A new interacting capillary bundle model on the multiphase flow in micropores of tight rocks

Surfactants are widely used in the fracturing fluid to enhance the imbibition and thus the oil recovery rate. However, current numerical models cannot capture the physics behind capillary imbibition during the wettability alteration by surfactants. Although the interacting capillary bundle(ICB) model shows potential in characterizing imbibition rates in different pores during wettability alteration, the existing ICB models neglect the influence of wettability and viscosity ratio on the imbibition behavior, making it difficult to accurately describe the oil-water imbibition behavior within the porous media. In this work,a new ICB mathematical model is established by introducing pressure balance without assuming the position of the leading front to comprehensively describe the imbibition behavior in a porous medium under different conditions, including gas-liquid spontaneous imbibition and oil-water imbibition.When the pore size distribution of a tight rock is known, this new model can predict the changes of water saturation during the displacement process in the tight rock, and also determine the imbibition rate in pores of different sizes. The water saturation profiles obtained from the new model are validated against the waterflooding simulation results from the CMG, while the imbibition rates calculated by the model are validated against the experimental observations of gas-liquid spontaneous imbibition. The good match above indicates the newly proposed model can show the water saturation profile at a macroscopic scale while capture the underlying physics of the multiphase flow in a porous medium at a microscopic scale. Simulation results obtained from this model indicate that both wettability and viscosity ratio can affect the sequence of fluid imbibition into pores of different sizes during the multiphase flow, where less-viscous wetting fluid is preferentially imbibed into larger pores while more-viscous wetting fluid tends to be imbibed into smaller pores. Furthermore, this model provides an avenue to calculate the imbibition rate in pores of different sizes during wettability alteration and capture the non-Darcy effect in micro-and nano-scale pores.

Capillary Property of Entangled Porous Metallic Wire materials and Its Application in Fluid Buffers:Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Study

Strong impact does serious harm to the military industries so it is necessary to choose reasonable cushioning material and design effective buffers to prevent the impact of equipment.Based on the capillary property entangled porous metallic wire materials(EPMWM),this paper designed a composite buffer which uses EPMWM and viscous fluid as cushioning materials under the low-speed impact of the recoil force device of weapon equipment(such as artillery,mortar,etc.).Combined with the capillary model,porosity,hydraulic diameter,maximum pore diameter and pore distribution were used to characterize the pore structure characteristics of EPMWM.The calculation model of the damping force of the composite buffer was established.The low-speed impact test of the composite buffer was conducted.The parameters of the buffer under low-speed impact were identified according to the model,and the nonlinear model of damping force was obtained.The test results show that the composite buffer with EPMWM and viscous fluid can absorb the impact energy from the recoil movement effectively,and provide a new method for the buffer design of weapon equipment(such as artillery,mortar,etc.).

Microvascular structural changes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma pathology according to intrapapillary capillary loop types under magnifying endoscopy

BACKGROUND The intrapapillary capillary loop(IPCL)characteristics,visualized using magnifying endoscopy,are commonly assessed for preoperative evaluation of the infiltration depth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).Japan Esophageal Society(JES)classification is the most widely used classification.Microvascular structural changes are evaluated by magnifying endoscopy for the presence or absence of each morphological factor:tortuosity,dilatation,irregular caliber,and different shapes.However,the pathological characteristics of IPCLs have not been thoroughly investigated,especially the microvascular structures corresponding to the deepest parts of the lesions'infiltration.AIM To investigate differences in pathological microvascular structures of ESCC,which correspond to the deepest parts of the lesions'infiltration.METHODS Patients with ESCC and precancerous lesions diagnosed at Peking University Third Hospital were enrolled between January 2019 and April 2023.Patients first underwent magnified endoscopic examination,followed by endoscopic submucosal dissection or surgical treatment.Pathological images were scanned using a threedimensional slice scanner,and the pathological structural differences in different types,according to the JES classification,were analyzed using nonparametric tests and t-tests.RESULTS The 35 lesions were divided into four groups according to the JES classification:A,B1,B2,and B3.Statistical analyses revealed significant differences(aP<0.05)in the short and long calibers,area,location,and density between types A and B.Notably,there were no significant differences in these parameters between types B1 and B2 and between types B2 and B3(P>0.05).However,significant differences in the short calibers,long calibers,and area of IPCL were observed between types B1 and B3(aP<0.05);no significant differences were found in the density or location(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Pathological structures of IPCLs in the deepest infiltrating regions differ among various IPCL types classified by the JES classification under magnifying endoscopy,especially between the types A and B.

