Studies on the Molecular Structure of Vessels in Secondary Xylem of Stem from Three Carambola Varieties

[Objective] The aim of this study was to provide the theoretical basis for variety identification of carambola and pomiculture.[Method] The molecular structure of vessels in stem secondary xylem from three carambola varieties of Malaysia 8,Misi and Malaysia B17 were studied by cell image analysis system and microphotography.[Result] The molecular structure of vessels in stem secondary xylem from carambola was as follows:the first type had tails in two ends,the second type had tail in one end,and the third type had no tails in two ends.The average length of vessel elements was from 328.88 to 366.09 μm,while its average width was from 44.61 to 52.43 μm.Most of the end wall was simple perforation plates,while the alternate-opposite pitting was the major forms of pitting.[Conclusion] Most characteristics of vessel elements from carambola were evolutionary characters of vessel elements in the process of phylogeny,but there were more primitive characters,for example,both two ends of vessel had tails or just one end had tail,and end wall was inclined.The molecular structure of vessel from carambola was in accordance with its ecological adaptability,and the growth characteristics of different varieties were also in accordance with the difference of molecular structure of vessel.

Hepatoprotective effect of Averrhoea carambola fruit extract on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in mice

Objective:To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Averroha carambola fruit extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic injury.Methods:Hepatotoxicity was induced on albino mice by intraperitoneal administration of CCl4.half an hour after the administration of the last dose of the extract of Averroha carambola fruit.Aqueous extract of the fruit of Averroha carambola was administered at a dose of 0.9 g/kg body weight once daily for seven days.The hepatic injury and its prevention was assessed by the estimation of serum activities of alanine aminotransferase（ALT）,aspartate aminotransferase（AST）,alkaline phosphates（ALP）,glutathione level and histopathological studies of liver.Results:Pre-treatment of mice with the fruit extract of Averrhoea carambola significantly reduced serum levels of ALT,AST and ALP enzyme and significantly increased the liver reduced glutathione levels 24 h after the administration of carbon tetrachloride.A marked improvement in the enzyme activities and the liver reduced glulathione level was observed in the pre-treated mice 4 days after the administration of carbon tetrachloride. Histopathological studies provided supportive evidence for the biochemical analvsis. Conclusions:The aqueous extract of the fruit of Averrhoea carambola has hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in mice.

Alkyl phenols from the wood of Averrhoa carambola

Two alkyl phenols,namely,2,5-dimethoxy-3-undecylphenol（1） and 5-methoxy-3-undecylphenol（2）,were isolated together with two known benzoquinones,5-O-methylembelin（3） and 2-dehydroxy-5-O-methylembelin（4） from the wood of Averrhoa carambola.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods（1D and 2D NMR）.

Consumer Acceptance and Physicochemical Properties of Developed Carambola (Averrhoa carambola) Candy

The acceptability and physicochemical qualities of carambola candy were evaluated in order to increase fruit consumption. The goal of this investigation was to see whether there were any techniques to preserve carambola in the form of candy. Sugar in various forms (white sugar, corn syrup, icing sugar, and molasses) was employed in candy making process in this study. Moisture, protein, fat, ash, vitamin C, total sugar content, organoleptic quality and microbial status of the prepared candy were analyzed. Protein, fat, vit-C, and total sugar content of carrambola candy were found to be higher with white sugar solution but moisture and ash content was found to be higher with molasses. On the microbiological analysis, total fungal growth was tested visually at 0 to 90 days and compared with refrigeration and room temperature. Fungal growth was found at 90 days at room temperature for all types of carambola candy. Sensory attributes revealed that sample 2 (corn syrup-based candy) was most delicious and appreciated among other samples. The best characteristic of carambola candy was found with white sugar solution, with sufficient nutrient and lowest fungal growth than candy prepared with corn syrup, icing sugar solution and molasses.

阳桃(Averrhoa carambola)实时荧光定量PCR内参基因的筛选与验证

阳桃(Averrhoa carambola)具有很高的营养、药用及观赏价值,但功能基因组方面的研究基础较为薄弱。为使阳桃相关功能基因表达分析的定量实验结果更加准确,需要选择稳定性好的内参基因。然而目前还没有关于阳桃内参基因筛选的报道。本研究基于阳桃基因组及转录组数据,选取了α-TUB、β-TUB、Actin、UBQ、UBC4、EF1α和H2B共7个管家基因作为候选内参基因;利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测各候选内参基因在茎、叶、果、花序芽、叶芽及不同时期花序中的表达情况。使用软件geNorm、Normfinder和BestKeeper综合评估了候选内参基因的稳定性。结果表明,α-TUB和β-TUB在阳桃不同器官中稳定性最好,β-TUB和UBC4在阳桃不同时期花序中稳定性最好。此外,通过分析成花基因AP1(APETALA1)和开花抑制因子TFL1(TERMINAL FLOWER 1)的表达模式,进一步验证了内参基因筛选结果的可靠性。本研究筛选得到的稳定内参基因为后期开展阳桃相关功能基因表达分析的研究提供了基础。

