Effect of Electrochemical Treatment in Aqueous Ammonium Bicarbonate on Surface Properties of PAN-based Carbon Fibers

The surface properties of PAN-based carbon fibers electrochemically treated in aqueous ammonium bicarbonate before and after treatment were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic Contact Angle Analysis (DCAA). The results of characterization indicated that the oxygen and nitrogen contents in carbon fiber surface were significantly increased by electrochemical treatment, and amide groups was introduced onto it, which was related with the electrolyte. The AFM photographs illustrated that the roughness of the fiber surface was also increased. The wettibality of the fibers was improved after treatment because the surface energy especially the polar part of it was increased.

Influence of surface treatment of carbon fiberson electrochemical crystallization of calcium phosphate

Electrodeposition technique was used to coat calcium phosphate on carbon fiber which can be used to reinforce hydroxyapatite. The differences between fibers treated with and without nitric acid in electrodeposition were evaluated. The X-ray diffractometry results show that CaHPO4·2H2O is obtained as the kind of calcium phosphate coating on carbon fiber. The scanning electron microscopy photographs and deposit kinetic curve indicate that the influences of the functional group attained by nitric acid treatment, the crystal morphology and crystallization of the coating layers on the fiber with and without treatment rate are obviously different. The functional group, especially the acidic group, can act as nucleation centers of electrochemical crystallization.

Catalytic Effect of Activated Carbon and Activated Carbon Fiber in Non-Equilibrium Plasma-Based Water Treatment

Catalysis and regeneration efficiency of granular activated carbon （GAC） and activated carbon fiber （ACF） were investigated in a non-equilibrium plasma water treatment reactor with a combination of pulsed streamer discharge and GAC or ACF. The experimental results show that the degradation efficiency of methyl orange （MO） by the combined treatment can increase 22% （for GAC） and 24% （for ACF） respectively compared to pulsed discharge treatment alone, indicating that the combined treatment has a synergetic effect. The MO degradation efficiency by the combined treatment with pulsed discharge and saturated GAC or ACF can increase 12% and 17% respectively compared to pulsed discharge treatment alone. Both GAC and ACF show catalysis and the catalysis of ACF is prominent. Meanwhile, the regeneration of GAC and ACF are realized in this process. When H202 is introduced into the system, the utilization efficiency of ozone and ultraviolet light is improved and the regeneration efficiency of GAC and ACF is also increased.

Effects of Electrochemical Treatment on the Superficial Properties of Rayon-based Carbon Fibers

The development of surface acidity on rayon-based carbon fibers during mild electrochemical treatment was investigated. Conductimetric titration was the primary method used to investigate the functionalities on the carbon fiber surface. The acidity on the surface of the untreated carbon fiber was very low, while for the treated fibers, the acidity increased significantly.Moreover, with the treatment extent proceeded, the acidity on the fiber surface also increased. SEM analysis shows electrochemical treatment under intense treatment degree caused considerable etch on the fiber surface.Cavities and grooves can be observed on the surface via the SEM microphotograph. While in a more mild treatment, electrochemical treatment didn't cause great etch on the surface of the fiber.

Effect of Rare Earths on Tribological Properties of Carbon Fibers Reinforced PTFE Composites

Carbon fibers （CF） were surface treated with air-oxidation and rare earths （RE）, respectively. The effect of RE surface treatment on tensile strength and tribological properties of CF reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） composites was invest/gated. Experimental results revealed that RE was superior to air ox/dation in improving the tensile strength, elongation, and the tensile modulus of CF reinforced PTFE （CF/PTFE） composite. Compared to the untreated and air-oxidated CF/PTFE composite, the RE treated composite had the lowest friction coefficient and specific wear rate under a given applied load and reciprocating sliding frequency. The RE treatment effectively improved the interfacial adhesion between CF and PTFE. With strong interfacial coupling, the carbon fibers carried most of the load, and direct contact and adhesion between PTFE and the counterpart were reduced, accordingly the friction and wear properties of the composite were improved.

A Study on the Surface Structures of Viscose-based Activated Carbon Fiber by FT-IR Spectroscopy and XPS

Using viscose fiber (VF) as starting material and common steam as activating agent, formation of oxygen structures in activated carbon fiber is investigated. In the preparation of samples, VF was first heated at temperatures between 450℃ and 900℃ in N2 artmosphere. Then, in a successive activation stage, the product carbonized at 600℃ was activated in steam at 450 - 900℃ for 30 min, and at 600℃for 5- 30 min. The other carbonization products were activated at 600 and 900℃ for 30 min respectively. The products activated at 900℃ were then activated at 450℃ for 30 min again. The starting material, carbonized products and all activation products were examined by FT-IR spectroscopy and some products were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). And the yields of the carbonized and activated products were calculated. By analysing these spectra, the amount of oxygen-containing functional groups of the activated products attained under various activation time, various activation temperature and various previous carbonization temperature was determined.