Correction of distorted X-ray absorption spectra collected with capillary sample cell

In certain exceptional cases,capillary samples must be used to measure X-ray absorption spectra(XAS).However,the inho-mogeneous thickness of capillary samples causes XAS distortion.This study discusses the distortion and correction of the XAS curve caused by the inhomogeneous thickness of capillary samples.The relationship between the distorted XAS curveμ′d_(eq)(measured values)and the real absorption coefficientμ_(s)d_(eq)(true values)of the sample was established.The distortion was slight and negligible when the vertical size(2h)of the X-ray beam spot was smaller than 60%of the capillary tube’s inner diameter(2R_(in)).When h/R_(in)>1,X-ray leakage is inevitable and should be avoided during measurement.Partial X-ray leakage caused by an X-ray beam spot size larger than the inner diameter of the capillary tube leads to serious compressed distortion of the XAS curve.When h/R_(in)<1,the distorted XAS data were well corrected.Possible errors and their influence on the corrected XAS are also discussed.Simulations and corrections for distortions verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the corrected method.

Recent applications and chiral separation development based on stationary phases in open tubular capillary electrochromatography(2019–2022)

Capillary electrochromatography(CEC)plays a significant role in chiral separation via the double separation principle,partition coefficient difference between the two phases,and electroosmotic flow-driven separation.Given the distinct properties of the inner wall stationary phase(SP),the separation ability of each SP differs from one another.Particularly,it provides large room for promising applications of open tubular capillary electrochromatography(OT-CEC).We divided the OT-CEC SPs developed over the past four years into six types:ionic liquids,nanoparticle materials,microporous materials,biomaterials,non-nanopolymers,and others,to mainly introduce their characteristics in chiral drug separation.There also added a few classic SPs that occurred within ten years as supplements to enrich the features of each SP.Additionally,we discuss their applications in metabolomics,food,cosmetics,environment,and biology as analytes in addition to chiral drugs.OT-CEC plays an increasingly significant role in chiral separation and may promote the development of capillary electrophoresis(CE)combined with other instruments in recent years,such as CE with mass spectrometry(CE/MS)and CE with ultraviolet light detector(CE/UV).

Establishment of a Rat Model of Capillary Leakage Syndrome Induced by Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Cardiac Arrest

Objective:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)after cardiac arrest(CA)is one of the main causes of capillary leakage syndrome(CLS).This study aimed to establish a stable CLS model following the CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CA-CPR)model in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.Methods:We conducted a prospective,randomized,animal model study.All adult male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group(group N),a sham operation group(group S),and a cardiopulmonary resuscitation group(group T).The SD rats of the three groups were all inserted with 24-G needles through their left femoral arteries and right femoral veins.In group S and group T,the endotracheal tube was intubated.In group T,CA induced by asphyxia(AACA)was caused by vecuronium bromide with the endotracheal tube obstructed for 8 min,and the rats were resuscitated with manual chest compression and mechanical ventilation.Preresuscitation and postresuscitation measurements,including basic vital signs(BVS),blood gas analysis(BG),routine complete blood count(CBC),wet-to-dry ratio of tissues(W/D),and the HE staining results after 6 h were evaluated.Results:In group T,the success rate of the CA-CPR model was 60%(18/30),and CLS occurred in 26.6%(8/30)of the rats.There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics,including BVS,BG,and CBC,among the three groups(P>0.05).Compared with pre-asphyxia,there were significant differences in BVS,CBC,and BG,including temperature,oxygen saturation(SpO_(2)),mean arterial pressure(MAP),central venous pressure(CVP),white blood cell count(WBC),hemoglobin,hematocrit,pH,pCO_(2),pO_(2),SO_(2),lactate(Lac),base excess(BE),and Na+(P<0.05)after the return of spontaneous circulation(ROSC)in group T.At 6 h after ROSC in group T and at 6 h after surgery in groups N and S,there were significant differences in temperature,heart rate(HR),respiratory rate(RR),SpO_(2),MAP,CVP,WBC,pH,pCO_(2),Na+,and K+among the three groups(P<0.05).Compared with the other two groups,the rats in group T showed a significantly increased W/D weight ratio(P<0.05).The HE-stained sections showed consistent severe lesions in the lung,small intestine,and brain tissues of the rats at 6 h after ROSC following AACA.Conclusion:The CA-CPR model in SD rats induced by asphyxia could reproduce CLS with good stability and reproducibility.

