Well aligned quasi-straight single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and straight SWCNTs bundle have been prepared in large scale by anode-arc vaporization of gr aphite with metallic catalysts. Various parameters such ...Well aligned quasi-straight single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and straight SWCNTs bundle have been prepared in large scale by anode-arc vaporization of gr aphite with metallic catalysts. Various parameters such as the catalyst preparat ion, the kinds and pressure of the buffer gases, the quantity of anode-arc curre nt intensity, and the method of purification have been examined. The influence o f these parameters on the deposited carbon yield is reported, together with obse rvations of the produced material. Improvement in synthetic techniques has resul ted in the optimal conditions for the production of large quantities of high qua lity SWCNTs in our semi-continuous synthesis method. The formation of carbon nan otubes (CNTs) was studied briefly in this paper. Owing to the magnetic pinching effect of arc current, the CNTs arrange in parallel lines along the arc current direction.展开更多
The Qom Formation comprises Oligo-Miocene deposits from a marine succession distributed in the Central Basin of Iran. It is composed of five members designated as A-F. Little previous work exists on the sequence strat...The Qom Formation comprises Oligo-Miocene deposits from a marine succession distributed in the Central Basin of Iran. It is composed of five members designated as A-F. Little previous work exists on the sequence stratigraphy. Based on an integrated study of sequence stratigraphy with outcrop data, wells and regional seismic profiles, the Qom Formation is interpreted as a carbonate succession deposited in a mid.Tertiary back-arc basin. There are two second-order sequences （designated as SS1 and SS2） and five third-order sequences （designated as S1-S5）. Five distinct systems tracts including transgressive, highstand, forced regressive, slope margin and Iowstand have been recognized. The relationship between the sequences and lithologic sub-units has been collated and defined （S1 to S5 individually corresponding to A-C1, C2--C4, D-E, the lower and upper portions of F）; a relative sea level change curve and the sequence stratigraphic framework have been established and described in detail. The coincidence of relative sea level change between that of the determined back-arc basin and the world indicates that the sedimentary cycles of the Qom Formation are mainly controlled by eustatic cycles. The variable combination of the systems tracts and special tectonic-depositional setting causally underpin multiple sequence stratigraphic framework styles seen in the carbonates of the back-arc basin revealing： （1） a continental margin basin that developed some form of barrier, characterized by the development of multiple cycles of carbonate-evaporites; （2） a flat carbonate ramp, which occurred on the southern shelf formed by the lack of clastic supply from nearby magmatic islands plus mixed siliciclastics and carbonates that occurred on the northern shelf due to a sufficient clastics supply from the land; and （3） a forced regressive stratigraphic stacking pattern that occured on the southern shelf and in basin lows due to the uplifting of the southern shelf. Thick and widespread aggradational framework limestone usually occurs in the initial sequences （S1 and S3） of the supersequence, which led to preferential oil reservoir deposition but a lack of source and cap rocks, whereas the retrogradational and progradational framework limestone usually occurs in the later sequences （S2 and S4-S5） of the supersequence, which results in two perfect sets of source, reservoir and cap rock assemblies, so that the limestone in sub-member C2-C4 and the F-Member can be predicted as important objects for oil exploration.展开更多
Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) films have been prepared on Si(100) substrates by arc ion plating in conjunction with pulse bias voltage under H2 atmosphere. The depo sited films have been characterized by scanning electron...Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) films have been prepared on Si(100) substrates by arc ion plating in conjunction with pulse bias voltage under H2 atmosphere. The depo sited films have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic f orce microscopy. The results show that the surface of the film is smooth and den se without any cracks, and the surface roughness is low. The bonding characteris tic of the films has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. It shows the sp3 bond content of the film deposited at -200V is 26.7%. The hardness and elastic modulus of the film determined by nanoindent ation technique are 30.8 and 250.1GPa, respectively. The tribological characteri stic of the films reveals that they have low friction coefficient and good wear- resistance. After deposition, the films have been annealed in the range of 350-7 00℃ for 1h in vacuum to investigate the thermal stability. Raman spectra indica te that the ID/IG ratio and G peak position have few detectable changes below 50 0℃. Further increasing the annealing temperature, the hydrogen can be released, the structure rearranges, and the phase transition of sp3 configured carbon to sp2 configured carbon appears.展开更多