Effect of Post-spinning Modification on the PAN Precursors and Resulting Carbon Fibers

The impregnation of a special grade PAN precursor,fibers wus carried out in a 8 wt% KMnO4 aqueous solution to obtain modified PAN precursor fibers. The effects of modification on the chemical stncture and the mechanical properties of precursor fibers thermally stabilized and their resulting carbon fibers u＇ere characterized by the combiination use of densities, wide-angle X-ray diffraction （WAXD）, X-ray photoelectron speetroscopy （XPS）, elemental analysis （ EA ）, Fourier traasform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） and scanning electron microscope （SEM）, etc.KMnO4 as a strong oxidizer can swell, oxidize and corrode the skin of a precursor.fiber, and transform C≡N groups to C≡N ones, meamchile , it can decreuse the crystal .size increuse the orientation index and the costallinity index, furthermore it can increuse the densities of modified PAN precursors and resuhing thermally stabilized fibers. As a result, the carbon fibers developed from modified PAN fibers show an improvement in tensile strength of 31.25 % and an improvement in elongation of 77.78 % , but a decrease of 16. 52% in Young＇s modulus.

Performance of Polyaniline-coated Short Carbon Fibers in Electromagnetic Shielding Coating

Combined nitric acid oxidation method and polyaniline （PANI）-coated method were applied to modify the surface properties of short carbon fibers （SCF）. The electrical and mechanical properties of acrylic coatings with 50 wt pct PANI-coated carbon fiber were investigated by using scanning electron microscope （SEM）, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, four-probe method and the coaxial cable method. The results of the pH measurement and XPS （X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy） patterns showed that the oxygen functional groups, such as -OH and -COOH, were attached on the carbon fiber surfaces after oxidation treatment. The XPS analysis of PANl-coated oxidized SCF （PAOSCF） revealed that PANI may bond on the surface of oxidized SCF with chemical bonds. SEM images and surface roughness analyses showed that PANl-coated layer changed the surface morphology. Compared with SCF/acrylic coating, the surface resistivity of PAOSCF/acrylic coating decreased from17.1 to 5.3 Ω/sq and the shielding efficiency （SE） value increased from 1.54 to 23.3 dB.

Comparative Study of Two Carbon Fiber Cathodes and Theoretical Analysis in Microbial Fuel Cells on Ocean Floor

Cathode activity plays an important role in the improvement of the microbial fuel cells on ocean floor(BMFCs). A comparison study between Rayon-based(CF-R) and PAN-based carbon fiber(CF-P) cathodes is conducted in the paper. The two carbon fibers were heat treated to improve cell performance(CF-R-H & CF-P-H), and were used to build a new BMFCs structure with a foamy carbon anode. The maximum power density was 112.42 mW m-for CF-R-H, followed by 66.6 mW m-2 for CF-R, 49.7 mW m-2 for CF-P-H and 21.6 mW m-2 for CF-P respectively. The higher specific area and deep groove make CF-R have a better power output than with CF-P. Meanwhile, heat treatment of carbon fiber can improve cell power, nearly two-fold higher than heat treatment of plain fiber. This improvement may be due to the quinones group formation to accelerate the reduction of oxygen and electron transfer on the fiber surface in the three phase boundary after heat treatment. Compared to PAN-based carbon fiber, Rayon-based carbon fiber would be preferentially selected as cathode in novel BMFCs design due to its high surface area, low cost and higher power. The comparison research is significant for cathode material selection and cell design.

Effect of carbon fiber on calcium phosphate bone cement

The calcium phosphate cement (α-TCP/TTCP) was reinforced with oxidation-t reated carbon fibers. The effect of aspect ratio and content of carbon fiber on the compression strength and bending strength of the hardened body was discussed . The results show that the reinforcing effect is optimal as the aspect ratio is 375 and the additive amount is 0.3%(mass fraction). Under this condition,the c ompressive strength is increased by 55% (maximum 63.46 MPa),and the bending st rength is nearly increased by 100% (maximum 11.95 MPa),respectively. However,if the additive quantity and aspect ratio are too high,the effect of the carbon fibers is limited because it can not be dispersed uniformly in the hardened bod y. The biological evaluation indicates that the calcium phosphate cement reinfor ced by carbon fibers has good biocompatibility.