A benzenesulfonic acid-modified organic polymer monolithic column with reversed-phase/hydrophilic bifunctional selectivity for capillary electrochromatography

Here,a styrene-based polymer monolithic column poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)with reversed-phase/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography(RPLC/HILIC)bifunctional separation mode was success-fully prepared for capillary electrochromatography by the in situ polymerization of sodium p-styrene sulfonate(VBS)with cross-linkers 3-(acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate(AHM)and 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine(TAT).The preparation conditions of the monolith were optimized.The morphology and formation of the poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)monolith were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).The separation perfor-mances of the monolith were evaluated systematically.It should be noted that the incorporation of VBS functional monomer can provideπ-πinteractions,hydrophilic interactions,and ion-exchange in-teractions.Hence,the prepared poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)monolith can achieve efficient separation of thiourea compounds,benzene series,phenol compounds,aniline compounds and sulfonamides in RPLC or HILIC separation mode.The largest theoretical plate number for N,N0-dimethylthiourea reached 1.7×10^(5)plates/m.In addition,the poly(VBS-co-TAT-co-AHM)monolithic column showed excellent reproducibility and stability.This novel monolithic column has great application value and potential in capillary electrochromatography(CEC).

The capillary pressure curves from upscaling interfacial and unsaturated flows in porous layers with vertical heterogeneity

We provide the capillary pressure curves p_(c)(s)as a function of the effective saturation s based on the theoretical framework of upscaling unsaturated flows in vertically heterogeneous porous layers proposed recently(Z.Zheng,Journal of Fluid Mechanics,950,A17,2022).Based on the assumption of vertical gravitational-capillary equilibrium,the saturation distribution and profile shape of the invading fluid can be obtained by solving a nonlinear integral-differential equation.The capillary pressure curves p_(c)(s)can then be constructed by systematically varying the injection rate.Together with the relative permeability curves k_(rn)(s)that are already obtained.One can now provide quick estimates on the overall behaviours of interfacial and unsaturated flows in vertically-heterogeneous porous layers.

Glancing incidence x-ray fluorescence spectrometry based on a single-bounce parabolic capillary

Glancing incidence x-ray fluorescence spectrometry using a single-bounce parabolic capillary is proposed for the analysis of layered samples.The divergence of the x-ray beam was 0.33 mrad.In this paper,we used this instrumental setup to analyze a Si single crystal and a 50 nm HfO_(2) single-layer film deposited on a Si substrate.

Characterization of reservoir properties and pore structure based on micro-resistivity imaging logging: Porosity spectrum, permeability spectrum, and equivalent capillary pressure curve

According to the capillary theory,an equivalent capillary model of micro-resistivity imaging logging was built.On this basis,the theoretical models of porosity spectrum(Ф_(i)),permeability spectrum(K_(i))and equivalent capillary pressure curve(pe)were established to reflect the reservoir heterogeneity.To promote the application of the theoretical models,the Archie's equation was introduced to establish a general model for quantitatively characterizing bi,K,and pei.Compared with the existing models,it is shown that:(1)the existing porosity spectrum model is the same as the general equation of gi;(2)the Ki model can display the permeability spectrum as compared with Purcell's permeability model;(3)the per model is constructed on a theoretical basis and avoids the limitations of existing models that are built only based on the component of porosity spectrum,as compared with the empirical model of capillary pressure curve.The application in the Permian Maokou Formation of Well TsX in the Central Sichuan paleo-uplift shows that the Ф_(i),K_(i),and p_(ci) models can be effectively applied to the identification of reservoir types,calculation of reservoir properties and pore structure parameters,and evaluation of reservoir heterogeneity.

砂岩质文物内部毛细水运移过程微电极响应特征

盐结晶病害是砂岩质文物中最为常见的病害之一,可溶盐溶液在砂岩内部的毛细运移直接影响着文物保存的完整性。为了进一步了解不同因素影响下砂岩质文物内部中毛细水运移特征,以大足石刻砂岩材料为研究对象,自主设计了毛细吸水试验及微电极电阻率测试装置,定量分析孔隙结构、孔隙溶液、干湿循环及相对湿度对毛细运移和电阻率分布特征的影响。结果表明,松散的孔隙结构及较低的相对湿度对毛细运移有促进作用。毛细运移受可溶盐溶液表面张力影响明显,吸水量和运移速率随表面张力增加呈递增趋势。干湿循环作用导致内部孔隙扩张使毛细迁移速率加快,同时呈现出试样饱和度和砂岩电阻率的负相关性。可溶盐的存在极大降低了砂岩的电阻率,通过电阻率的时空分布特征,识别湿润锋的视电阻率范围与试样表层盐结晶劣化区域大致重合,整体趋势沿深度方向呈凹曲面变化。研究结果揭示了砂岩质文物内部毛细水运移规律,可为合理追踪盐害范围提供理论支撑。

