Meta-analysis and sequential analysis of acupuncture compared to carbamazepine in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia

BACKGROUND In this randomized controlled trial(RCT)comparing current acupuncture with carbamazepine for trigeminal neuralgia,meta-and sequential analyses were utilized.AIM To guide clinical decision making regarding the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with carbamazepine.METHODS The RCT literature on needle comparison was searched in various Chinese biomedical databases including Chinese Biomedical Literature Database,Wanfang Data,VIP Database,as well as international databases such as Excerpt Medica Database,Cochrane Library,PubMed,and Web of Science,along with related clinical registration platforms such as World Health Organization International Clinical Trial Registry Platform,ChiCTR,and Clinical Trials up to 1 April 2020.Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaborative Risk Bias tool,primary outcome measures(pain reduction)were analyzed using STATA metaanalysis,outcome measures were analyzed using trial sequential analysis 0.9.5.10 Beta sequential analysis,GRADE was used to assess the evidence,and adverse reactions were documented.RESULTS This study analyzed 16 RCTs with a total of 1231 participants.The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in pain reduction between acupuncture and carbamazepine[standardized mean difference(SMD)=1.47;95%confidence interval(CI):0.99-1.95],although the quality of evidence was deemed to be of extremely low quality.Cumulative meta-analysis based on the year of publication indicated that carbamazepine treatment first demonstrated a statistically significant difference in pain reduction in 2014 and remained relatively stable over time[SMD=1.84;95%CI:0.22-3.47].Additionally,the number of adverse events associated with acupuncture was significantly lower compared to carbamazepine.CONCLUSION Acupuncture for trigeminal neuralgia is better than analgesia and safer than carbamazepine;however,firm conclusions still require a high-quality,multicenter,large-sample RCT to confirm these findings.

Management of acute carbamazepine poisoning:A narrative review

Standard management protocols are lacking and specific antidotes are unavailable for acute carbamazepine(CBZ)poisoning.The objective of this review is to provide currently available information on acute CBZ poisoning,including its management,by describing and summarizing various therapeutic methods for its treatment according to previously published studies.Several treatment methods for CBZ poisoning will be briefly introduced,their advantages and disadvantages will be analyzed and compared,and suggestions for the clinical treatment of CBZ poisoning will be provided.A literature search was performed in various English and Chinese databases.In addition,the reference lists of identified articles were screened for additional relevant studies,including non-indexed reports.Nonpeer-reviewed sources were also included.In the present review,154 articles met the inclusion criteria including case reports,case series,descriptive cohorts,pharmacokinetic studies,and in vitro studies.Data on 67 patients,including 4 fatalities,were reviewed.Based on the summary of cases reported in the included articles,the cure rate of CBZ poisoning after symptomatic treatment was 82%and the efficiency of hemoperfusion was 58.2%.Based on the literature review,CBZ is moderately dialyzable and the recommendation for CBZ poisoning is supportive management and gastric lavage.In severe cases,extracorporeal treatment is recommended,with hemodialysis as the first choice.

Intranasal administration of carbamazepine-loaded carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain

Epilepsy is considered as a common and diverse set of chronic neurological disorders and its symptoms can be controlled by antiepileptic drugs(AEDs). The presence of p-glycoprotein and multi-drug resistance transporters in the blood-brain barrier could prevent the entry of AEDs into the brain, causing drug resistant epilepsy. To overcome this problem, we propose using carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles as a carrier to deliver carbamazepine(CBZ) intranasally with the purpose to bypass the blood-brain barrier thus to enhance the brain drug concentration and the treatment efficacy. Results so far indicate that the developed CBZNPs have small particle size(218.76 ± 2.41 nm) with high drug loading(around 35%) and high entrapment efficiency(around 80%). The in vitro release profiles of CBZ from the NPs are in accordance with the Korsmeyer-peppas model. The in vivo results show that both encapsulation of CBZ in nanoparticles and the nasal route determined the enhancement of the drug bioavailability and brain targeting characteristics.