杨桃根提取物DMDD对α-synuclein PFFs所致分化SH-SY5Y细胞损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的:探讨不同浓度杨桃根提取物DMDD对α-突触核蛋白预制原纤维(α-Syn PFFs)所致分化SH-SY5Y细胞损伤的保护作用及作用机制。方法:使用不同浓度DMDD作用于视黄酸分化的SH-SY5Y细胞,通过MTS测定细胞活力,确定DMDD作用于分化SH-SY5Y细胞的低、中、高浓度;使用不同浓度的DMDD处理5μg/mLα-Syn PFFs诱导的细胞损伤模型,采用Hoechst 33342染色和一氧化氮试剂盒分别检测细胞核损伤细胞数与细胞内一氧化氮产生量;采用蛋白质印迹法检测细胞内酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、多聚腺苷酸二磷酸(PAR)及多聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖酶-1(PARP-1)蛋白表达水平;采用免疫荧光技术检测细胞内129位丝氨酸磷酸化α-突触核蛋白(pS129-α-Syn)、磷酸化组蛋白H2AX(γH2AX)阳性细胞数及凋亡诱导因子(AIF)核易位细胞数。结果:Hoechst 33342染色结果显示,与α-Syn PFFs模型组比较,各浓度DMDD处理组出现细胞核损伤的细胞数明显减少(P<0.001);一氧化氮检测结果显示,与α-Syn PFFs模型组比较,各浓度DMDD处理组细胞一氧化氮生成量显著降低(P<0.01或P<0.001);蛋白质印迹法结果显示,与α-Syn PFFs模型组比较,高浓度DMDD处理组细胞TH蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),而中、高浓度DMDD处理组细胞PAR蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),高浓度DMDD处理组细胞PARP-1、Cleaved PARP-1蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,与α-Syn PFFs模型组比较,中、高浓度DMDD处理组pS129-α-Syn阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.05或P<0.01),各浓度DMDD处理组γH2AX阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.01或P<0.001),AIF核易位细胞数也明显减少(P<0.01或P<0.001)。结论:DMDD可能通过抑制PARP-1/AIF通路介导的PARP-1依赖性死亡途径减轻α-Syn PFFs所致分化SH-SY5Y细胞损伤。

Drought Stress Induces Flowering and Enhances Carbohydrate Accumulation in Averrhoa Carambola

Star fruit(Averrhoa carambola)is an important fruit tree in tropical and subtropical Asia.The tree blooms several times and fruits accordingly within one year.Controlling the flowering time and understanding the physiological mechanism of the induction of floral buds in A.carambola are indispensable to the industry.In this study,A.carambola potted trees were subjected to drought stress in a growth chamber.To avoid excessive drought stress and leaf abscission,trees were watered every 7 d and were sprayed with water every 2 d.The flowering rate was recorded,and the carbohydrate contents of the leaves,phloem,and xylem tissues were determined during the treatment and after re-watering.The results showed that drought stress increased the flowering rate in both drooping and water shoots,increased the relative conductivity,decreased the relative water content(RWC)of leaves.The total soluble sugar,sucrose,fructose,and glucose in leaves of the drooping shoots were increased.The starch contents in the xylem of both drooping and water shoots were also increased by the treatment.The results indicated that drought stress enhances carbohydrate accumulation in A.carambola.This study provides a potential way by water control to induce flowering without chemical in A.carambola.