卡瑞利珠单抗治疗宫颈鳞状细胞癌致反应性皮肤毛细血管增生症

报告1例宫颈鳞状细胞癌放化疗后使用卡瑞利珠单抗治疗导致反应性皮肤毛细血管增生症。患者女,58岁。全身多发丘疹1个月。皮肤科检查:全身散在粟米至米粒大红色丘疹,以头面颈为重,下唇见一外生性红色结节,头皮及耳前大部分丘疹融合成片,呈桑椹样外观。皮损组织病理检查:真皮浅层见分叶状肿瘤细胞团块,并可见较多血管腔,增生的血管及内皮细胞形态较规则,无异形。诊断:反应性皮肤毛细血管增生症。

T型微通道入口角度对剪切变稀流体微液滴制备影响

为了研究T型微通道入口角度对非牛顿微液滴制备影响,采用流体体积(VOF)模型对聚丙烯酰胺水溶液微液滴形成过程进行数值模拟,开展高速数码显微实验对数值模拟结果进行验证。结果表明:在相同工况条件下,非牛顿微液滴生成频率随着分散相入口角度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,相对长度呈现先减小后增大的趋势。在入口角度小于90°时,随着入口角度的增加,微通道内两相平均压差、液滴断裂时刻两相压差最低值随之升高,在入口角度大于90°时,上述压差则随着入口角度的增加而降低。考虑两相体积流量比与连续相毛细数并引入关于分散相入口角度的修正系数,提出聚丙烯酰胺水溶液微液滴相对长度预测公式,为剪切变稀流体微液滴制备提供参考。

高重现毛细管电泳的研究进展

毛细管电泳(CE)因具有微量、快速、高效、分离模式丰富等特点得以快速发展并逐渐走向成熟,但在其推广应用过程中一直伴随着出峰稳定性或重现性不佳的问题。CE长期采用信号强度对迁移时间作图的测量模式,但迁移时间并非自变量,受诸多直接和间接因素的影响,故很难测得稳定或精密的电泳谱图。为解决此类问题,国内外很早就开展了不同层次的研究,出现了至少三类解决策略:一是设法控制和稳定电泳特别是影响电渗的条件,以提高出峰的重复性;二是设法调整电泳峰参数,主要是利用内标来校正出峰位置,以提高出峰的重现性,如作时间比例谱、校正时间谱、有效淌度谱、校正淌度谱等;三是寻找建立高重现CE(HRCE)实时测量的新理论、新原理、新方法,从根本上彻底解决问题,如本团队提出的加权淌度谱、迁移电量谱、电密度谱、偏摩尔电密度谱及其比例谱等,这些新式CE方法在适当范围内可以抵抗CE条件或参数的波动,给出高重现的电泳谱图。本综述旨在总结构建HRCE的理论表述和研究进展,阐明影响CE重现性的一些关键因素,核心是电泳峰的表述方式。综述简要归纳分析了CE发展以来文献中对电泳峰表述方式的研究,但不直接涉及和讨论通过仪器改进、实用方法相关的参数的优化、改善等提升CE重复性或重现性的研究及其进展。

国产遗传分析仪测序模块优化设计研究

本文使用国产24道遗传分析仪搭配国产36 cm毛细管阵列,解决无胶筛分毛细管电泳技术为基础的遗传分析仪在测序中荧光信号校正、运行电压、迁移校正问题。以24道遗传分析仪原始光谱荧光信号为基础,建立光谱校正模型,获得基线噪声阈值。通过运行电压与峰间距值绘制标准曲线,利用测序分析软件计算清晰片段长度,确定最佳运行电压和峰间距,进而计算迁移偏移值,建立碱基大小与迁移时间的线性模型,实现碱基的准确识别。研究表明,在合适的光谱校正和基线噪声阈值限制下,当运行电压设置为10 kV,峰间距为13.05帧时,分析仪的最长清晰片段检验能力最强,为561 bp。通过迁移修正值的补偿,建立碱基大小与迁移时间的线性模型,碱基G、A、T、C的R2(标准曲线)值分别从0.9927、0.9927、0.9945、0.9879提高到0.9996、0.9998、0.9996、0.9997,且修正后,各个荧光标记的碱基均能得到正确标记,无漏标和错标,清晰片段长度延长到621 bp。本研究可以指导国产遗传分析仪测序模块的优化和设计,使分析仪的DNA碱基识别功能更高效和准确。