Purslane protects against the reproductive toxicity of carbamazepine treatment in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of purslane with carbamazepine treatment.Methods: Male albino rats were modulated by pilocarpine to be epileptic.Both the normal and epileptic rats were treated with carbamazepine, purslane or carbamazepine plus purslane, with separate non-treated control groups for both normal and epileptic rats.Results: The data from the current study showed amelioration in amino acids and electrolytes in the epileptic rats treated with purslane and carbamazepine, with this amelioration occurring without decreasing the fertility hormones(testosterone,dehydroepiandrosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone).Purslane treatments also prevented the increase in estradiol.The decreased epileptic hyperexcitability with purslane was evidenced by decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein and lipid peroxidation.Conclusions: Natural products like purslane could be used with the highly repetitive drugs like carbamazepine to reduce or prevent its side-effects.

Formulation of unidirectional release buccal patches of carbamazepine and study of permeation through porcine buccal mucosa

Objective:To achieve transbuccal release of carbamazepine by loading in unidirectional release mucoadhesive buccal patches.Methods:Buccal patches of carbamazepine with unidirectional drug release were prepared using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,polyvinyl alcohol,polyvinyl pyrrolidone and ethyl cellulose by solvent casting method.Water impermeable backing layer(Pidilite?Biaxially-oriented polypropylene film)of patches provided unidirectional drug release.They were evaluated for thickness,mass uniformity,surface pH and folding endurance.Six formulations FA2,FA8,FA10,FBI,FB14 and FB16(folding endurance above 250)were evaluated further for swelling studies,ex vivo mucoadhesive strength,ex vivo mucoadhesion time,in vitro drug release,ex vivo permeation,accelerated stability studies and FTIR and XRD spectral studies.Results:The ex vivo mucoadhesion time of patches ranged between 109 min(FA10)to 126 min(FB14).The ex vivo mucoadhesive force was in the range of 0.278 lo 0.479 kg/m/s.The in vitro drug release studies revealed that formulation FA8 released 84%and FB16 released 99.01%of drug in140 min.Conclusions:The prepared unidirectional buccal patches of carbamazepine provided a maximum drug release within specified mucoadhesion period and it indicates a potential alternative drug delivery system for systemic denvery of carbamazepine.

Carbamazepine solubility enhancement in tandem with swellable polymer osmotic pump tablet: A promising approach for extended delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs

Elementary osmotic pump(EOP)is a unique extended release(ER)drug delivery system based on the principle of osmosis.It has the ability to minimize the amount of the drug,accumulation and fluctuation in drug level during chronic uses.Carbamazepine(CBZ),a poorly water-soluble antiepileptic drug,has serious side effects on overdoses and chronic uses.The aim of the present study was to design a new EOP tablet of CBZ containing a solubility enhancers and swellable polymer to reduce its side effects and enhance the patient compliance.Firstly,a combination of solubilizing carriers was selected to improve the dissolution of the slightly soluble drug.Then,designing the new EOP tablet and investigating the effect of different variables of core and coat formulations on drug release behavior by single parameter optimization and by Taguchi orthogonal design with analysis of variance(ANOVA),respectively.The results showed that CBZ solubility was successfully enhanced by a minimum amount of combined polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP K30)and sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS).The plasticizer amount and molecular weight(MW)together with the osmotic agent amount directly affect the release rate whereas the swellable polymer amount and viscosity together with the semi-permeable membrane(SPM)thickness inversely influence the release rate.In addition,the tendency of following zero order kinetics was mainly affected by the coat components rather than those of the core.Further,orifice size does not have any significant effect on the release behavior within the range of 0.1 mm to 0.8 mm.In this study we report the successful formulation of CBZ-EOP tablets,which were similar to the marketed product Tegretol CR 200 and able to satisfy the USP criterion limits and to deliver about 80%of CBZ at a rate of approximately zero order for up to 12 h.