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE ELECTROLYTIC SURFACE TREATMENT OF CARBON FABRICS

The composites obtained from carbon fibers have poor interlaminar shear strength beacuse ofthe few active polar groups on the carbon fiber surface and the weak bonding between the carbonfiber and the resin matrix. An electrolysis study to increase the surface acidic groups of the carbonfiber was investigated in this paper. Experimental results showed that the surface acidic groups,tensile strength, peeling strength of the carbon fabrics increased under certain electrolytic condi-tions, but the breaking elongations decreased. When the electrolytic conditions were too strong,tensile strength and peeling strength dropped down. Electronic scanning micrographs showed theengraved surfaces of carbon fibers after electrolysis.

Preparation and Characterization of Semi-Carbonized Rice Straw Fiber

The semi-carbonization method is a kind of waste treatment to carbonize rice straw fiber at low semi-carbon temperature. The rice straw fiber is carbonized incompletely, which serves as building materials additive. The results reveal that the optimized carbonization condition is at 313 ℃ for 20-40 min with H3PO4 as activator. The structure of semi-carbonized straw fiber displays a large quantity of micropores, with which the wall thickness and the pore diameter are in the range of 1-4 μm, presenting the iodine sorption value of 1 320-1 470 mL/g and the methylene blue sorption value of 1 330-1 460 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the acidic oxygen-containing groups impart the structure higher sorption of polar molecules. The semi-carbonized rice straw fiber with open and closed micro-mesopores demonstrates good hygroscopicity, implying the potential application as a functional additive in building materials.

Preparation and Surface Modification of High-Density Chitosan/Functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Hollow Fibers

Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes( fMWNTs) were prepared with chitosan via controlled surface deposition and crosslinking process and scanning electron microscopy( SEM),Fourier translation infrared spectroscopy( FT-IR) and Xray diffraction( XRD) are used to character properties. A novel high-density chitosan( HCS) was dissolved in f-MWNTs dispersed dilute acetic acid with a maximal concentration of 5. 8%. The hollow fibers can be made by extruding the solution into a dilute alkali solution through a wet-spinning process and the tensile properties of the materials were evaluated by universal tester. The surface property of fibers,pretreated by Helium( He) and the following grafted with gelatin was evaluated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy( XPS).As the hollow fibers were intended for neural tissue engineering,its suitability was evaluated in vitro using rat Schwann cells( RSC96) as model cells. The cells attachment,proliferation and morphology,were studied by various microscopic techniques. Based on the results,the gelatin grafted HCS / f-MWNTs hollow fibers could be used as a potential cell carrier in neural tissue engineering.

Catalytic graphitization of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers coated with Prussian blue

Prussian blue(PB) was used as catalyst to improve the extent of graphitization of polyacrylonitrile(PAN)-based carbon fibers.PB was deposited on carbon fibers by anodic electrodeposition and the thickness of PB coating(PB content) was controlled by adjusting the electrodeposition time.PAN-based carbon fibers with PB coating were heat-treated and the extent of graphitization was measured by X-ray diffractometry and Raman spectroscopy.The results indicate that the extent of graphitization of PAN-based carbon fibers is enhanced in the presence of the coating.When the PB-coated carbon fibers were heat-treated at 1 900 ℃,interlayer spacing(d002) and crystallite size(Lc) reach 0.336 8 and 21.2 nm respectively.Contrarily,the values of d002 and Lc are 0.341 4 and 7.4 nm respectively when the bare carbon fibers were heat-treated at 2 800 ℃.Compared with the bare carbon fibers,PB can make the heat treatment temperature(HTT) drop more than 500 ℃ in order to reach the same extent of graphitization.Furthermore,the research results show that PB content also has a certain influence on the extent of graphitization at the same HTT.

PAN基碳纤维高温处理氮脱除动力学研究

利用元素分析研究了聚丙烯腈基碳纤维在1500℃和1900℃高温处理过程中纤维组成随时间的变化规律,随着处理时间的延长,纤维中C含量逐渐提高,N含量逐渐降低。动力学分析表明高温条件下碳纤维中N脱除符合一级反应特点,N脱除表观活化能Ea为272.2 kJ/mol,指前因子A0=6.99×10^(-9)。以此动力学参数建立的碳纤维中N高温脱除的动力学模型预测了碳纤维中N含量在1400~2400℃范围内随处理温度的变化规律,并以国产碳纤维进行了实验验证,发现所建立的动力学模型与实际具有很好的一致性。

