Capparis spinosa L waste activated carbon as an efficient adsorbent for crystal violet toxic dye removal: Modeling, optimization by experimental design, and ecological analysis

Textile dyes are dramatic sources of pollution and non-aesthetic disturbance of aquatic life and therefore represent a potential risk of bioaccumulation that can affect living species.It is imperative to reduce or eliminate these dyes from liquid effluents with innovative biomaterials and methods.Therefore,this research aims to highlight the performance of Capparis spinosa L waste-activated carbon(CSLW-AC)adsorbent to remove crystal violet(CV)from an aqueous solution.The mechanism of CV adsorption on CSLW-AC was evaluated based on the coupling of experimental data and different characterization techniques.The efficiency of the CSLW-AC material reflected by the equilibrium adsorption capacity of CV could reach more than 195.671 mg·g^(–1) when 0.5 g·L^(–1) of CSLW-AC(Particle size≤250μm)is introduced into the CV of initial concentration of 100 mg·L^(–1) at pH 6 and temperature 65℃ and in the presence of potassium ions after 60 min of contact time according to the one parameter at a time studies.The adsorption behavior of CV on CSLW-AC was found to be consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Frumkin's linear isothermal model.The thermodynamic aspects indicate that the process is physical,spontaneous,and endothermic.The optimization of the process by the Box Behnken design of experiments resulted in an adsorption capacity approaching 183.544 mg·g^(–1)([CV]=100 mg·L^(–1) and[CSLW-AC]=0.5 g·L^(–1) at 35 min).The results of the Lactuca sativa seeds germination in treated CV(70%),adsorbent solvent and thermal regeneration(more than 5 cycles),and process cost analysis(1.0484 USD·L^(–1))tests are encouraging and promising for future exploitations of the CSLW-AC material in different industrial fields.

Natural isothiocyanates of the genus Capparis as potential agonists of apoptosis and antitumor agents:Mechanisms and implications

In this editorial,we comment on a recent publication,which highlights the important findings from the study,including the antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects of isothiocyanates,their underlying mechanisms,and implications.Additionally,a related perspective is discussed.

Natural isothiocyanates of the genus Capparis as potential agonists of apoptosis and antitumor drugs

BACKGROUND Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS)analysis,we examined the composition of volatile components present in the yellow and green fruits,seeds,and jam of the scrambling shrub Capparis cartilaginea(C.cartilaginea).These plant samples were collected from Kibbutz Yotvata in Israel.In all the tested samples,isothiocyanates were identified.Utilizing the PASS program,we ascertained the biological activity of these isothiocyanates present in the Capparis genus.The study results highlighted that all isothiocyanates could potentially act as apoptosis agonists,making them strong candidates for antitumor drugs.This information holds significant value for the fields of medicinal chemistry,pharmacology,and practical medicine.AIM To investigate the volatile components present in the yellow and green fruits,seeds,and jam of the C.cartilaginea shrub using GC/MS analysis,to detect isothiocyanates in all the analyzed plant samples,and to assess the biological activity of these isothiocyanates utilizing the PASS program.METHODS We utilized two primary methods to analyze the volatile compounds present in the yellow and green fruits,seeds,and jams of the C.cartilaginea,native to Israel.We identified biologically active isothiocyanates in these samples.Their anticipated biological activities were determined using the PASS program,with the most dominant activities being apoptosis agonist,anticarcinogenic,and antineoplastic specifically for genitourinary cancer.RESULTS Fruits,seeds,and jams containing isothiocyanates,which exhibit antineoplastic and anticarcinogenic activities,could be suggested for cancer prevention and management.Specific isothiocyanates,with therapeutic potential in this realm,could be recommended as potent anticancer agents in practical medicine following clinical trials.CONCLUSION The discovery that isothiocyanates exhibit potent antineoplastic and anticarcinogenic activities was unexpected.Additionally,certain isothiocyanates demonstrated antifungal,antiviral(specifically against arbovirus),and antiparasitic properties.

In-vitro cytotoxic activity of β-Sitosterol triacontenate isolated from Capparis decidua(Forsk.) Edgew

Objective:To study the isolation and characterization of the constituent responsible for the cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract of stem of Capparis decidua（C.decidua）.Methods:The preliminary cytotoxic effect of isolated compound（β-Sitosterol triacontenate） was investigated by MTT assay on A549 solid tumor cells.Results:IC50 value of theβ-Sitosterol triacontenate was found to be 1μM.The cytotoxic activity increased in a dose dependent manner in case ofβ-Sitosterol triacontenate.Conclusions:The data therefore provide direct evidence for the role ofβ-Sitosterol triacontenate as a potent antimetastatic agent,which can markedly inhibit the metastatic and invasive capacity of malignant cells.