Effects of topiramate and carbamazepine on thyroid hormone level in adults with epilepsy

BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that traditional antiepileptics, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine (CBZ), phenobarbital, etc., can result in the decrease of thyroid hormone of epileptic patients. However, there is still no sufficient evidence for the studies about the effect of new-type antiepileptics, such as topiramate (TPM), on thyroid hormones. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of TPM and CBZ on the level of thyroid hormones in serum of adults with epilepsy. DESIGN: A comparative observation. SETTING: Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Totally 100 outpatients or inpatients newly diagnosed to have epilepsy were selected from the Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from July 2003 to August 2005, including 60 males and 40 females, aged 18-70 years. All the patients were accorded with the standard for the classification of epilepsy set by International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) in 1981; Had been Informed and agreed with the detection; Had no history of thyroid gland disease; Had not taken any drugs could affect the thyroid function. Meanwhile, 40 adult healthy examinees were selected from our hospital as the control group, including 24 males and 16 females, aged 18-65 years. METHODS: ① The 100 epileptic patients were randomly divided into TPM group (n =50) and CBZ group (n =50), and they were treated with TPM (Xian-Janssen Pharmaceutical, Ltd.; Batch number: 03AS032, Norm: 25 mg/tablet) and CBZ (Shanghai Sunve Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Batch number: 030201, Norm: 100 mg/tablet) respectively. The initial dosage of TPM was 25 mg per day, increased by 25 mg every week, the objective dosage of 100-200 mg per day was maintained when the symptoms were satisfactorily controlled. The dosage of CBZ was 6-8 mg/kg per day. All the patients were administrated for 1 year. ② The serum levels of total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the epileptic patients were detected by means of chemiluminescence before treatment and at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment respectively. ③Standards for judging curative effects: Controlled by without seizure, the frequency of seizure reduced by ≥ 75% was taken as significant effect, reduced by 50%-74% as effect, and reduced by < 49% as invalid, whereas increased by more than 20% was taken as aggravation. ④ The intergroup and intragroup differences of the measurement data were compared by the analysis of variance and paired t test respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum levels of thyroid hormones before treatment and at different time points after treatment of TPM and CBZ. RESULTS: All the 100 epileptic patients and 40 healthy subjects were involved in the analysis of results. ① Changes of serum levels of thyroid hormones: The serum levels of TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4 and TSH were close between the epileptic patients and normal subjects before treatment (P > 0.05). In the CBZ group, the serum levels of FT4 at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment [(16.87±3.77), (16.34±3.98) , (16.97±3.95) pmol/L] were significantly decreased as compared with those before treatment [(18.00±3.54) pmol/L, t =2.74, 3.50, 2.26, P < 0.05]; The levels of TT3 at 3, 6 and 12 months [(2.09±0.54), (1.99±0.49), (1.84±0.47) nmol/L] were significantly decreased as compared with those before treatment [(2.22±0.63) nmol/L, t =2.73, 2.78, 5.18, P < 0.05]. The levels of TT3 at 6 and 12 months [(109.65±23.98), (107.72±23.90) nmol/L] were significantly decreased as compared with those before treatment [(118.98±28.48) nmol/L, t =3.11, 3.30, P < 0.05]. TT4 level in serum at 3 months and the levels of FT3 and TSH at each time point after CBZ treatment had no obvious changes as compared with those before treatment (P > 0.05). In the TPM group, the levels of thyroid hormones at each time point had no obvious changes as compared with those before treatment (P > 0.05). ② Curative effects: Of the 100 epileptic patients, it was controlled in 12 cases, significantly effective in 30 cases, effective in 39 cases and invalid in 19 cases, the total effective rate was 81% (81/100). CONCLUSION: CBZ treatment can lead to the decreases of thyroid hormones in adult epileptic patients. Epilepsy itself and TPM treatment cannot change the thyroid hormones in adult epileptic patients, which suggests that TPM treatment is safer for the thyroid function of adult epileptic patients.