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） are grown by arc discharge method in a controlled methane environment. The arc discharge is produced between two graphite electrodes at the ambient pressures of 100 tort, 300 t...Multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） are grown by arc discharge method in a controlled methane environment. The arc discharge is produced between two graphite electrodes at the ambient pressures of 100 tort, 300 torr, and 500 torr. Arc plasma parameters such as temperature and density are estimated to investigate the influences of the ambient pressure and the contributions of the ambient pressure to the growth and the structure of the nanotubes. The plasma temperature and density are observed to increase with the increase in the methane ambient pressure. The samples of MWCNT synthesized at different ambient pressures are analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. An increase in the growth of MWCNT and a decrease in the inner tube diameter are observed with the increase in the methane ambient pressure.展开更多
An electric-arc plasma installation operated in the hidden anode arrangement is constructed and used for the preparation of carbon nanostructures. A contracted plasma arc generated by a plasma torch using an inert gas...An electric-arc plasma installation operated in the hidden anode arrangement is constructed and used for the preparation of carbon nanostructures. A contracted plasma arc generated by a plasma torch using an inert gas is used as heat source. The average mass temperature of arc is higher than 10^4 K, while its power density, which is directly transferred onto the electrode （anode）, is - 2 kW/mm^2. The anode contact area formed on the electrode moves against the arc by way of shifting the electrode and is hidden completely in the interior of plasma gas stream moving towards it. As a result of both the direct plasma attack and the opposite movement of streams in the hidden anode contact area, a temperature higher than 6000 K is reached. Thus, intensive vaporization takes place, which forms a saturated plasma-gas-aerosol phase of the initial material of electrode （anode）. This gas phase is mixed in and carried by the plasma stream. Over that mixed plasma stream, a controlled process of quenching （fixation） is carried out by twisted turbulent fluid streams. After the fixation, the resultant carbon nano-structures are caught by a filter and collected in a bunker.展开更多
A novel method, pulsed laser arc deposition combining the advantages of pulsed laser deposition and cathode vacuum arc techniques, was used to deposit the diamond-like carbon （DLC） nanofilms with different thickness...A novel method, pulsed laser arc deposition combining the advantages of pulsed laser deposition and cathode vacuum arc techniques, was used to deposit the diamond-like carbon （DLC） nanofilms with different thicknesses. Spectroscopic ellipsometer, Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and multi-functional friction and wear tester were employed to investigate the physical and tribological properties of the deposited films. The results show that the deposited films are amorphous and the sp2, sp3 and C-O bonds at the top surface of the films are identified. The Raman peak intensity and surface roughness increase with increasing film thickness. Friction coefficients are about 0.1, 0.15, 0.18, when the film thicknesses are in the range of 17-21 nm, 30-57 nm, 67-123 nm, respectively. This is attributed to the united effects of substrate and surface roughness. The wear mechanism of DLC films is mainly abrasive wear when film thickness is in the range of 17-41 nm, while it transforms to abrasive and adhesive wear, when the film thickness lies between 72 and 123 nm.展开更多
The preparation of crystalline C3N4 films was investigated using pulsed arc discharge from mixed methanol and ammonia water at atmospheric pressure. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of the films prepared at a su...The preparation of crystalline C3N4 films was investigated using pulsed arc discharge from mixed methanol and ammonia water at atmospheric pressure. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of the films prepared at a substrate temperature of 450℃ suggested that the film was composed of α-C3N4 and fl-C3N4 crystallites. Raman spectra exhibited distinct peaks which are in good agreement with those predicted theoretically for C3N4 crystallites.展开更多
TiC-containing diamond-like carbon （TiC-DLC） nanocomposite coatings were deposited by a rectangular cathodic arc ion-plating system using C2H2 as reacting gas. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy...TiC-containing diamond-like carbon （TiC-DLC） nanocomposite coatings were deposited by a rectangular cathodic arc ion-plating system using C2H2 as reacting gas. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis show that with increasing flow rate of C2H2, the structure of nanocomposite coatings changes from TiC nanograin-containing to graphite nanograin-containing DLC. The harness measurements show that the hardness decreases from 28 GPa to 18 GPa with increasing C2H2 flow rate. The scratch test show that a high critical load （〉40 N） was obtained and exhibited a good adhesion between the coating and the substrate. Wear experiment shows that the friction coefficient of TiC-DLC nanocomposite coatings decreases with increasing C2H2. A low friction coefficient of 0.07 was obtained at 480 sccm C2H2.展开更多