Optimizing methyl-eugenol aromatherapy to maximize posttreatment effects to enhance mating competitiveness of male Bactrocera carambolae （Diptera： Tephritidae）

Methyl-eugenol （ME） （1,2-dimethoxy-4-（2-propenyl）benzene）, a natural phy- tochemical, did enhance male Bactrocera carambolae Drew ＆ Hancock （Diptera： Tephri- tidae） mating competitiveness 3 d after ingestion. Enhanced male mating competitiveness can significantly increase the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique （SIT）. ME appli- cation to mass reared sterile flies by feeding is infeasible. ME application by aromatherapy however, would be a very practical way of ME application in fly emergence and release facilities. This approach was shown to enhance mating competitiveness ofB. carambolae 3 d posttreatment （DPT）. Despite this added benefit, every additional day of delaying re- lease will reduce sterile fly quality and will add cost to SIT application. The present study was planned to assess the effects of ME-aromatherapy on male B. carambolae mating competitiveness 1DPT and 2DPT. ME aromatherapy 1DPT or 2DPT did enhance mating competitiveness of B. carambolae males whereas ME feeding 1DPT and 2DPT did not. Male mating competitiveness was enhanced by the ME aromatherapy irrespective if they received 1DPT, 2DPT or 3DPT. ME aromatherapy, being a viable approach for its applica- tion, did enhance mating competitiveness of male B. carambolae 1 d posttreatrnent as ME feeding did 3 d after ingestion.

Specialized Optical Fiber Sensor for Nondestructive Intrinsic Quality Measurement of Averrhoa Carambola

This paper presents an innovative and low-cost approach for nondestructive fruit quality analysis. The specialized optical fiber sensor developed and presented in this paper used a monochromatic wavelength, rather than a broad spectrum, to measure the intact carambola （star fruit） intrinsic quality, namely pH and firmness. The main objective of this research was to investigate the two optical fiber sensors used in this work, namely, the optical fiber red system （OF-RS） that operated with the peak sensitivity at 635 nm and the optical fiber near the infrared spectroscopy system （OF-NIRS） that operated with the peak sensitivity at 880nm. Both systems showed good accuracy in the pH and firmness measurement of the intact carambola with the correlation coefficient R over 0.75, and the measurement results were comparable with those of the commercial spectrometer. The best measurement results were obtained using OF-RS （pH： R = 0.876; the root mean square error （RMSE） = 0.211 pH; firmness： R = 0.872; RMSE = 0.909 kgf）.

Preparation and characterization of hollow carambola-shaped silver sulfide microspheres using a microwave-assisted template-free method

A simple and convenient method, free of template, has been proposed to synthesize hollow carambolashaped Ag2 S microspheres with Ag NO3, thiourea（TU）, Na Cl and diethanolamine as reagents using a microwave-assisted method, at low temperatures of below 100 ℃. Powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（FESEM） and high resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）were employed to characterize the morphology and composition of those microspheres. The results indicated that the hollow carambola-shaped silver sulfide microspheres（with high purity and homogeneous morphology） were prepared by an Ostwald ripening process. A possible formation mechanism of hollow carambola-shaped Ag2 S microspheres was proposed.

Plasma pyrolysis and gasification of carambola leaves using non-thermal arc plasma

Soil pollution(heavy metals and organic matter)is becoming more and more serious,phytoremediation has rapidly become a highly important method to deal with this problem.Therefore,the treatment and disposal of hyperaccumulators have been a topic of concern.In this paper,carambola leaves are selected as feedstock considering that carambola is a potential hyperaccumulator.A series of tests were performed to discuss 6 main influencing factors on total gas yield and metal fixing using a non-thermal arc plasma setup,to investigate the feasibility of plasma treatment of hyperaccumulator and provide a new method to utilize the harvested hyperaccumulator.The maximum total gas yield reached approximately 85%at an airflow rate of 3 L/min,the processing time of 7 min,discharge power of 29.95 W with the addition of water(water:sample=1:1).A reducing or inert carrier gas or the addition of some specific inorganic additives at optimal conditions were in favor of increasing metal fixing efficiency.However,the effects of these factors usually have two sides,and some factors may have conflicting effects between gas yield and metal fixing,and.It is necessary to optimize these factors for achieving the desired goal.The obtained solid products exhibit the potential to fix metals and act as activated carbon.

杨桃病原真菌分离鉴定及代谢产物研究

为了解杨桃病原真菌的种类、生物学特性和代谢产物类型,本研究通过组织分离法对杨桃果实发病部位进行病原真菌分离,通过形态学结合基于ITS序列分析的分子鉴定方法对真菌进行鉴定,并对其生物学特性进行探究,使用液相色谱分离纯化菌株代谢产物,利用核磁共振谱确定代谢产物结构。结果表明:4株病原真菌分别是木贼镰刀菌(Fusarium equiseti)、新拟盘多毛孢属(Neopestalotiopsis sp.)、裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)和枝状枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)。这4株菌均可导致杨桃果实发病。进一步从木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti发酵产物中分离得到4种化合物,分别为交链孢酚、1,4,7-三羟基-3,9-二甲氧基-6H-苯并[c]色烯-6-酮、红粉苔酸和7-羟基-4-甲基-1(3H)-异苯并呋喃酮。生物学特性的研究结果表明,4株病原真菌的最适生长温度在25~28℃,在pH4~10的范围内均能生长。