Study on inhibitory effect by total alkaloids in Capparis spinosa on SGC-7901 in vitro

Objective To investigate the apoptosis effect of Total alkaloids on human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 from Capparis spinosa(C.S)and possible mechanism of it.Methods SGC-7901 cells were treated with different concentrations of the Total alkaloids in CS.MTT assay and SRB assay were used to observe the inhibitory rate of the Total alkaloids,and fluorescence microscope,flow cytometry and used to observe the influence of the Total alkaloids on cell apoptosis and cell cycle changes of SGC-7901.Results The results showed total alkaloids can inhibit the growth of human gastric adenoma cells SGC-7901.Measurements using mononuclear cell direct cytotoxicity assay(the MTT method)shows that its cytotoxic effect on SGC-7901 is strong,with IC50 being 142.895 μg·mL-1,respectively.Results from SRB assay show that the anticancer effect of Total alkaloids is cytostatic at low concentration,with LC50 for this cells being 41.271 μg·mL-1,respectively,but it becomes mainly cytotoxic at high concentration,with GI50 for SGC-7901 being 244·932 μg·mL-1,respectively.Total alkaloids can induce apoptosis in tumor cells.Forty-eight hours after they are treated with total alkaloids of different concentrations,SGC-7901 cells are stained with Hoechst33258 fluorochromes.Observation using a fluorescence microscope reveals that total alkaloids can cause the chromatin in tumor cell nuclei to condense and fragment.The nuclei condense into a uniform,dense mass and then break up.Sprouts keep on forming on the cell membrane and then dropping off,so that the cell breaks up into several apoptotic bodies of different sizes.As total alkaloids concentration is increased,these morphological changes under the microscope become more and more clear,indicating that the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis is gradually increasing.After treating with 75,150 and 300 μg·mL-1 of the total alkaloids in C.S for 72 h,the apoptotic rates of SGC-7901 cells were 8.7%,14.309%,0.819%.Conclusions Inducing apoptosis is one of the anti-cancer mechanism of total alkaloids of C.S.

The potential effects of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy(DN)is the most common form of neuropathy worldwide,with its prevalence rising alongside diabetes,and being characterized by sensory,motor or autonomic symptoms.DN is considered to be an incurable complication of diabetes,the management of which mainly consists of improving glycemic control,managing pain relief and ensuring continuous foot care.Although gabapentin,duloxetine and tricyclic antidepressants are commonly used to reduce patient symptoms,they do not affect the pathophysiology and progression of neuropathy.Furthermore,these drugs can have various side effects including insomnia,decreased appetite,arrhythmia,heart failure,and suicidal behavior.According to traditional Persian medicine,DN is recognized as a type of“Khadar”or“Esterkha”(a sensory or motor disorder,respectively)that occurs due to the accumulation of sugars in the peripheral nerves.Capparis spinosa L.,commonly known as the caper plant,has been recommended in authentic sources of traditional Persian medicine to treat such disorders.In this study,we reviewed the pharmacological properties of C.spinosa using the Web of Science,PubMed,Scopus and Google Scholar databases,and found that Capparis spinosa L.could affect several pathways involved in DN pathogenesis,including aldose reductase activity,the secretion of inflammatory mediators(IL-17,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6),oxidative stress,hyperlipidemia,hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end product formation.Based on these findings,we hypothesize that Capparis spinosa L.,may prevent the progression and reduce the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy,and so can be considered as a complementary treatment in this disorder.This hypothesis should be evaluated in well-designed in vitro and in vivo studies,and through clinical trials.

Network pharmacological study and molecular docking verification of Capparis spinosa in the treatment of systemic sclerosis

Objective:To explore the molecular mechanism of Capparis spinosa in the treatment of systemic sclerosis((SSC))based on network pharmacology.Methods:GEO,Genecards,Pharmgkb,TTD and Drugbank databases were used to obtain SSC targets,related literatures and Swisstargetprediction databases were used to obtain the main components of Citrus and their corresponding targets,and intersection was used to obtain prediction targets.Log in to the String database to analyze the protein interaction of the prediction target(PPI),further used Cytoscape to obtain the core gene by network topology analysis,and the core gene was docked with the main components of Capparis spinosa.The prediction targets were analyzed by gene ontology(GO)analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis using R software.Results:A total of 15 active components and their targets were obtained,3171 SSC targets were obtained,and 66 predicted targets were obtained by intersection.Ten PPI core genes such as VEGFA,TNF,AKT1,PTGS2 and MMP9 were obtained by topological analysis.GO analysis involved many biological processes such as reactive oxygen species metabolic process、protein kinase B signaling、regulation of inflammatory response、phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling and so on.KEGG pathway analysis showed PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,Proteoglycans in cancer,Focal adhesion,Rap1 signaling pathway and other signaling pathways.Conclusion:The molecular mechanism of Capparis spinosa in the treatment of SSC is predicted by the method of network pharmacology,which provides theoretical basis and data support for the basic research of Citrus officinalis in the treatment of SSC.