Graphite electrodes were used for the direct current （DC） arc discharge in water. And high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） was used to investigate the products. Based on the experimental phenom...Graphite electrodes were used for the direct current （DC） arc discharge in water. And high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） was used to investigate the products. Based on the experimental phenomena and nano-structure products, arc plasma characteristics in water were analyzed theoretically. Two growth regions and relevant growth modes were proposed to interpret the formation mechanisms of nano-structures by arc discharge in water. Furthermore, liquid nitrogen and cross magnetic field was applied to change the arcing state respectively, and new carbon nano-structures were obtained. Their formation mechanisms were also analyzed correspondingly.展开更多
Electrode ENiFe-C1 and E4303 were selected to join the cemented carbide WC-20Co and carbon steel 45 by shielded metal arc welding process. Microstructure and bending property of the corresponding joints were analyzed....Electrode ENiFe-C1 and E4303 were selected to join the cemented carbide WC-20Co and carbon steel 45 by shielded metal arc welding process. Microstructure and bending property of the corresponding joints were analyzed. The results showed that the carbon steel electrode E4303 had no proper metallurgy condition for the arc welding of cemented carbide and carbon steel. The C and Ni content of the cast iron electrode ENiFe-C1 could meet the condition of preventing the formation ofη carbide,which was suit to the arc welding of cemented carbide and carbon steel,but the operation parameters needed to be optimized to minimize the slag inclusion. The alloy WC-20Co which did not fit for cold arc welding,by adopting the measure of being preheated at 723 K for 1 h before welding,and being kept at 723 K for 3 h after welding then followed furnace cooling could avoid the happening of crack in the WC-20Co base metal.展开更多
Carbon nitride films have been synthesized in a wide range of biases from 0 to -900 V by vacuum cathodic arc method. The N content was about 12.0-22.0 at. pct. Upon increasing the biases from 0 to -100 V, the N conten...Carbon nitride films have been synthesized in a wide range of biases from 0 to -900 V by vacuum cathodic arc method. The N content was about 12.0-22.0 at. pct. Upon increasing the biases from 0 to -100 V, the N content increased from 15.0 to 22.0 at. pct which could be attributed to the knot-on effect. While the further increasing biases led to the gradual falling of the N content to 12.0 at. pct at -900 V due to the enhancement of the sputtering effect. Below -200 V, with the increasing biases the sp2C fraction in the films decreased, as a result of vvhich the I(D)/I(G) fell in the Raman spectra and the sp peaks also showed the decreasing tendency relative to the s peaks in the VBXPS (valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). While above -200 V, the sp2C fraction increased and the films became graphitinized gradually, accompanying which the I(D)/I(G) rose from -200 V to -300 V and the Raman spectra even shovved the graphite characteristic above -300 V and the sp peaks rose again relative to the s peak. The carbon nitride films mainly consist of three types of bonding: CC, sp2CN and sp3CN bonds. In the first stage the sp3CN relative ratio rises and falls in the second stage, which corresponded well with the variation of the sp2C in the films. The subpiantation mechanism resulting from the effect of ion energy played an important role in deciding'the variation of the microstructure of the carbon nitride films.展开更多
Ti-containing amorphous carbon (Ti-aC) coatings were deposited on cemented carbide and Si substrates by cathode-arc-enhanced closed field middle-frequency unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The coatings were studied by ...Ti-containing amorphous carbon (Ti-aC) coatings were deposited on cemented carbide and Si substrates by cathode-arc-enhanced closed field middle-frequency unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The coatings were studied by using atomic force microscopy, Raman scattering, nanoindentation, and pin-on-disk testing. The measurements showed that the hardness of the coatings increased from 12 GPa at a Ti content of 1 at.% to 27 GPa at 31 at.%. The coatings exhibited different friction behaviors when facing different mating materials and changed with increasing Ti content. The coating with 4 at.% Ti exhibited excellent tribological performance with a low friction coefficient of 0.07 when facing the cemented carbide.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Gansu provincethe Tackle Key Problems Foundation of Gansu pronince,China.