A Study on the Degradation of Carbamazepine and Ibuprofen by TiO₂&ZnO Photocatalysis upon UV/Visible-Light Irradiation

The degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) and ibuprofen (IBP) in aqueous matrices was investigated by TiO2 and ZnO photocatalysis initiated by UV-A and visible-light irradiation. Emphasis was given on the effect of operating parameters on the degradation effectiveness, such as catalyst type and loading (50 - 500 mg/L), initial drug concentration (10, 40, 80 mg/L) and wavelength of irradiation (200 - 600 nm). In an effort to understand the photocatalytic pathway for CBZ and IBP removal in terms of primary oxidants, the contribution of HO· was evaluated. With this scope, the radical-mediated process was suppressed by addition of an alcohol scavenger, isopropanol, (i-PrOH), described as the best free hydroxyl radical quencher. The photodegradation rate of the pharmaceuticals was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the results, visible-light exposure, at λexc > 390 nm, takes place as a pure photocatalytic degradation reaction for both compounds. IBP was found to have overall high conversion rates, compared to CBZ. IBP oxidized fast under photocatalytic conditions, regardless the adverse effect of the increase of initial drug concentration, or low catalyst load, irradiation upon visible-light, by either titania or zinc oxide. Finally, addition of isopropanol showed a significant inhibition effect on the CBZ degradation, taken as an evidence of a solution-phase mechanism. In the case though of IBP degradation, the hole mechanism may be prevailing, suggested by the negligible effect upon addition of isopropanol indicating a direct electron transfer between holes (h+) and surface-bound IBP molecules. A plausible mechanism of IBP and CBZ photocatalysis was proposed and described.

Solubility measurement and thermodynamic modeling of carbamazepine(form III)in five pure solvents at various temperatures

In this work,the solubilities of carbamazepine(CBZ)(form III)in ethyl acetate,methyl acetate,ethylene glycol,chloroform and cyclohexylamine were determined by laser monitoring techniques at pressure above sea level,and the solubility data of CBZ(form III)in different pure solvents were fitted by the Modified Apelblat model andλh model.The result shows that the solubility of CBZ(form III)in five solvents increases as temperature rises,and the solubility in chloroform was the largest.The experimental solubility values of CBZ(form III)in ethyl acetate,methyl acetate,chloroform and cyclohexylamine were in better agreement with the simulated fitting values of theλh model.For ethylene glycol,the r value was much larger than the other four solvents,and it can be seen from theλh model that ethylene glycol was closer to the ideal solution system than the other four solvents.

Efficacy of Carbamazepine Combined with Botulinum Toxin A in the Treatment of Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm

Purpose:To observe the efficacy of the combined treatment of carbamazepine and botulinum toxin A for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Methods:Fifty-eight patients with either blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. In the treatment group, 30 patients were administered with local intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin A and oral carbamazepine 100 mg/time,3 times/day for 60 days. Twenty-eight subjects in the control group under-went local intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin A only. Results:After combined treatment, the complete remission rate was 90%, which was significantly higher than that of the of the control group (67.9% , P<0.05,χ2 =4.733). However, no statistical significance was noted regarding the duration of therapeutic effects between the treatment group (range 14～40 weeks; 19.2 weeks on average) and control group (range 12～36 weeks; 18 weeks on average). Conclusion:The combined therapy of carbamazepine and topical injections of botulinum toxin A had increased efficacy in the treatment of blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm, but had no significant effect in terms of the duration of the therapeutic effect.