杨桃功能性成分及产品开发的研究进展

杨桃营养极其丰富,富含矿物质、维生素、多糖和多酚类等物质,具有重要的开发利用价值和广阔的市场前景。本文总结了杨桃主要功能性成分和杨桃饮料、果酒、果脯等产品开发的研究进展,以期为杨桃精深加工的研究提供一定的参考价值。

Synthesis, Characterization, and Effects of Morphology on the Magnetic Application Base Properties of Pure Nickel Oxide (NiO) and Cobalt-Doped Nickel Oxide/Nickel Hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nanocomposites

Nano particle (NP) morphology is one of the material properties at the origin of potential application base properties exploited in several engineering and technology domains, such as fuel cell, electrodes, catalysis, sensing, electric, thermal, magnetic, and photovoltaic applications. The general properties and particle morphology of nickel oxide/Nickel hydroxide NPs can be modified by the introduction of impurity atoms or ions. Nano sized nickel oxide/nickel hydroxide nanocomposites were obtained from the thermal decomposition of single molecular precursors synthesized by a modified oxalate route using Carambola fruit juice as a precipitating agent. The compositional and morphological variations were studied by introducing cobalt as an impurity ion at different w/w% fractions (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5.0%, 40.0% and 50.0%) into the microstructure of the nickel oxide/hydroxide. The precursors were characterized by FT-IR, while TGA/DTG analysis was carried out to decompose the precursors. The precursors decomposed at 400°C and were characterized by PXRD and SEM/TEM. The results revealed that Pure Nickel Oxide (NiO) and, Cobalt-doped Nickel Oxide/nickel hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nano composites have been synthesized and the synthesized samples have exhibited three distinct morphologies (porous face-centered cubic nano rods, rough and discontinuous CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) composite and, smooth and continuous mix spherical/cuboidal mixed morphological phase of (NiO/CoO). The morphology of the NPs varied with the introduction of the dopant atoms and with increase in the concentration of dopant atoms in the composite. Magnetic studies using vibrating sample magnetometry revealed superparamagnetic properties which correlated strongly with particle size, shape and morphology. Observed values of retention (4.50 × 10-3 emu/g) and coercivity (65.321 Oe) were found for 0.5 w/w% corresponding to impregnated porous nanorods of Co-doped NiO, and retention (9.03 × 10-3 emu/g) and coercivity (64.341 Oe), for X = 50.0%, corresponding to an aggregate network of a Nano spherical/cubic CoO/NiO mixed phase. Magnetic properties within this range are known to improve the magnetic memory and hardness of the magnetic materials. Therefore, the synthesized Cobalt-doped Nickel Oxide/nickel hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nano composites have potential applications in Magnetic memories and hardness of magnetic materials.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Effects of Morphology on the Magnetic Application Base Properties of Pure Nickel Oxide (NiO) and Cobalt-Doped Nickel Oxide/Nickel Hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nanocomposites

Nano particle (NP) morphology is one of the material properties at the origin of potential application base properties exploited in several engineering and technology domains, such as fuel cell, electrodes, catalysis, sensing, electric, thermal, magnetic, and photovoltaic applications. The general properties and particle morphology of nickel oxide/Nickel hydroxide NPs can be modified by the introduction of impurity atoms or ions. Nano sized nickel oxide/nickel hydroxide nanocomposites were obtained from the thermal decomposition of single molecular precursors synthesized by a modified oxalate route using Carambola fruit juice as a precipitating agent. The compositional and morphological variations were studied by introducing cobalt as an impurity ion at different w/w% fractions (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5.0%, 40.0% and 50.0%) into the microstructure of the nickel oxide/hydroxide. The precursors were characterized by FT-IR, while TGA/DTG analysis was carried out to decompose the precursors. The precursors decomposed at 400°C and were characterized by PXRD and SEM/TEM. The results revealed that Pure Nickel Oxide (NiO) and, Cobalt-doped Nickel Oxide/nickel hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nano composites have been synthesized and the synthesized samples have exhibited three distinct morphologies (porous face-centered cubic nano rods, rough and discontinuous CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) composite and, smooth and continuous mix spherical/cuboidal mixed morphological phase of (NiO/CoO). The morphology of the NPs varied with the introduction of the dopant atoms and with increase in the concentration of dopant atoms in the composite. Magnetic studies using vibrating sample magnetometry revealed superparamagnetic properties which correlated strongly with particle size, shape and morphology. Observed values of retention (4.50 × 10-3 emu/g) and coercivity (65.321 Oe) were found for 0.5 w/w% corresponding to impregnated porous nanorods of Co-doped NiO, and retention (9.03 × 10-3 emu/g) and coercivity (64.341 Oe), for X = 50.0%, corresponding to an aggregate network of a Nano spherical/cubic CoO/NiO mixed phase. Magnetic properties within this range are known to improve the magnetic memory and hardness of the magnetic materials. Therefore, the synthesized Cobalt-doped Nickel Oxide/nickel hydroxide (CoxNi1-xO/Ni(OH)2) Nano composites have potential applications in Magnetic memories and hardness of magnetic materials.