文摘Well aligned quasi-straight single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and straight SWCNTs bundle have been prepared in large scale by anode-arc vaporization of gr aphite with metallic catalysts. Various parameters such as the catalyst preparat ion, the kinds and pressure of the buffer gases, the quantity of anode-arc curre nt intensity, and the method of purification have been examined. The influence o f these parameters on the deposited carbon yield is reported, together with obse rvations of the produced material. Improvement in synthetic techniques has resul ted in the optimal conditions for the production of large quantities of high qua lity SWCNTs in our semi-continuous synthesis method. The formation of carbon nan otubes (CNTs) was studied briefly in this paper. Owing to the magnetic pinching effect of arc current, the CNTs arrange in parallel lines along the arc current direction.
文摘The Qom Formation comprises Oligo-Miocene deposits from a marine succession distributed in the Central Basin of Iran. It is composed of five members designated as A-F. Little previous work exists on the sequence stratigraphy. Based on an integrated study of sequence stratigraphy with outcrop data, wells and regional seismic profiles, the Qom Formation is interpreted as a carbonate succession deposited in a mid.Tertiary back-arc basin. There are two second-order sequences （designated as SS1 and SS2） and five third-order sequences （designated as S1-S5）. Five distinct systems tracts including transgressive, highstand, forced regressive, slope margin and Iowstand have been recognized. The relationship between the sequences and lithologic sub-units has been collated and defined （S1 to S5 individually corresponding to A-C1, C2--C4, D-E, the lower and upper portions of F）; a relative sea level change curve and the sequence stratigraphic framework have been established and described in detail. The coincidence of relative sea level change between that of the determined back-arc basin and the world indicates that the sedimentary cycles of the Qom Formation are mainly controlled by eustatic cycles. The variable combination of the systems tracts and special tectonic-depositional setting causally underpin multiple sequence stratigraphic framework styles seen in the carbonates of the back-arc basin revealing： （1） a continental margin basin that developed some form of barrier, characterized by the development of multiple cycles of carbonate-evaporites; （2） a flat carbonate ramp, which occurred on the southern shelf formed by the lack of clastic supply from nearby magmatic islands plus mixed siliciclastics and carbonates that occurred on the northern shelf due to a sufficient clastics supply from the land; and （3） a forced regressive stratigraphic stacking pattern that occured on the southern shelf and in basin lows due to the uplifting of the southern shelf. Thick and widespread aggradational framework limestone usually occurs in the initial sequences （S1 and S3） of the supersequence, which led to preferential oil reservoir deposition but a lack of source and cap rocks, whereas the retrogradational and progradational framework limestone usually occurs in the later sequences （S2 and S4-S5） of the supersequence, which results in two perfect sets of source, reservoir and cap rock assemblies, so that the limestone in sub-member C2-C4 and the F-Member can be predicted as important objects for oil exploration.