An Ultra-sensitive LC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Carbamazepine, Losartan and Ciprofloxacin in Bulk Drug, Pharmaceutical Formulation and Human Serum by Programming the Detector

An ultra-sensitive LC method for the simultaneous quantitation of paracetamol, carbamazepine, losartan and ciprofloxacin have been developed and validated following the ICH guidelines at isobestic point and by programming the detector at individual wavelength of each component. The components were eluted by 50:50 v/v acetonitrile-water (pH 3.0) using a Bondapak, C18 (10 μm, 25 × 0.46 cm) column at flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1 with detection wavelength 240 nm at isobestic point and 245, 230, 206 and 272 nm for paracetamol, carbamazepine, losartan potassium and ciprofloxacin respectively by programming the detector. Linearity was found to be 0.5 - 24, 0.25 - 8.0, 0.4 - 12 and 0.75 - 10 μg·mL-1 (R2 > 0.999) with detection limits 99, 20, 30 and 6.0 ng·mL-1 respectively. Comparison study with time program method showed more sensitivity with calibration range of 0.4 - 12, 0.2 - 6.0, 0.1 - 3.0 and 0.25 - 8.0 μg·mL-1 (R2 > 0.999) and LOD values 29, 11, 2.0 and 5.0 ng·mL-1 respectively. Percent recoveries >98.37% from pharmaceutical formulation and human serum samples and RSD 2% for inter-day and intra-day assay were obtained. The method was found to be robust and can be successfully applied for the determination of studied drugs in, pharmaceutical formulations and human serum without interference of excipients or endogenous components of serum.

On-Line Photoinduced Fluorescence for Carbamazepine Determination after Multivariate Optimization

This work presents a simple and sensitive flow injection fluorimetric method for the determination of carbamazepine (CBZ) in pharmaceutical samples. It is based on the fluorescence signal measurement of the product generated by photoinduced (λex = 251 nm;λem = 434 nm) using a flow injection manifold containing an online homemade photoreactor. In order to optimize the experimental setup, the variable conditions were studied using a multivariate optimization method, thus finding the set of optimum parameters according to the evaluated responses (sensitivity and sampling frequency) and minimizing the number of experiments performed. Under optimal experimental conditions, linear relationship with good correlation coefficient (0.9956) was found between the fluorescence intensity and CBZ concentration in the range of 0.13 - 40 μg·mL-1. The limit of detection was 0.04 μg·mL-1. The precision of the method was satisfactory;the values of relative standard deviations were better than 4.36%. The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the determination of CBZ in pharmaceuticals with good accuracy;being the recovery values from 89.45% - 112.20%.

Preparation and evaluation of transnasal microemulsion of carbamazepine

The objective of this study was to develop novel transanasl microemulsion containing carbamazepine for treatment of epilepsy.Oleic acid was selected as oil while Tween 80 and propylene glycol were selected as surfactant and cosurfactant respectively based on solubility results.Optimized ratio of Tween 80:propylene glycol was selected after developing pseudoternary phase diagrams for different ratio and microemulsions were prepared.The prepared microemulsions were evaluated for globule size,viscosity,pH,conductivity and%transmittance.Exvivo diffusion study for optimized microemulsion was performed through sheep nasal mucosa wherein diffusion flux and permeability coefficients were determined.Further pharmacodynamic performance was evaluated in rats by electrically induced seizures.It was found that optimized microemulsion was stable and transparent with average globule size of 190 nm and diffusion flux of 75.77 mg cm
2 min
1 and showed no toxicity during histopathological evaluation on sheep nasal mucosa.Pharmacodynamic evaluation also indicated lesser intensity of seizures in rats treated with optimized formulation in comparison to rats treated with oral carbamazepine microemulsion and nasal carbamazepine solution which suggested carbamazepine transnasal delivery system as an effective alternate therapy for treatment of epilepsy.

