Luvisol (Typic Haplocryalf) loam at Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the effectiveness of intercropping barley or canola with pea in improving crop yield, total N uptake, seed quality, Land Equivalency Ratio (LER) and economic returns compared to barley, canola or pea grown as monocultures. Average seed yields of barley-pea or canola-pea intercrops were usually greater than those of barley, canola or pea as sole crops. In intercrops, application of N fertilizer increased seed yield of barley or canola but had only slight beneficial effect on the combined seed yield of both crops together. The LER values for intercrops were usually much greater than 1, suggesting less land requirements of intercropping systems than monoculture for the same seed yield. Net returns were lowest for barley as sole crop. Without applied N, net returns were slightly lower for barley-pea intercrop and slightly greater for canola-pea intercrop than pea as a sole crop. Generally, protein concentration in canola or barley seed was higher and oil concentration in canola seed was lower in intercrop combinations compared to sole crops. Response trends of total N uptake in seed or straw were usually similar to that of seed or straw yield. In conclusion, intercropping barley or canola with pea improved yield, N uptake and net returns, suggesting the potential of barley-pea or canola-pea intercrops and pea for organic farming systems.

植物油中总多酚含量测定方法的建立及应用

针对植物油中的多酚类化合物受原材料影响差异明显、加工过程生物效价影响大、活性保持及精准递送技术匮乏等问题,采用没食子酸-紫外分光光度法分别对8个品种、3种生产工艺的56个植物油样品中总多酚含量进行了检测分析。本研究通过采用C_(18)粉末对食用植物油样品进行二次去除油脂实验,将现有的检验时间压缩了70%,建立了一种植物油中总多酚含量测定的快速检测方法。通过对检测数据进行分析,发现了植物油加工过程中总多酚含量与加工工艺之间的量-效关系,提出了在植物油的加工过程中保持多酚类活性物质精准递送的方案,在植物油的品质提升方面可以发挥积极作用。

天然萝卜红色素的抗脂质过氧化功能

采用硫氰酸铁(FTC)法测定了萝卜红色素对亚油酸过氧化反应(40℃)的抑制作用；采用气相色谱法测定了其对芥菜籽油过氧化反应中(93℃)氧的吸收的抑制作用。天然萝卜红色素的抗氧化能力与同浓度的BHT相近，0.01％的添加量即可达到93％以上的抑制率。萝卜红色素是一种应用前景广阔的具有抗氧化功能的天然食用色素。