杨桃根化学成分及其体外生物活性

目的研究杨桃Averrhoa carambola L.根的化学成分及其体外生物活性。方法杨桃根95%乙醇提取物采用硅胶、Rp-18、Diol、MCI、TLC进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。采用酶标板法评价体外生物活性。结果从中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为2,2′-氧代双(1,4-二叔丁苯)(1)、5-methoxy-3-undecylphenol(2)、2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione(3)、5-O-methylembelin(4)、鲨烯(5)、豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(6)、邻苯二甲酸二正戊酯(7)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(8)、油酸(9)、β-谷甾醇-3-O-棕榈酸酯(10)、2-tridecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione(11)、(±)-lyoniresinol(12)、5α,6β-dihydroxysitosterol(13)、6′-O-棕榈酰-β-胡萝卜苷(14)、10-eicosenoic acid(15)。化合物2~3对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性强于阿卡波糖,在浓度为180μmol/L时对DPP-Ⅳ酶的抑制活性大于50%。结论化合物1、5~7、10、12~14为首次从阳桃属植物中分离,化合物2、9为首次从杨桃根中分离得到。化合物2~3具有较强的体外α-葡萄糖苷酶和DPP-Ⅳ酶抑制活性。

福建省主要杨桃品种遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD技术对17份杨桃品种资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,13条随机引物共扩增出80条RAPD带,其中77条为多态性带,平均多态位点5.92条,多态率达97.19%,表明杨桃遗传多样性的复杂性。利用UPGMA构建了杨桃的亲缘关系树状图,遗传距离为0~2.160 93,当λ=2.08时,17份杨桃品种可以划分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类群中的杨桃品种基本都属于甜杨桃品种,第Ⅱ类群中的杨桃品种既包含了甜杨桃也包含了酸杨桃品种,第Ⅲ类群中则只包含了云霄3号一个品种。

采前喷钙对杨桃果实贮藏品质及相关酶活的影响

通过采前喷施钙肥稀土氨基酸钙,探讨采前喷钙对杨桃(Averrhoa carambola Linn.)果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,采后10 d内,采前喷钙的杨桃果实的可溶性固形物含量、多酚氧化酶(PPO)酶活的变化相对较小,但硬度、总酚含量、过氧化物酶(POD)酶活和可溶性蛋白质含量均提高,因此采前喷钙有利于提高杨桃果实的贮藏品质。

树冠喷钙对杨桃果实品质的影响

选用5种常用钙肥对杨桃(Averrhoa carambola)进行树冠喷施,研究喷钙后杨桃果实品质的变化情况。结果表明,5种钙肥均能提高杨桃的可溶性固形物含量和硬度,其中效果较好的是稀土氨基酸钙,该处理果实的可溶性固形物含量比对照提高13.0%,硬度提高19.6%,均达显著差异,但对果实VC、可滴定酸含量的影响不显著。喷钙后杨桃的总酚含量也显著提高,尤其是幼果期喷施能极显著提高杨桃的总酚含量。稀土氨基酸钙喷施时期以在果实生长发育期间每隔15 d喷施一次为佳。

杨桃多酚对猪肉的抗氧化保鲜作用

通过对猪肉感官品质评定,对其2-硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值和菌落总数进行测定,研究杨桃(Averrhoa carambola L.)多酚对猪肉的抗氧化保鲜作用。结果表明,杨桃多酚处理对猪肉有一定的抗氧化保鲜作用,杨桃多酚质量分数为0.35%时,保鲜效果较好;将杨桃多酚与VC、VE联用具有协同增效抗氧化作用。各组肉样的保鲜效果依次为0.1%杨桃多酚+0.05%VC+0.05%VE>0.2%杨桃多酚+0.05%VE>0.2%杨桃多酚+0.05%VC>0.3%杨桃多酚>对照。