Carbamazepine Induced Ebstein-Barr Virus Reactivation: A Rare Manifestation of Anticonvulsant Hypersensitivity Syndrome

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug which has multiple mechanisms of action including stabilization of the inactivated stage of the voltage-gated sodium channels, potentiating gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors as a GABA antagonist, as well as the serotonin releasing affect. It is effective in neuropathic pain syndromes such as post-herpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia, as well as epilepsy. We presented a 29-year-old female patient with the diagnosis of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) who experienced a reactivation of the latent Ebstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection in terms of anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome after CBZ use, who gave her approval to publish her data. Since the clinical and serological findings of EBV re-infection resolved after the discontinuation of the drug, this clinical and serological manifestation was attributed to CBZ. Since common side-effects of CBZ are drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, skin reactions, cognitive dysfunctions, we reported an activation of EBV infection due to CBZ consumption as a rare side-effect of the drug.

Interpreting Results of Ethanol, Carbamazepine and Topiramate in Putrefied Postmortem Specimens： A Case Report

CBZ （carbamazepine）, CBZ-epox （carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide）, TPR （topiramate） and ethanol were detected in 37-year-old woman buried in the wall founded eighteen months after death. The woman was in treatment with anticonvulsants. The cause of death was strangulation investigated by immunohistochemical with GPA （glycophorin A）. Routine analyses for drugs of abuse, therapeutic drugs and volatiles were conducted. Carbamazepine, Topiramate and Alcohol were quantified in abdominal effusion, gastric wall, spleen, douglas fluid, skeletal muscles, endothoracic fluid, kidney, liver, heart and bone marrow. CBZ, CBZ-epox and TPR were recovered in samples deproteinized by acetonitrile spiked with DNSnVal as Internal Standard. Compounds were detected by HPLC-MS/MS. Alcohol was detected in any specimens by HS-GC/FID. CBZ concentrations were ranged from 0.49 in liver to 13.6 ~tg/g in endothoracic fluid; CBZ-Epox 0.46 in skeletal muscle, and 1.13 pg/g in Douglas fluid; TPR 0.11 in gastric wall and 1.23 Ixg/g in endothoracic fluid; alcohol from 0.17 in bone marrow to 0,75 mg/g in Douglas fluid. To our knowledge this is the first report of the presence of carbamazepine, topiramate, and alcohol in post mortem putrefied specimens.

89例药疹患者的致敏药物分析

目的探讨药疹住院患者的临床特征及常见致敏药物、药疹类型,分析药疹的相关诱发因素,为临床合理用药及预防药疹的发生提供参考。方法回顾性分析2019年4月至2023年12月底石河子大学第一附属医院确诊为药疹的患者临床数据,包括药疹类型、使用致敏药物原因、致敏药物、潜伏期、发热情况、住院时间、治疗与转归等。结果药疹患者共89例,占皮肤科同期住院总病例的2.90%。轻症药疹63例(70.79%),以发疹型为主;重症药疹26例(29.21%),以重症多形红斑(SJS)为主。使用致敏药物原因以感染性疾病最多(44例,占49.44%)。63例(70.79%)为单一药物致敏,其中前3位的致敏药物类别为抗生素类(33.33%)、中成药(26.98%)、抗癫痫药(14.29%)。轻症药疹潜伏期平均(4.56±6.14)d,重症药疹潜伏期平均(9.35±11.33)d,差异有统计学意义(t=2.03,P=0.025)。19.05%轻症药疹以及46.15%重症药疹患者初期并发高热。89例药疹平均住院(9.02±3.58)d,轻症药疹与重症药疹患者住院时间无统计学差异(t=3.06,P=0.05)。89例患者中,有46例(51.69%)系统应用糖皮质激素,其中2例重症药疹联用丙种球蛋白治疗,2例重症药疹联用肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α拮抗剂。未随访到死亡病例。结论本地区药疹类型以发疹型为主,抗生素类、中成药、抗癫痫药是前3位的致敏药物种类。多数药疹初期并发高热,尤其是重症药疹,但重症药疹与轻症药疹间住院时间无差异。早期足量应用糖皮质激素或联合治疗可缩短重症药疹的住院时间。