Antihymolytic and Antioxidant Effects of Medicinal Plant Capparis spinosa L.

Capparis spinosa L. is a traditionally used plant in Algerian folk medicine to treat asthma, rheumatism and other free radicals related disorders such inflammatory. The present study was designated to study the antioxidant activity of aerial and root parts of Capparis spinosa L.. Total polyphenol content was determined, after extraction with solvents in five subfractions; methanol （CE）, Hexan （HE） chloroform （CHE）, ethyl acetate （EAE） and aqueous extracts （AE）, employing the ＂Prussian blue assay＂. The results showed that EAE containing the highest concentration of phenolic compounds and Flavonoids followed by those of CHE of aerial and root parts, repectively. The antioxidant protective effects of extracts were determined by measuring the erythrocyte membrane resistance to free radical-induced. The results demonstrated that all the extracts exhibited a protective effect against t-BHP induced oxidative damages in human erythrocytes, the most potents wer CEs and CHEs with 86.55%, 85.81%, 74.59%, and 68.70%, for aerial and root parts, respectively, which were more effective than used standards： Quercetin （65.46%） and rutin （59.62%）. In order to more clarify the previous antioxidants activity of the extracts through other mechanisms, the iron chelating ability assays were realized. The results showed that the iron chelating ability of Aerial and root extracts were very considerable; the CE showed an excellent chelating with ICs0 of 0.197 ± 0.031 μM/quercetin equivalent, higher than that used standard EDTA, with approximately 0.34 folds. These results show that Capparis spinosa L. extracts have strong anti-oxidant effects and may have some clinical benefits.

刺山柑(Capparis spinosa)总RNA不同提取方法的比较

以野生刺山柑叶片为材料,采用70%丙酮抽提研磨材料,结合TRIZOL,CTAB,SDS 3种常见的RNA提取方法提取总RNA,通过RNA获得率、纯度、电泳图谱以及RT-PCR反应等分析,初步确立了一种有效的提取刺山柑叶片总RNA的改良SDS法。该方法提取的RNA A260/A280值在1.88-1.94之间,电泳图谱完整,具有产量高、时间短、成本低等特点,所得的RNA可以用于RT-PCR和cDNA文库构建以及Northern杂交等后续实验。

An Examination of the Function of Male Flowers in an Andromonoecious Shrub Capparis spinosa

The pollen donor and pollinator attractor hypotheses are explanations for the functions of the male flowers of andromonoecious plants. We tested these two hypotheses in the andromonoecious shrub Capparis spinosa L. （Capparaceae） and confirmed that pollen production and cumulative volume and sugar concentration of nectar do not differ between male and perfect flowers. However, male flowers produced larger anthers, larger pollen grains and smaller ovaries than perfect flowers. Observations on pollinators indicated that two major pollinators （Xylocopa valga Gerst and Proxylocopa sinensis Wu） did not discriminate between flower morphs and that they transferred pollen grains a similar distance. However, there were more seeds per fruit following hand pollination with pollen from male flowers than from perfect flowers. Individuals of C. spinosa with a larger floral display （i.e. bearing more flowers） received more pollen grains on the stigma of perfect flowers. Female reproductive success probably is not limited by pollen. These results indicate that male flowers of C. spinosa save resources for female function and that they primarily serve to attract pollinators as pollen donors.

Chemical constituents from the seeds of Capparis masaikai

A total of 21 compounds were isolated from the seeds of Capparis masaikai and identified as oxazolidine-2-thione(1), succinimide(2), catechol(3), octathiocane(4), monoethanolamine(5), 3-hydroxypropanenitrile(6), L-arabinose(7), 1,2,3-propanetriol(8), drummondol(9), spionoside B(10), adenosine(11), corchoionoside C(12), coniferin(13), syringin(14), cis-syringin(15), dihydrosyringin(16), indole-3-carboxylic acid(17), β-D-glucopyranosyl indole-3-carboxylic acid(18), 6-hydroxyindole-3-carboxylic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester(19), linoleis monoglyceride(20), and triolein(21). Their structures were identified based on physicochemical property and spectroscopic analysis, including MS, NMR, and single-crystal X-ray crystallographic data. Compounds 2–10 and 12–21 were isolated from C. masaikai for the first time.

Antibacterial potency screening of Capparis zeylanica Linn.