带电射流非稳态破碎的可视化试验

采用高速数码相机对毛细管带电射流破碎形态的演化过程进行了可视化研究,探讨了大流量下带电射流破碎的基本形态及射流不稳定破碎模式的转变,分析了物性参数、电压及液体流量对带电射流破碎模式的影响.采用半球形毛细管喷嘴研究锥射流模式向简单射流模式演化的过程,采用普通毛细管喷嘴对比研究去离子水和乙醇的静电简单射流雾化模式.结果表明:在特定电压下,随着流量增加,锥射流模式可以逐渐过渡为简单射流模式;当初始状态为射流时,随着电压增加,大流量下的去离子水静电雾化射流破碎模式主要为曲张不稳定破碎和鞭动不稳定破碎;表面张力较小的无水乙醇更容易产生破碎,还出现了鞭动辅助分叉模式和枝状破碎模式.

锦纶标准贴衬的质量控制

以商品化的锦纶标准贴衬为研究对象,通过各维度对锦纶贴衬表征。结果表明:不同批次锦纶贴衬材质不同,部分为锦纶6,部分为锦纶66;锦纶贴衬之间线密度差异较大,纬纱线密度最大值是最小值的3.18倍;耐汗渍和耐皂洗色牢度测试结果均存在≥1级的差异;不同批次锦纶标准贴衬毛细效应差距较大,最差的不具有毛细效应。建议聚酰胺纤维标准修订时将考核指标进一步细化,将纤维含量、线密度等指标进行考核,从而保证标准物质的稳定性。

基于恒定梯度编码一维选层T_(2)谱的胶结砂岩层析成像方法

核磁共振成像是探究岩心尺度非均质性的先进技术,受岩石复杂性和编码技术影响,现有方法效果不佳。基于梯度场的二维/三维核磁共振技术成像容易但信噪比低,无梯度场的传统选层T_(2)谱(频率编码/相位编码)方法效率低。该研究提出恒定梯度编码一维选层T_(2)谱层析成像方法,做到了成像数据体量小、信噪比高且信号更完整。层析T_(2)谱图像及其热度分布,能够有效表征毛细管压力和成岩作用对流体非均匀分布的影响。饱和油状态时,T_(2)谱层间差异性反映成岩作用影响。高饱和油阶段,轴向热度图反映了低毛细管压力游离油的脱出规律。完全驱替后毛细管压力进入稳定状态,轴向热度图反映了微孔中吸附油赋存状态的差异。该技术在胶结砂岩气驱油实验中取得了良好效果,并对解析强非均质岩石渗流规律有重要作用。

多重PCR毛细管电泳细菌快速鉴定方法的建立和临床应用研究

目的针对引起人类感染的常见病原菌建立一种基于多重PCR毛细管电泳技术的快速细菌鉴定方法,评估其临床应用价值。方法建立23种常见病原菌的多重PCR毛细管电泳检测体系。收集150例临床微生物检测标本,分别用多重PCR毛细管电泳法(以下简称多重PCR法)、培养法进行检测。对两种方法的检测结果进行比较,评价多重PCR法的检测效能。结果150例标本中多重PCR法检出15种病原菌、培养法检出14种病原菌。多重PCR法检测阳性率为73.3%,培养法为70.0%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多重PCR法对肺炎链球菌的检出率为16.0%,培养法为6.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多重PCR法对混合菌标本的检出率为15.3%,培养法未检出混合菌标本。多重PCR法与培养法检测结果的符合率为79.3%。多重PCR法检测时间为3~6 h,培养法为2~4 d。结论与培养法比较,多重PCR法具有较高的时效性,对肺炎链球菌及混合菌标本具有较高的检出率,可满足临床标本病原微生物快速初筛的需求。

冻融环境下再生混凝土毛细吸水特性研究

本文采用ASTM C1585-13水工混凝土毛细吸水标准试验方法,研究了冻融循环和再生混凝土粗骨料取代率(0%、20%、40%和60%)对再生混凝土(RAC)毛细吸水性能的影响,建立了冻融环境下RAC初期毛细吸水率的预测模型,并结合非饱和毛细理论,建立了RAC在不同冻融循环次数下相对含水量分布预测模型。结果表明:冻融环境相同时,RAC的累计吸水量和初期毛细吸水率随再生粗骨料取代率的增加而变大;再生粗骨料取代率相同时,RAC累计吸水量和初期毛细吸水率随冻融循环次数的增加而变大;从经济角度来看,40%掺量的RAC抗冻性能较优。经验证,通过回归分析建立的冻融损伤下RAC初期毛细吸水率预测模型,计算精度较高,可用于预测RAC的毛细吸水性能,为RAC的抗冻耐久性评价提供理论依据。