文摘Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) films have been prepared on Si(100) substrates by arc ion plating in conjunction with pulse bias voltage under H2 atmosphere. The depo sited films have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic f orce microscopy. The results show that the surface of the film is smooth and den se without any cracks, and the surface roughness is low. The bonding characteris tic of the films has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. It shows the sp3 bond content of the film deposited at -200V is 26.7%. The hardness and elastic modulus of the film determined by nanoindent ation technique are 30.8 and 250.1GPa, respectively. The tribological characteri stic of the films reveals that they have low friction coefficient and good wear- resistance. After deposition, the films have been annealed in the range of 350-7 00℃ for 1h in vacuum to investigate the thermal stability. Raman spectra indica te that the ID/IG ratio and G peak position have few detectable changes below 50 0℃. Further increasing the annealing temperature, the hydrogen can be released, the structure rearranges, and the phase transition of sp3 configured carbon to sp2 configured carbon appears.
文摘Multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） are grown by arc discharge method in a controlled methane environment. The arc discharge is produced between two graphite electrodes at the ambient pressures of 100 tort, 300 torr, and 500 torr. Arc plasma parameters such as temperature and density are estimated to investigate the influences of the ambient pressure and the contributions of the ambient pressure to the growth and the structure of the nanotubes. The plasma temperature and density are observed to increase with the increase in the methane ambient pressure. The samples of MWCNT synthesized at different ambient pressures are analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. An increase in the growth of MWCNT and a decrease in the inner tube diameter are observed with the increase in the methane ambient pressure.
文摘An electric-arc plasma installation operated in the hidden anode arrangement is constructed and used for the preparation of carbon nanostructures. A contracted plasma arc generated by a plasma torch using an inert gas is used as heat source. The average mass temperature of arc is higher than 10^4 K, while its power density, which is directly transferred onto the electrode （anode）, is - 2 kW/mm^2. The anode contact area formed on the electrode moves against the arc by way of shifting the electrode and is hidden completely in the interior of plasma gas stream moving towards it. As a result of both the direct plasma attack and the opposite movement of streams in the hidden anode contact area, a temperature higher than 6000 K is reached. Thus, intensive vaporization takes place, which forms a saturated plasma-gas-aerosol phase of the initial material of electrode （anode）. This gas phase is mixed in and carried by the plasma stream. Over that mixed plasma stream, a controlled process of quenching （fixation） is carried out by twisted turbulent fluid streams. After the fixation, the resultant carbon nano-structures are caught by a filter and collected in a bunker.
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China （Grant No 2003CB716201）, the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 50390060）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 50575121）, the National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China （Grant No 20060390064）, the Electro- Mechanic Technology Foundation of NSK Ltd. of Japan, the Scientific Startup Research Foundation for the New Staff of Dallan University of Technology, and the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology （Grant No JMTZ200703）.
文摘A novel method, pulsed laser arc deposition combining the advantages of pulsed laser deposition and cathode vacuum arc techniques, was used to deposit the diamond-like carbon （DLC） nanofilms with different thicknesses. Spectroscopic ellipsometer, Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and multi-functional friction and wear tester were employed to investigate the physical and tribological properties of the deposited films. The results show that the deposited films are amorphous and the sp2, sp3 and C-O bonds at the top surface of the films are identified. The Raman peak intensity and surface roughness increase with increasing film thickness. Friction coefficients are about 0.1, 0.15, 0.18, when the film thicknesses are in the range of 17-21 nm, 30-57 nm, 67-123 nm, respectively. This is attributed to the united effects of substrate and surface roughness. The wear mechanism of DLC films is mainly abrasive wear when film thickness is in the range of 17-41 nm, while it transforms to abrasive and adhesive wear, when the film thickness lies between 72 and 123 nm.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2005ABA023)
文摘The preparation of crystalline C3N4 films was investigated using pulsed arc discharge from mixed methanol and ammonia water at atmospheric pressure. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of the films prepared at a substrate temperature of 450℃ suggested that the film was composed of α-C3N4 and fl-C3N4 crystallites. Raman spectra exhibited distinct peaks which are in good agreement with those predicted theoretically for C3N4 crystallites.