Objective:To conduct the antibacterial potency and minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts(n-hexane,acetone,chloroform and methanol)obtained from the root,leaf and stem of Capparis zeylanica.Methods:The powdered leaf,root and stem samples were Soxhlet extracted sequentially in n-hexane,acetone,chloroform and methanol.Antibacterial potency was evaluated by following the agar diffusion method and amoxicillin disc was used as a control.Results:In vitro antibacterial activity against 12 bacteria was performed with crude extracts.Among them,all the bacteria showed the moderate activity but chloroform and methanolic extracts showed promising antibacterial potency against Staphylococcus aureus,Sarcina lutea,Bacillus megaterium,Bacillus subtilis,Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae(leaf>root>stem).This activity was evaluated using disc diffusion method with a standard antibiotic,30μg/disc of amoxicillin.Conclusions:Strong antibacterial potency of chloroform and methanolic extracts provides new antibacterial compounds.

HPLC法测定维药刺山柑种子中没食子酸和芦丁的含量

目的：建立刺山柑种子中没食子酸和芦丁的含量测定方法。方法采用Phnomenex色谱柱（250 mm ＆#215;4．6 mm ，5μm），以乙腈-2 mL · L -1磷酸溶液为流动相，流速为1．0 mL · min-1，检测波长为254 nm ，梯度洗脱。结果没食子酸在1.4～14．0μg、芦丁在1.4～28．0μg范围内呈良好的线性关系，没食子酸平均回收率为99．9％，RSD为2．0％；芦丁平均回收率为100．6％， RSD为1．3％。结论 HPLC法测定没食子酸和芦丁的含量，方法简便可行，重复性和分离效果好，可为刺山柑的进一步开发利用及质量控制提供依据。

维吾尔族民间草药波里克果中脂肪和蛋白质组分的研究

[目的]探讨维吾尔族民间草药波里克果中脂肪和蛋白质组分。[方法]采用气相色谱-质谱法测定波里克果油脂中脂肪酸的含量及组分;采用半微量定氮法和分级提取法测定粗蛋白和分离蛋白,并对蛋白质中的氨基酸组分进行了分析。[结果]新疆波里克果的含油率为21.2%,以不饱和脂肪酸为主要成分,其中以亚油酸最高为57.21%,其次是油酸、棕榈酸、亚麻酸、硬脂酸。波里克果中粗蛋白质含量平均为18.31%,其中以球蛋白含量最高,为42.2%,谷蛋白为37.2%,清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和残渣蛋白含量比较低。蛋白质氨基酸含量丰富,18种氨基酸含量在80%以上,其中天冬氨酸含量最高,占蛋白质的17.8%,谷氨酸含量占11.7%,而且含有人体所必需的8种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸的含量达到28.53%。[结论]该研究可为新疆野生波里克果资源的综合开发提供理论依据。

槌果藤粗提物的杀虫活性

对槌果藤(Capparis spinosa L.)的杀虫活性成分进行了粗提,并采用叶碟法、浸渍法和喷雾法分别测定了各提取物对斜纹夜蛾的拒食活性,氯仿提取物对菜蚜及菜青虫触杀活性,氯仿提取物对菜青虫的田间防效。结果表明:槌果藤各提取物对3龄幼虫均有很好的非选择性拒食活性,其中氯仿提取物活性最高,各提取物对5龄幼虫拒食活性较低;氯仿提取物不仅对菜蚜及菜青虫均有很好的触杀活性,而且对田间种植甘蓝上的菜青虫危害具有良好的防治效果。

全新宝马 i3

如今电动车的发展势如破竹,续航里程的多少是大家一直关注的重点。就在此时,宝马官方宣布2017款宝马i3将开启紧凑型电动车的新纪元。新款i3在电池组大小不变的情况下,电池的容量密度提升了50%,电池容量从之前的22 k W提升至33 k W,同时纯电动续航里程也增加至183 km。续航里程等数据来源于宝马研发团队在不同环境、不同天气之下的测试与调查。

马槟榔叶片炭疽病的分离鉴定及其生物学特性分析

炭疽病是马槟榔(Capparis masaikai Levl.)的重要病害之一,但其病原未见相关报道。本研究从人工驯化栽培的马槟榔病叶上分离纯化得到2株真菌,分别编为1号和2号。通过性状培养、形态学观察进行鉴定,确定1号和2号病原菌为炭疽病原菌(Anthrax)。对炭疽菌的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明:1号和2号病原菌在C-PDA平板上生长和产孢最好;菌丝生长温度在25℃～30℃之间,最适合的温度为25℃,低于5℃和高于40℃则不能生长。菌丝生长的最佳pH值为8,光照促进产孢而黑暗有抑制作用;该病原菌能有效利用多种氮源,可高效利用牛肉膏和酵母膏;适合生长的碳源亦有多种,利用效果最好的是麦芽糖;观察该病原菌的生长情况可以得出:碳源促进菌丝生长,菌落呈白色,而氮源促进孢子的形成,有机氮优于无机氮。在野外考察和人工引种驯化栽培试验过程中,发现马槟榔炭疽病病害严重,影响植株健康生长明显。因此,加强研究马槟榔病害的症状特点、病原菌鉴定及生物学特性等,是其引种驯化和规模化种植的前提和基础。