KH-560处理时间对PAN基碳纤维沥青复合材料性能的影响

以硅烷偶联剂KH-560改性的PAN基碳纤维为添加材料,制备了不同KH-560处理时间的PAN基碳纤维沥青复合材料。通过车辙试验、冻融劈裂试验和间接拉伸疲劳试验等研究了KH-560处理时间对沥青复合材料高温稳定性、低温抗裂性、水稳定性、疲劳性能和吸声性能的影响。结果表明,经过KH-560处理后的PAN基碳纤维表面的粗糙度增加,当KH-560处理时间为2 h时,纤维凹槽较深,与沥青的作用面积增大,纤维在复合材料中形成了致密网状结构,增强了PAN基碳纤维复合材料的稳定性。当KH-560处理时间为2 h时,PAN基碳纤维沥青复合材料的高温性能、低温抗裂性能、水稳定性和疲劳性能均最佳,此时其45和60 min的变形量、破坏劲度模量达到最小值,分别为1.851和2.117 mm、2 201 MPa;动稳定度、劈裂抗拉强度和破坏拉伸应变达到最大值,分别为3 077次/mm、4.6 MPa和3479με。在250~1 000 Hz和1 000~1 600 Hz范围内,当KH-560处理时间为2 h时,沥青复合材料的平均吸声系数均达到最大值,分别为0.116和0.127,较未处理的沥青复合材料分别提高了39.76%和45.98%,吸声降噪性能提升显著。综上可知,KH-560的最佳处理时间为2 h。

桥梁病害检测及加固施工探析

文中以独山县大田埂大桥维修加固为例,通过质量状况检测,确定桥梁主要病害类型;根据静载及动载检测情况,对桥梁承载性能实施评价;通过综合比选,确定了粘贴碳纤维板加固方案。实践表明,经碳纤维板维修加固后,桥梁挠度、应变显著下降,承载能力与刚度得到大幅度提升,有效提高了桥梁整体使用性能,取得了良好的加固效果,充分验证了碳纤维板加固技术的可行性。

“碳纤维-石墨烯”混合体系在3D打印聚氨酯复合材料力学及微波后处理工艺中的协同作用

为研究“碳纤维-石墨烯”(carbon fiber-graphene,CF-G)增强热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)复合材料3D打印试件的力学性能以及微波后处理的影响,通过螺杆挤出工艺制备了CF-G增强TPU(G+CF/TPU)复合材料线材,然后采用熔融沉积成型技术和微波后处理工艺,制备了G+CF/TPU复合材料3D打印试件。研究表明,CF-G异质结构能够协同提高TPU复合材料的力学性能,特别是采用新型微波后处理工艺后,G+CF/TPU试件的拉伸强度和韧性得到进一步提高。其原因是CF-G异质结构与微波的协同作用促进了增强相与基体之间的界面黏结,减少了3D打印过程中点、层和道之间的内部缺陷。研究结果对于探索3D打印材料的力学性能强化和后处理工艺优化具有积极的意义。

不同两性复配修饰半碳化纤维对Pb^(2+)的吸附差异

以聚丙烯腈为原料制备半碳化纤维(SCF),经化学和生物两性修饰后,再以海藻酸钠进行复配修饰,得到不同的两性复配修饰SCF,通过试验考察其对Pb^(2+)的等温吸附和动力学特征,分析pH值、温度和离子强度对Pb^(2+)吸附的影响。结果表明:供试材料对Pb^(2+)的吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,最大吸附量(q_(m))为495.09 mmol/kg~770.56 mmol/kg,两性和两性复配修饰后的SCF对Pb^(2+)的吸附量提高了1.8%~55.6%。pH值升高有利于各供试材料对Pb^(2+)的吸附,离子强度在0.01 mol/L~0.5 mol/L范围内,各供试材料对Pb^(2+)的吸附量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,并在0.1 mol/L时达到最大。热力学参数表明,Pb^(2+)吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的过程。

装配式PC箱梁负弯矩锚固区加固设计

以某在建桥梁负弯矩区缺少受力钢筋加固设计为例,采用全过程分析方法,对桥梁锚固区承载能力进行验算、并对承载能力不满足工况进行加固处理得出:粘贴钢板和粘贴碳纤维布均能提高桥梁承载能力并满足规范要求,鉴于桥梁加固区为预制箱梁负弯矩锚固区,桥梁成桥后再实施更换加固材料或选择其他加固方法困难,因此在加固材料、方案的选择上需要择优考虑;桥梁设计、施工过程中需重视结构的全寿命周期,减少或者避免建设阶段结构缺陷。