文摘TiC-containing diamond-like carbon （TiC-DLC） nanocomposite coatings were deposited by a rectangular cathodic arc ion-plating system using C2H2 as reacting gas. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis show that with increasing flow rate of C2H2, the structure of nanocomposite coatings changes from TiC nanograin-containing to graphite nanograin-containing DLC. The harness measurements show that the hardness decreases from 28 GPa to 18 GPa with increasing C2H2 flow rate. The scratch test show that a high critical load （〉40 N） was obtained and exhibited a good adhesion between the coating and the substrate. Wear experiment shows that the friction coefficient of TiC-DLC nanocomposite coatings decreases with increasing C2H2. A low friction coefficient of 0.07 was obtained at 480 sccm C2H2.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50377030)
文摘Graphite electrodes were used for the direct current （DC） arc discharge in water. And high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） was used to investigate the products. Based on the experimental phenomena and nano-structure products, arc plasma characteristics in water were analyzed theoretically. Two growth regions and relevant growth modes were proposed to interpret the formation mechanisms of nano-structures by arc discharge in water. Furthermore, liquid nitrogen and cross magnetic field was applied to change the arcing state respectively, and new carbon nano-structures were obtained. Their formation mechanisms were also analyzed correspondingly.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Provence(Grant No.2014028023)
文摘Electrode ENiFe-C1 and E4303 were selected to join the cemented carbide WC-20Co and carbon steel 45 by shielded metal arc welding process. Microstructure and bending property of the corresponding joints were analyzed. The results showed that the carbon steel electrode E4303 had no proper metallurgy condition for the arc welding of cemented carbide and carbon steel. The C and Ni content of the cast iron electrode ENiFe-C1 could meet the condition of preventing the formation ofη carbide,which was suit to the arc welding of cemented carbide and carbon steel,but the operation parameters needed to be optimized to minimize the slag inclusion. The alloy WC-20Co which did not fit for cold arc welding,by adopting the measure of being preheated at 723 K for 1 h before welding,and being kept at 723 K for 3 h after welding then followed furnace cooling could avoid the happening of crack in the WC-20Co base metal.
文摘Carbon nitride films have been synthesized in a wide range of biases from 0 to -900 V by vacuum cathodic arc method. The N content was about 12.0-22.0 at. pct. Upon increasing the biases from 0 to -100 V, the N content increased from 15.0 to 22.0 at. pct which could be attributed to the knot-on effect. While the further increasing biases led to the gradual falling of the N content to 12.0 at. pct at -900 V due to the enhancement of the sputtering effect. Below -200 V, with the increasing biases the sp2C fraction in the films decreased, as a result of vvhich the I(D)/I(G) fell in the Raman spectra and the sp peaks also showed the decreasing tendency relative to the s peaks in the VBXPS (valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). While above -200 V, the sp2C fraction increased and the films became graphitinized gradually, accompanying which the I(D)/I(G) rose from -200 V to -300 V and the Raman spectra even shovved the graphite characteristic above -300 V and the sp peaks rose again relative to the s peak. The carbon nitride films mainly consist of three types of bonding: CC, sp2CN and sp3CN bonds. In the first stage the sp3CN relative ratio rises and falls in the second stage, which corresponded well with the variation of the sp2C in the films. The subpiantation mechanism resulting from the effect of ion energy played an important role in deciding'the variation of the microstructure of the carbon nitride films.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos. 10275049 and 10435060.
文摘Ti-containing amorphous carbon (Ti-aC) coatings were deposited on cemented carbide and Si substrates by cathode-arc-enhanced closed field middle-frequency unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The coatings were studied by using atomic force microscopy, Raman scattering, nanoindentation, and pin-on-disk testing. The measurements showed that the hardness of the coatings increased from 12 GPa at a Ti content of 1 at.% to 27 GPa at 31 at.%. The coatings exhibited different friction behaviors when facing different mating materials and changed with increasing Ti content. The coating with 4 at.% Ti exhibited excellent tribological performance with a low friction coefficient of 0.07 when facing the cemented carbide.