Bi-SnO_(2)电催化膜的制备及对饮用水中卡马西平的强化去除

以家用净水器活性炭滤芯为支撑体(Carbon membrane,CM),通过电沉积法制备Bi-SnO_(2)电催化膜(Bi-SnO_(2)/CM),通过电催化强化降解饮用水中的PPCPs.采用SEM、EDS、XRD分别对CM、SnO_(2)/CM和Bi-SnO_(2)/CM进行了结构表征,并利用Tafel、CV、EIS方法对3种膜的析氧电势、比电容和电化学阻抗等电化学特性进行表征,并选取卡马西平(Carbamazepine,CBZ)作为PPCPs代表物进行电催化效能试验研究.结果表明:采用电沉积-水热方法制备的Bi-SnO_(2)纳米颗粒的粒径尺寸约为27.2nm,可以很好地负载到活性炭滤芯表面,并制备出电化学性能优异的电催化膜,相比基膜其Tafel斜率由31.09mV/dec增至80.22mV/dec,电化学阻抗由1.03Ωcm^(2)降低为0.37Ωcm^(2),比电容也由0.689F/g增至2.635F/g.最终通过实验验证了其对卡马西平的降解效果,在静态循环实验中,Bi-SnO_(2)/CM对CBZ的去除率30min可达到97.3%,在运行1h后矿化率为59.2%,耗能为123.87kW·h/kgTOC,ΔTMP为0.177kPa.在连续运行时,Bi-SnO_(2)/CM对CBZ的去除率达93.7%,在运行1h后矿化率为35.2%,耗能为208.33kW·h/kgTOC,ΔTMP为0.613kPa.说明Bi-SnO_(2)/CM电催化膜具有良好的导电性、电催化活性和稳定性,同时对CBZ具有较好的去除效果.

稳态时难治性癫痫大鼠体内脑心清对卡马西平药动学及脑组织分布的影响

目的研究难治性癫痫大鼠体内稳态时脑心清对卡马西平药动学及脑组织分布的影响。方法采用脑立体定位技术向SD大鼠侧脑室内注入红藻氨酸(KA)建立难治性癫痫模型,造模成功后,将难治性癫痫模型大鼠随机分为卡马西平组和脑心清+卡马西平组,卡马西平组给予卡马西平80 mg/kg及生理盐水5 ml灌胃,脑心清+卡马西平组给予脑心清550 mg/kg+卡马西平80 mg/kg灌胃,连续给药60 d。在不同时间点采集血样及脑组织样品,测定血浆与脑组织中卡马西平的浓度,计算药动学参数并进行统计学分析。结果与单用卡马西平组相比,脑心清联合卡马西平组的药动学参数差异无统计学意义;而脑心清联合卡马西平组的脑药浓度明显高于单用卡马西平组。结论长期给药脑心清不影响卡马西平在难治性癫痫大鼠体内的稳态血药浓度,且对卡马西平通过血脑屏障具有一定的促进作用,提高了卡马西平的稳态脑药浓度。

应用蒙特卡洛模拟优化中国癫痫患者卡马西平给药方案

目的根据药动/药效理论应用蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo simulation,MCS)优化中国癫痫患者卡马西平(Carbamazepine,CBZ)的维持给药方案。方法基于已发表的中国癫痫患者CBZ的群体药动学参数,通过MCS模拟10000例次,比较CBZ的22种给药方案可能达到的稳态血药浓度(Css)及落在不同目标浓度范围的概率(Probability of target attainment,PTA)。结果当目标浓度范围为4~8 mg·L^(-1),对于年龄<65岁患者,CBZ 100 mg,tid的给药方案下PTA最大;年龄>65岁患者,100 mg,bid的给药方案下PTA最大。当目标浓度范围为8~12 mg·L^(-1),对于年龄<65岁患者,CBZ 300 mg,tid的给药方案下PTA最大,年龄>65岁患者,200 mg,tid的给药方案下PTA最大。结论MCS可预测中国癫痫患者予不同CBZ给药方案下Css分布于不同目标浓度范围的达标概率,为CBZ给药方案优化提供参考。